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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS CloudHSM Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="AWS CloudHSM provides single-tenant, FIPS-validated hardware security modules in your VPC for cryptographic key generation, storage, and operations.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/cloudhsm-card.webp" alt="AWS CloudHSM Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/cloudhsm.svg" alt="AWS CloudHSM Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS CloudHSM Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">ENCRYPTION</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">AWS CloudHSM provides single-tenant, FIPS-validated hardware security modules in your VPC for cryptographic key generation, storage, and operations. The primary attack surface centers on HSM user credential compromise, network-level access to HSM ENIs, and IAM-level control-plane abuse that can destroy clusters or exfiltrate backups.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">FIPS 140-3 L3</div>
<div class="stat-label">Key Feature</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Dedicated</div>
<div class="stat-label">Management</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">HSM Clusters & Instances</h4>
<p>CloudHSM clusters contain one or more HSM instances distributed across Availability Zones within a VPC. Each HSM gets an Elastic Network Interface (ENI) in your subnet. Clients connect via ports 2223-2225.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Compromising the cluster security group or gaining network access to the HSM ENIs allows direct interaction with HSM instances. Overly permissive security groups are the most common network-level misconfiguration.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">HSM User Model (Admin / CU / AU)</h4>
<p>CloudHSM has its own user model separate from IAM. Three user types: Admin (manages users), Crypto User (creates/uses keys), and Appliance User (AWS-managed sync). The default admin account is named "admin".</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> HSM user credentials are managed outside of IAM -- if an attacker obtains the admin or CU password, IAM policies cannot prevent HSM-level operations. Credential theft is the highest-impact vector.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 70%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">7.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">CloudHSM has strong cryptographic protections -- key material never leaves the HSM unencrypted. However, risk is HIGH because HSM user credentials exist outside IAM, the IAM control plane allows cluster destruction and backup exfiltration, and quorum authentication is not enabled by default.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Credential & Authentication Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> HSM admin credential theft from configs/env vars</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Crypto User password compromise for key operations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Weak admin password (no complexity enforced)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> kmsuser credential extraction from custom key store</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Brute-force HSM login (lockout after 5 attempts)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">IAM Control-Plane Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cluster deletion via DeleteCluster/DeleteHsm</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Backup exfiltration via CopyBackupToRegion</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Backup deletion via DeleteBackup</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> HSM addition to attacker subnet via CreateHsm</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Resource policy manipulation via PutResourcePolicy</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Cluster & Network</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Single-AZ deployment (no high availability)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Overly permissive security group on HSM ENIs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> HSM in public subnet instead of private</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Modified cluster security group TCP rules</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No VPC Flow Logs on HSM subnets</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">User & Key Management</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Quorum authentication not enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> HSM credentials stored in plaintext</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No key sharing restrictions between CUs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> HSM user passwords not rotated</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Wildcard IAM policies (cloudhsm:*)</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All CloudHSM Clusters</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 describe-clusters</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe a Specific Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 describe-clusters \
--filters clusterIds=cluster-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Backups</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 describe-backups</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Tags on a Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 list-tags \
--resource-id cluster-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Resource Policy on a Backup</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 get-resource-policy \
--resource-arn arn:aws:cloudhsm:us-east-1:123456789012:backup/backup-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">IAM-Level Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CreateCluster + CreateHsm + InitializeCluster from stolen backup</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> RestoreBackup + CreateCluster to recover key material</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> PutResourcePolicy for cross-account backup access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CopyBackupToRegion to region with more permissive IAM</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">HSM-Level Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Admin resets CU password to access their keys</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CU key sharing abuse for lateral access</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Attacker still needs HSM user credentials to log in and use keys. Backups are encrypted and can only be restored to AWS-owned HSMs.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Backup-Based Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Copy backups to attacker-controlled region</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Restore backups to new cluster with known credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create additional HSM in attacker-accessible subnet</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> PutResourcePolicy granting cross-account access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Maintain HSM user credentials for persistent access</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Destruction Scenarios</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete all backups to prevent recovery</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete HSMs and cluster for denial of service</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Disconnect KMS custom key store</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Reset admin password to lock out legitimate users</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteCluster / DeleteHsm - cluster destruction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteBackup - backup removal</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CopyBackupToRegion - backup exfiltration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutResourcePolicy - cross-account access granted</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateHsm - new HSM added</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">HSM Audit Logs (CloudWatch)</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Failed login attempts to HSM user accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> User creation/deletion operations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Key export operations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Password change events</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Quorum authentication changes</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid"><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Copy Backup to Attacker Region</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 copy-backup-to-region \
--destination-region eu-west-1 \
--backup-id backup-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create New Cluster from Stolen Backup</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 create-cluster \
--hsm-type hsm2m.medium \
--subnet-ids subnet-abcdef12 \
--source-backup-id backup-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Add HSM to New Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 create-hsm \
--cluster-id cluster-newcluster \
--availability-zone eu-west-1a</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Delete Backup (Destruction)</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 delete-backup \
--backup-id backup-1234abcd5678</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Delete HSM from Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 delete-hsm \
--cluster-id cluster-1234abcd5678 \
--hsm-id hsm-abcdef123456</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Backups for Exfiltration</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 describe-backups \
--query "Backups[*].{ID:BackupId,ClusterId:ClusterId,State:BackupState}"</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid"><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full CloudHSM Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "cloudhsm:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Grants full control including DeleteCluster, DeleteHsm, DeleteBackup, CopyBackupToRegion, and PutResourcePolicy</p>
</div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read-Only Monitoring</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"cloudhsm:DescribeClusters",
"cloudhsm:DescribeBackups",
"cloudhsm:ListTags"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Read-only access for monitoring and inventory. Cannot modify, delete, or create resources.</p>
</div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Operator (No Delete, No Export)</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Deny",
"Action": [
"cloudhsm:DeleteCluster",
"cloudhsm:DeleteHsm",
"cloudhsm:DeleteBackup",
"cloudhsm:CopyBackupToRegion",
"cloudhsm:PutResourcePolicy"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Explicitly denies destructive actions and exfiltration vectors</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid"><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Quorum Authentication (M-of-N)</h4>
<p>Require multiple admins to approve sensitive operations like user creation, deletion, and password changes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>Deploy Multi-AZ Clusters</h4>
<p>Always run at least two HSMs in separate Availability Zones for high availability.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudhsmv2 create-hsm --cluster-id cluster-1234abcd5678 --availability-zone us-east-1b</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict CloudHSM Security Group</h4>
<p>Ensure the cluster security group only allows inbound traffic from authorized client instances.</p>
<pre><code>aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-ids sg-cloudhsmclustersg --query "SecurityGroups[*].IpPermissions"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable CloudTrail + HSM Audit Logs</h4>
<p>Monitor all CloudHSM API calls via CloudTrail and HSM-level audit logs via CloudWatch Logs.</p>
<pre><code>aws logs describe-log-groups --log-group-name-prefix /aws/cloudhsm</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Secure HSM Credentials</h4>
<p>Store HSM user credentials in AWS Secrets Manager with automatic rotation. Never store in plaintext.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Apply SCPs to Prevent Destruction</h4>
<p>Use Service Control Policies to prevent unauthorized deletion of CloudHSM resources.</p>
<pre><code>"Effect": "Deny", "Action": ["cloudhsm:DeleteCluster", "cloudhsm:DeleteHsm", "cloudhsm:DeleteBackup"]</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS CloudHSM Security Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>