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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS CloudFront Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon CloudFront is a global CDN that delivers content with low latency. It sits in front of origins (S3, ALB, EC2, custom) and can be a critical security boundary for web applications.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/cloudfront-card.webp" alt="AWS CloudFront Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/cloudfront.svg" alt="AWS CloudFront Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS CloudFront Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">CDN</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Amazon CloudFront is a global CDN that delivers content with low latency. It sits in front of origins (S3, ALB, EC2, custom) and can be a critical security boundary for web applications.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">450+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Edge Locations</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">WAF</div>
<div class="stat-label">Integration</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">OAC</div>
<div class="stat-label">Origin Control</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Content Delivery</h4>
<p>CloudFront caches and delivers content from edge locations worldwide. Supports static files, dynamic content, streaming, and WebSocket connections. Can serve as reverse proxy for APIs.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Origins:</span> S3 buckets, ALB/ELB, EC2, Lambda@Edge, API Gateway, custom HTTP servers</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Security Features</h4>
<p>Integrates with WAF, Shield, ACM for DDoS protection and TLS. Supports signed URLs/cookies, geo-restriction, field-level encryption, and Origin Access Control (OAC).</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Edge compute:</span> Lambda@Edge and CloudFront Functions for request/response manipulation at edge locations</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">7.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">CloudFront misconfigurations can expose origin servers, bypass WAF rules, leak sensitive data via cache poisoning, and allow unauthorized access to private content. Origin takeover is a critical risk.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Origin Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Origin server discovery and direct access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Subdomain takeover of S3 origin buckets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Custom origin without proper authentication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Origin header injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> HTTP request smuggling to origin</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">CDN Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cache poisoning via headers/parameters</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cache deception attacks</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Signed URL/cookie bypass</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Lambda@Edge code injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Web cache deception for sensitive data</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Distribution Misconfigs</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Origin Access Control not configured</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> S3 bucket policy allows public access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No WAF association</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> TLS 1.0/1.1 still enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Permissive CORS headers cached</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Caching sensitive endpoints</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Origin Misconfigs</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Origin directly accessible from internet</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing origin authentication header</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Unencrypted origin connection (HTTP)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Origin failover to insecure backup</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Custom origin with weak TLS config</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Distributions</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront list-distributions --query 'DistributionList.Items[*].[Id,DomainName,Origins.Items[0].DomainName]'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Distribution Config</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront get-distribution-config --id EXXXXXXXXXX</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Origin Access Controls</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront list-origin-access-controls</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Cache Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront get-cache-policy --id XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Functions</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront list-functions</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">💉 Cache Attacks</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Cache Poisoning</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Inject malicious content via unkeyed headers</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> X-Forwarded-Host header injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> X-Original-URL for path manipulation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Parameter pollution to poison cache</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Exploit vary header misconfigurations</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Cache Deception</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Append .css/.js to sensitive endpoints</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> /api/user/profile/logo.png caching trick</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Path confusion with trailing characters</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Response splitting via headers</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Steal cached authenticated responses</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> Look for endpoints where static file extensions cause caching of dynamic content containing user data.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🎯 Origin Takeover</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">S3 Origin Takeover</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Origin bucket deleted but CF still points to it</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create bucket with same name in same region</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Serve malicious content via CloudFront</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Phishing pages on legitimate domain</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Malware distribution via trusted CDN</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Detection & Exploitation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Look for 404/403 with S3 error messages</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Check if bucket name is available</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create bucket and upload test file</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Verify content served via CloudFront</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Report or exploit responsibly</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateDistribution - new distribution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateDistribution - config changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateOriginAccessControl - OAC changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateFunction - edge function creation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteDistribution - distribution removal</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudFront Logs</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Enable access logging to S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Monitor cache hit/miss ratios</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Watch for unusual origin requests</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Track geographic access patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Alert on 4xx/5xx spike</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Find CloudFront Distribution ID</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront list-distributions \\
--query "DistributionList.Items[?contains(Aliases.Items, 'target.com')].Id" \\
--output text</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Origin Domain</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront get-distribution --id EXXXXXXXXXX \\
--query "Distribution.DistributionConfig.Origins.Items[*].DomainName"</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Cache Poisoning Test</div>
<pre><code>curl -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" \\
-H "X-Original-URL: /admin" \\
https://target.cloudfront.net/page</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">S3 Origin Takeover Check</div>
<pre><code># If you see "NoSuchBucket" error
aws s3api head-bucket --bucket origin-bucket-name 2>&1 | grep -q "404" && echo "Takeover possible!"</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Invalidate Cache (if permitted)</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront create-invalidation \\
--distribution-id EXXXXXXXXXX \\
--paths "/*"</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Signed URL Config</div>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront get-distribution --id EXXXXXXXXXX \\
--query "Distribution.DistributionConfig.DefaultCacheBehavior.TrustedSigners"</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Insecure - Public Bucket</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Sid": "PublicRead",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:GetObject",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Bucket is publicly accessible - CloudFront provides no real protection</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - OAC Only</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Sid": "AllowCloudFrontOAC",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"Service": "cloudfront.amazonaws.com"
},
"Action": "s3:GetObject",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"AWS:SourceArn": "arn:aws:cloudfront::123456789012:distribution/EXXXXXXXXXX"
}
}
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only CloudFront can access origin via Origin Access Control</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - OAI Wildcard</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::cloudfront:user/CloudFront Origin Access Identity *"
},
"Action": "s3:GetObject",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Wildcard OAI allows any CloudFront distribution to access - use OAC instead</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Custom Header Auth</span>
</div>
<pre><code># CloudFront Custom Origin Config
Origin Custom Headers:
X-Origin-Verify: super-secret-value-123
# Origin Server Validation
if request.headers['X-Origin-Verify'] != 'super-secret-value-123':
return 403</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Custom header validates requests came through CloudFront</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Origin Access Control</h4>
<p>Replace legacy OAI with OAC for S3 origins. Provides better security with SigV4 signing.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront create-origin-access-control \\
--origin-access-control-config \\
Name=MyOAC,SigningProtocol=sigv4,SigningBehavior=always,OriginAccessControlOriginType=s3</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Associate WAF WebACL</h4>
<p>Protect against common web attacks with AWS WAF rules.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront update-distribution \\
--id EXXXXXXXXXX \\
--distribution-config file://config.json
# Add WebACLId to config</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enforce HTTPS Only</h4>
<p>Redirect HTTP to HTTPS and use TLS 1.2+ for origin connections.</p>
<pre><code>ViewerProtocolPolicy: redirect-to-https
OriginProtocolPolicy: https-only
OriginSSLProtocols: [TLSv1.2]</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Access Logging</h4>
<p>Log all requests to S3 for security monitoring and incident response.</p>
<pre><code>aws cloudfront update-distribution \\
--id EXXXXXXXXXX \\
--distribution-config '{"Logging":{"Enabled":true,"Bucket":"logs.s3.amazonaws.com","Prefix":"cf/"}}'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict Origin Access</h4>
<p>Block direct access to origin by allowing only CloudFront IP ranges or using custom headers.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Signed URLs/Cookies</h4>
<p>Protect private content with signed URLs or cookies using CloudFront key pairs.</p>
<pre><code># Generate signed URL
aws cloudfront sign \\
--url https://d111.cloudfront.net/private/file.pdf \\
--key-pair-id KXXXXXXXXXXXX \\
--private-key file://private_key.pem \\
--date-less-than 2024-12-31</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS CloudFront Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>