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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS API Gateway Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="API Gateway is the front door to AWS applications, proxying requests to Lambda, EC2, and other services. Attackers target misconfigured authorization, exposed endpoints, and information disclosure to access backend systems and exfiltrate data.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/apigateway-card.webp" alt="AWS API Gateway Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/apigateway.svg" alt="AWS API Gateway Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS API Gateway Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">API</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">API Gateway is the front door to AWS applications, proxying requests to Lambda, EC2, and other services. Attackers target misconfigured authorization, exposed endpoints, and information disclosure to access backend systems and exfiltrate data.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Attack Surface</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">20+</div>
<div class="stat-label">Attack Techniques</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">3</div>
<div class="stat-label">API Types</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Public</div>
<div class="stat-label">Default Exposure</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">API Types & Architecture</h4>
<p>API Gateway offers REST APIs (v1), HTTP APIs (v2), and WebSocket APIs. REST APIs provide the most features including VTL request/response transforms, resource policies, and caching. HTTP APIs are simpler and cheaper. WebSocket APIs maintain persistent connections.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> REST APIs with VTL mapping templates can be exploited for server-side template injection if user input reaches the template</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Authorization Models</h4>
<p>Endpoints can use NONE, IAM, Cognito, or Lambda authorizers. API keys are NOT authorization - they only control usage plans and rate limiting. Many developers mistakenly treat API keys as authentication, leaving endpoints effectively unprotected.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Lambda authorizers with flawed logic (e.g., only checking token format, not signature) are a common bypass vector</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 85%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">API Gateway is often internet-facing by default, making misconfigurations directly exploitable. Missing or weak authorization allows unauthorized access to backend Lambda functions and services.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Authorization Bypass</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Missing authorization on endpoints (NONE)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Weak Lambda authorizer token validation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> API key mistaken as authentication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Resource policy bypass via IP spoofing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cognito pool misconfiguration</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Injection & Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> VTL template injection in mapping</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> WebSocket message injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> CORS misconfiguration for credential theft</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Stage variable injection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> HTTP method override (GET vs POST)</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Authorization Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> NONE authorization type on endpoints</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Lambda authorizer returns wildcard policy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> API keys without usage plans or throttling</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing request validation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Authorizer caching with shared tokens</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Exposure Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Overly permissive CORS (Origin: *)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Verbose error responses (stack traces)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Stage variables containing secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Dev/staging stages publicly accessible</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> WAF not attached to API</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List REST APIs</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-rest-apis</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List HTTP APIs</div>
<pre><code>aws apigatewayv2 get-apis</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Resources</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-resources \\
--rest-api-id <api-id></code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Method Auth</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-method \\
--rest-api-id <api-id> \\
--resource-id <id> --http-method GET</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List API Keys</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-api-keys --include-values</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">API-Level Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify resource policy to allow attacker IP</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Update authorizer to bypass authentication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Change integration to attacker Lambda</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Promote dev stage config to production</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Create new deployment with modified routes</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Backend Pivoting</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> HTTP integration SSRF to internal services</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> VPC Link to access private resources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> AWS Service integration for direct SDK calls</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Lambda integration to RCE via function update</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> S3 integration to read arbitrary buckets</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">API Backdoors</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add hidden endpoint with no auth</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create new stage with relaxed security</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify Lambda authorizer to allow backdoor token</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add resource policy for attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Deploy custom domain pointing to attacker API</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">WebSocket Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Maintain persistent WebSocket connection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Inject route with attacker Lambda backend</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify $connect authorizer for backdoor</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Use WebSocket for C2 communication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Scheduled ping to keep connection alive</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Tool reference:</strong> Use CloudFox to enumerate API Gateway configurations and find unprotected endpoints across multiple AWS accounts. Pacu module apigateway__enum maps all APIs and authorization types.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateRestApi / UpdateApi</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateAuthorizer</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> PutRestApiPolicy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateDeployment</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GetApiKeys (credential enumeration)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New stages created (dev, test, backdoor)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Authorization type changed to NONE</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Resource policy modifications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual API call patterns in access logs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New integrations pointing to unknown Lambda/URLs</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Find Unprotected Endpoints</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-resources --rest-api-id <api-id> | \\
jq '.items[] | select(.resourceMethods) |
{path: .path, methods: (.resourceMethods | keys)}'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Authorization Type</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-method \\
--rest-api-id <api-id> --resource-id <id> \\
--http-method GET --query 'authorizationType'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Extract API Keys (with values)</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-api-keys --include-values --query 'items[*].[name,value]'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Add Backdoor Resource Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway update-rest-api \\
--rest-api-id <api-id> \\
--patch-operations op=replace,path=/policy,value='{"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[{"Effect":"Allow","Principal":"*","Action":"execute-api:Invoke","Resource":"*"}]}'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Stages (find dev/test)</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-stages --rest-api-id <api-id></code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Stage Variables (secrets)</div>
<pre><code>aws apigateway get-stage \\
--rest-api-id <api-id> --stage-name dev \\
--query 'variables'</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - No Authorization</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"authorizationType": "NONE",
"apiKeyRequired": false
}
// Anyone on the internet can call this endpoint</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">No authorization - anyone with the URL can invoke the API endpoint</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - IAM Authorization</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"authorizationType": "AWS_IAM",
"apiKeyRequired": false
}
// Requires AWS SigV4 signed requests</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Requires valid IAM credentials with execute-api:Invoke permission</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Open Resource Policy</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "execute-api:Invoke",
"Resource": "arn:aws:execute-api:*:*:*/*/*/*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Allows any principal to invoke any method on any resource - no IP or VPC restrictions</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - VPC and IP Restricted</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "execute-api:Invoke",
"Resource": "arn:aws:execute-api:*:*:*/prod/GET/*",
"Condition": {
"IpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "10.0.0.0/8"}
}
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only allows GET requests from internal IP ranges on production stage</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Always Use Authorization</h4>
<p>Never deploy APIs with NONE authorization. Use IAM, Cognito, or Lambda authorizers.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📋</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Access Logging</h4>
<p>Log all API invocations to CloudWatch for security monitoring and forensics.</p>
<pre><code>aws apigateway update-stage --rest-api-id <id> \\
--stage-name prod --patch-operations \\
op=replace,path=/accessLogSettings/destinationArn,value=<log-group-arn></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict CORS Origins</h4>
<p>Configure specific allowed origins. Never allow credentials with wildcard origin.</p>
<pre><code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://app.example.com</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Resource Policies for IP/VPC</h4>
<p>Implement IP restrictions or VPC-only access using resource policies.</p>
<pre><code>"Condition": {"IpAddress": {
"aws:SourceIp": ["10.0.0.0/8", "192.168.1.0/24"]
}}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">✅</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Request Validation</h4>
<p>Reject malformed requests before they reach backend integrations.</p>
<pre><code>aws apigateway update-method \\
--rest-api-id <id> --resource-id <rid> \\
--http-method POST --patch-operations \\
op=replace,path=/requestValidatorId,value=<validator-id></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔥</span>
<div>
<h4>Attach AWS WAF</h4>
<p>Protect against SQL injection, XSS, and rate limiting with WAF rules.</p>
<pre><code>aws wafv2 associate-web-acl \\
--web-acl-arn <waf-arn> \\
--resource-arn arn:aws:apigateway:region::/restapis/<id>/stages/prod</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS API Gateway Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>