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Links are created using the < a > element.
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The < a > element uses the href attribute to indicate the page you are linking to :
< a href="(the page link)> (pagename)< /a >
- If you are linking to a page within your own site, it is best to use relative links rather than qualified URLs :
< a href="(relative links)" >(pagename)< /a >
- You can create links to open email programs with an email address in the "to" field :
< a href="mailto:(Emailadress)" >(Emailname)< /a >
- You can use the id attribute to target elements within a page that can be linked to
< a href="#(idname)">(name you want)< /a >
- you can Opening Links in a New Window using target :
< a href="page link" target="_blank">(pagename)< /a >
Key Concepts in Positioning Elements
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CSS treats each HTML element as if it is in its own box. This box will either be a block-level box or an inline box
- Block-level elements start on a new line Examples include:< h1> < p> < ul> < li>
- Inline elements flow in between surrounding text Examples include:< img> < b> < i>
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Containing Elements :If one block-level element sits inside another block-level element then the outer box is known as the containing or parent element.
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Controlling the Position of Elements
CSS has the following positioning schemes that allow you to control
the layout of a page: normal flow, relative positioning, and absolute
positioning. You specify the positioning scheme using the position
property in CSS. You can also float elements using the float property
1. Normal flow :
Every block-level element
appears on a new line, causing
each item to appear lower down
the page than the previous one.
Even if you specify the width
of the boxes and there is space
for two elements to sit side-by�side, they will not appear next
to each other. This is the default
behavior (unless you tell the
browser to do something else).
2. Relative Positioning :
This moves an element from the
position it would be in normal
flow, shifting it to the top, right,
bottom, or left of where it
would have been placed. This
does not affect the position of
surrounding elements; they stay
in the position they would be in
in normal flow
3. Absolute positioning :
This positions the element
in relation to its containing
element. It is taken out of
normal flow, meaning that it
does not affect the position
of any surrounding elements
(as they simply ignore the
space it would have taken up).
Absolutely positioned elements
move as users scroll up and
down the page.
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To indicate where a box should be positioned, you may also need to use box offset properties to tell the browser how far from the top or bottom and left or right it should be placed.
- Fixed Positioning :
This is a form of absolute positioning that positions the element in relation to the browser window, as opposed to the containing element. Elements with fixed positioning do not affect the position of surrounding elements and they do not move when the user scrolls up or down the page
- Floating Elements
Floating an element allows you to take that element out of normal flow and position it to the far left or right of a containing box. The floated element becomes a block-level element around which other content can flow
When you move any element from normal flow, boxes can overlap. The z-index property allows you to control which box appears on top
Browsers require very detailed instructions about what we want them to do. Therefore, complex scripts can run to hundreds (even thousands) of lines. Programmers use functions, methods, and objects to organize their code.
Functions let you group a series of statements together to perform a specific task. If different parts of a script repeat the same task, you can reuse the function (rather than repeating the same set of statements).
- FUNCTION DECLARATION :
A function declaration creates a function that you can call later in your code.
In order to call the function later in your code, you must give it a name, so these are known as named functions. Below, a function called area() is declared, which can then be called using its name.
function area (width, height) {
return width * height;
};
var size= area (3, 4) ;
- FUNCTION EXPRESSION : If you put a function where the interpreter would expect to see an expression, then it is treated as an expression, and it is known as a function expression.
In function expressions, the name is usually omitted. A function with no name is called an anonymous function. Below, the function is stored in a variable called area. It can be called like any function created with a function declaration.
var area = f unction(width, height) {
return width * height;
} ;
var size = area (3, 4) ;
you nees to call the function if you want to use it : functionname();