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@article{Lee2026a,
author = {Seungju Lee and Mona Wang and Watson Jia and Qiang Wu and Henry Birge-Lee and Liang Wang and Prateek Mittal},
title = {{QUICstep}: Evaluating connection migration based {QUIC} censorship circumvention},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2026},
number = {1},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2026/popets-2026-0014.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Kamali2026a,
author = {Sina Kamali and Diogo Barradas},
title = {{Huma}: Censorship Circumvention via Web Protocol Tunneling with Deferred Traffic Replacement},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2026-f328-paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Ratliff2026a,
author = {Zachary Ratliff and Ruoxing (David) Yang and Avery Bai and Harel Berger and Micah Sherr and James Mickens},
title = {{Mirage}: Private, Mobility-based Routing for Censorship Evasion},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2026-s237-paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Ablove2026a,
author = {Anna Ablove and Shreyas Chandrashekaran and Xiao Qiang and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Characterizing the Implementation of Censorship Policies in {Chinese} {LLM} Services},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2026-s1761-paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Lange2026a,
author = {Felix Lange and Niklas Niere and Juraj Somorovsky},
title = {Towards Automated {DNS} Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0001.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/581},
}
@inproceedings{Zohaib2026a,
author = {Ali Zohaib and Jade Sheffey and Mingshi Wu and Amir Houmansadr},
title = {Extended Abstract: {CensorAlert} -- Leveraging {LLM} Agents for Automated Censorship Report Aggregation and Analysis},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0002.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Fares2026a,
author = {Hassan Fares and Omkar Fulsundar and Nicholas Hopper},
title = {The Game Has Changed: Revisiting proxy distribution and game theory},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0003.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/587},
}
@inproceedings{Lipphardt2026a,
author = {Friedemann Lipphardt and Moonis Ali and Anja Feldmann and Devashish Gosain},
title = {Dual Standards: Examining Content Moderation Disparities Between {API} and {WebUI} Interfaces in Large Language Models},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0004.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Jois2026a,
author = {Tushar M. Jois and Cora Rowena Ruiz and Gabriel Kaptchuk},
title = {{Assemblage}: Chipping Away at Censorship with Generative Steganography},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0005.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/590},
}
@inproceedings{Sheffey2026a,
author = {Jade Sheffey and Ali Zohaib and Mingshi Wu and Amir Houmansadr},
title = {{Geedge} Cases: Censorship Measurement Insights from the {Geedge Networks} Leak},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0006.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/585},
}
@inproceedings{Tolley2026a,
author = {William J. Tolley and Everett Morse and Gabriel Hogan and Jeffrey Knockel and Jedidiah R. Crandall},
title = {Architectural {VPN} Vulnerabilities, Disclosure Fatigue, and Structural Failures},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0007.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Almutairi2026a,
author = {Sultan Almutairi and Khaled Harfoush and Yannis Viniotis},
title = {Server, Client, or Relay? Dual-Role Detection of Circumvention Relays},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2026/foci-2026-0008.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/594},
}
@article{Wendzel2025a,
author = {Steffen Wendzel and Simon Volpert and Sebastian Zillien and Julia Lenz and Philip Rünz and Luca Caviglione},
title = {A Survey of Internet Censorship and its Measurement: Methodology, Trends, and Challenges},
journal = {Computers \& Security},
publisher = {ScienceDirect},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404825004213},
}
@inproceedings{Wails2025a,
author = {Ryan Wails and Rob Jansen and Aaron Johnson and Micah Sherr},
title = {Censorship Evasion with Unidentified Protocol Generation},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity25-wails.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Tai2025a,
author = {Jonas Tai and Karthik Nishanth Sengottuvelavan and Peter Whiting and Nguyen Phong Hoang},
title = {{IRBlock}: A Large-Scale Measurement Study of the {Great Firewall} of {Iran}},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity25-tai.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Sheffey2025a,
author = {Jade Sheffey and Ali Zohaib and Dayeon Kang and Zakir Durumeric and Amir Houmansadr and Qiang Wu},
title = {Extended Abstract: I’ll Shake Your Hand: What Happens After {DNS} Poisoning},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0015.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Höller2025a,
author = {Tobias Höller and René Mayrhofer},
title = {Evaluating Onion Address Collection Methods},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0009.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Mixon-Baca2025a,
author = {Benjamin Mixon-Baca and Jeffrey Knockel and Jedidiah R. Crandall},
title = {Hidden Links: Analyzing Secret Families of {VPN} Apps},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0008.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Sivan-Sevilla2025a,
author = {Ido Sivan-Sevilla and Parthav Poudel},
title = {Probing the third-party infrastructure of digital news on the {Web}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0017.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Lipphardt2025a,
author = {Friedemann Lipphardt and Malte Tashiro and Romain Fontugne},
title = {1-800-Censorship: Analyzing internet censorship data using the {Internet Yellow Pages}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0007.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Niere2025b,
author = {Niklas Niere and Felix Lange and Nico Heitmann and Juraj Somorovsky},
title = {Encrypted Client Hello ({ECH}) in Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0016.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Vines2025a,
author = {Paul Vines},
title = {Extended Abstract: Nobody’s Fault but Mine: Using Unauthenticated Unidirectional Pushes for Client Update},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0012.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wilson2025a,
author = {Sarah Wilson and Stella Tian and Sina Kamali},
title = {Extended Abstract: {Shaperd}: Easily Adoptable Real-Time Traffic Shaper for Fully Encrypted Protocols},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0010.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Midtlien2025a,
author = {Theodor Signebøen Midtlien and David Palma},
title = {Fingerprint-resistant {DTLS} for usage in {Snowflake}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0006.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Umesh2025a,
author = {Harshith Umesh and Alden W. Jackson},
title = {An Improved {BGP} Internet Graph for Optimizing Refraction Proxy Placement},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0014.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Pereira2025a,
author = {Vitor Pereira and Ahmed Irfan and Vinod Yegneswaran and Nick Feamster and Prateek Mittal and Vitaly Shmatikov},
title = {Position Paper: A Case for Machine-Checked Verification of Circumvention Systems},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0013.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Pereira2025b,
author = {Hugo Santos Pereira and Afonso Vilalonga and Kevin Gallagher and Henrique Domingos},
title = {Extended Abstract: Traffic Shaping for Network Protocols: A Modular and Developer-Friendly Framework},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0011.pdf},
}
@article{Chen2019a,
author = {Yuyu Chen and David Y. Yang},
title = {The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or {Brave New World}?},
journal = {American Economic Review},
volume = {109},
number = {6},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
year = {2019},
url = {https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.20171765},
}
@techreport{Ptacek1998a,
author = {Thomas H. Ptacek and Timothy N. Newsham},
title = {Insertion, Evasion, and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection},
year = {1998},
url = {https://www.icir.org/vern/Ptacek-Newsham-Evasion-98.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Handley2001a,
author = {Mark Handley and Vern Paxson and Christian Kreibich},
title = {Network Intrusion Detection: Evasion, Traffic Normalization, and End-to-End Protocol Semantics},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2001},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/sec01/full_papers/handley/handley.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wu2025a,
author = {Mingshi Wu and Ali Zohaib and Zakir Durumeric and Amir Houmansadr and Eric Wustrow},
title = {A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in {China}},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2025},
url = {https://gfw.report/publications/sp25/data/paper/paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Vafa2025a,
author = {Elham Pourabbas Vafa and Mohit Singhal and Poojitha Thota and Sayak Saha Roy},
title = {Learning from Censored Experiences: Social Media Discussions around Censorship Circumvention Technologies},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/21B7R7E8URG/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Niere2025a,
author = {Niklas Niere and Felix Lange and Robert Merget and Juraj Somorovsky},
title = {Transport Layer Obscurity: Circumventing {SNI} Censorship on the {TLS} Layer},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/26hiUekZ19S/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Nourin2025a,
author = {Sadia Nourin and Erik Rye and Kevin Bock and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Dave Levin},
title = {Is Nobody There? Good! Globally Measuring Connection Tampering without Responsive Endhosts},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/26hiUgw654A/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Fan2025a,
author = {Shencha Fan and Jackson Sippe and Sakamoto San and Jade Sheffey and David Fifield and Amir Houmansadr and Elson Wedwards and Eric Wustrow},
title = {{Wallbleed}: A Memory Disclosure Vulnerability in the {Great Firewall} of {China}},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2025},
url = {https://gfw.report/publications/ndss25/data/paper/wallbleed.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/456},
}
@inproceedings{Xue2025a,
author = {Diwen Xue and Robert Stanley and Piyush Kumar and Roya Ensafi},
title = {The Discriminative Power of Cross-layer {RTT}s in Fingerprinting Proxy Traffic},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2025-966-paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wang2025a,
author = {Wayne Wang and Diwen Xue and Piyush Kumar and Ayush Mishra and Anonymous and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Is Custom Congestion Control a Bad Idea for Circumvention Tools?},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0001.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Lange2025a,
author = {Felix Lange and Niklas Niere and Jonathan von Niessen and Dennis Suermann and Nico Heitmann and Juraj Somorovsky},
title = {I(ra)nconsistencies: Novel Insights into {Iran}'s Censorship},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0002.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/451},
}
@inproceedings{Vilalonga2025a,
author = {Afonso Vilalonga and Kevin Gallagher and Osman Yaǧan and João S. Resende and Henrique Domingos},
title = {Extended Abstract: Using {TURN} Servers for Censorship Evasion},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0003.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Rodriguez2025a,
author = {Esther Rodriguez and Lobsang Gyatso and Tenzin Thayai and Jedidiah R. Crandall},
title = {Revisiting {BAT} Browsers: Protecting At-Risk Populations from Surveillance, Censorship, and Targeted Attacks},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0004.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Habib2025a,
author = {Sana Habib and Mohammad Taha Khan and Jedidiah R. Crandall},
title = {Examining Leading {Pakistani} Mobile Apps},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2025/foci-2025-0005.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Kamali2025a,
author = {Sina Kamali and Diogo Barradas},
title = {Anix: Anonymous Blackout-Resistant Microblogging with Message Endorsing},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2025},
url = {https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~dbarrada/papers/kamali-sp25.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Zohaib2025a,
author = {Ali Zohaib and Qiang Zao and Jackson Sippe and Abdulrahman Alaraj and Amir Houmansadr and Zakir Durumeric and Eric Wustrow},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
title = {Exposing and Circumventing {SNI}-based {QUIC} Censorship of the {Great Firewall} of {China}},
year = {2025},
url = {https://gfw.report/publications/usenixsecurity25/data/paper/quic-sni.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/505},
}
@article{Cheng2022a,
author = {Yanan Cheng and Yali Liu and Chao Li and Zhaoxin Zhang and Ning Li and Yuejin Du},
title = {In-Depth Evaluation of the Impact of National-Level {DNS} Filtering on {DNS} Resolvers over Space and Time},
journal = {Electronics},
volume = {11},
number = {8},
publisher = {MDPI},
year = {2022},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/8/1276/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Zillien2024a,
author = {Sebastian Zillien and Tobias Schmidbauer and Mario Kubek and Jörg Keller and Steffen Wendzel},
title = {Look What's There! Utilizing the {Internet}'s Existing Data for Censorship Circumvention with {OPPRESSION}},
booktitle = {Asia CCS},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2024},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3634737.3637676},
}
@inproceedings{Xue2024b,
author = {Diwen Xue and Anna Ablove and Reethika Ramesh and Grace Kwak Danciu and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Bridging Barriers: A Survey of Challenges and Priorities in the Censorship Circumvention Landscape},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity24-xue-bridging.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Kon2024b,
author = {Patrick Tser Jern Kon and Sina Kamali and Jinyu Pei and Diogo Barradas and Ang Chen and Micah Sherr and Moti Yung},
title = {{SpotProxy}: Rediscovering the Cloud for Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.cs-pk.com/sec24-spotproxy-final.pdf},
}
@article{Vines2024c,
author = {Paul Vines and Samuel McKay and Jesse Jenter and Suresh Krishnaswamy},
title = {Communication Breakdown: Modularizing Application Tunneling for Signaling Around Censorship},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2024},
number = {1},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0027.pdf},
}
@article{Tang2024a,
author = {Jenny Tang and Léo Alvarez and Arjun Brar and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Nicolas Christin},
title = {Automatic Generation of Web Censorship Probe Lists},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2024},
number = {4},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0106.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Ahmed2024a,
author = {Mohamed Ahmed and Jeffrey Knockel},
title = {Extended Abstract: The Impact of Online Censorship on {LLMs}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Gao2024a,
author = {Tianyu Gao and Ping Ji},
title = {Extended Abstract: Leveraging Large Language Models to Identify {Internet} Censorship through Network Data},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0007.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Calle2024a,
author = {Paola Calle and Larissa Savitsky and Arjun Nitin Bhagoji and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Shinyoung Cho},
title = {Toward Automated {DNS} Tampering Detection Using Machine Learning},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0008.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Pu2024a,
author = {Michael Pu and Andrew Wang and Anthony Chang and Kieran Quan and Yi Wei Zhou},
title = {Exploring {Amazon} Simple Queue Service ({SQS}) for Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0009.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Vilalonga2024a,
author = {Afonso Vilalonga and João S. Resende and Henrique Domingos},
title = {Looking at the Clouds: Leveraging Pub/Sub Cloud Services for Censorship-Resistant Rendezvous Channels},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0010.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Vines2024b,
author = {Paul Vines},
title = {Ten Years Gone: Revisiting Cloud Storage Transports to Reduce Censored User Burdens},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0011.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Müller2024a,
author = {Philipp Müller and Niklas Niere and Felix Lange and Juraj Somorovsky},
title = {Turning Attacks into Advantages: Evading {HTTP} Censorship with {HTTP} Request Smuggling},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0012.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Hanlon2024a,
author = {Michelina Hanlon and Gerry Wan and Anna Ascheman and Zakir Durumeric},
title = {Detecting {VPN} Traffic through Encapsulated {TCP} Behavior},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0016.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Kujath2024a,
author = {Beau Kujath and Jeffrey Knockel and Paul Aguilar and Diego Morabito and Masashi Crete-Nishihata and Jedidiah R. Crandall},
title = {Analyzing Prominent Mobile Apps in {Latin America}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0017.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Ruo2024a,
author = {Samuel Ruo and Jeffrey Knockel and Zoë Reichert},
title = {Lost in Translation: Characterizing Automated Censorship in Online Translation Services},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0018.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wang2024a,
author = {Chenxu Wang and Jiangyi Yin and Zhao Li and Hongbo Xu and Zhongyi Zhang and Qingyun Liu},
title = {Identifying {VPN} Servers through Graph-Represented Behaviors},
booktitle = {The International World Wide Web Conference},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2024},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3589334.3645552},
}
@inproceedings{Hoang2024a,
author = {Nguyen Phong Hoang and Jakub Dalek and Masashi Crete-Nishihata and Nicolas Christin and Vinod Yegneswaran and Michalis Polychronakis and Nick Feamster},
title = {{GFWeb}: Measuring the {Great Firewall}'s {Web} Censorship at Scale},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec24fall-prepub-310-hoang.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Awwad2024a,
author = {Ghadeer Awwad and Kentaro Toyama},
title = {Digital Repression in Palestine},
booktitle = {CHI},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2024},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642422},
}
@article{Zhang2024a,
author = {Tony Huiquan Zhang and Jianhua Xu and Jinjin Liu},
title = {How Do Toothless Tigers Bite? Extra-institutional Governance and {Internet} Censorship by Local Governments in {China}},
journal = {The China Quarterly},
volume = {2024},
issue = {First View},
publisher = {SOAS University of London},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B1BB347F7458EBF033A65461D1C2D82A/S0305741024000602a.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Bocovich2024a,
author = {Cecylia Bocovich and Arlo Breault and David Fifield and Serene and Xiaokang Wang},
title = {{Snowflake}, a censorship circumvention system using temporary {WebRTC} proxies},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec24fall-prepub-1998-bocovich.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/366},
}
@inproceedings{Moon2024a,
author = {Soo-Jin Moon and Milind Srivastava and Yves Bieri and Ruben Martins and Vyas Sekar},
title = {{Pryde}: A Modular Generalizable Workflow for Uncovering Evasion Attacks Against Stateful Firewall Deployments},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/1Ub242nYFoY/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Gosain2024a,
author = {Devashish Gosain and Kartikey Singh and Rishi Sharma and Jithin S and Sambuddho Chakravaty},
title = {Out in the Open: On the Implementation of Mobile App Filtering in {India}},
booktitle = {Passive and Active Measurement Conference},
publisher = {Springer},
year = {2024},
url = {https://pam2024.cs.northwestern.edu/pdfs/paper-58.pdf},
}
@article{Vines2024a,
author = {Paul Vines and Samuel McKay and Jesse Jenter and Suresh Krishnaswamy},
title = {Communication Breakdown: Modularizing Application Tunneling for Signaling Around Censorship},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2024},
number = {1},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0027.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Almutairi2024a,
author = {Sultan Almutairi and Yogev Neumann and Khaled Harfoush},
title = {Fingerprinting {VPNs} with Custom Router Firmware: A New Censorship Threat Model},
booktitle = {Consumer Communications \& Networking Conference},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2024},
url = {https://censorbib.nymity.ch/pdf/Almutairi2024a.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Tsai2024a,
author = {Elisa Tsai and Ram Sundara Raman and Atul Prakash and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Modeling and Detecting {Internet} Censorship Events},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-409-paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Kristoff2024a,
author = {John Kristoff and Moritz Müller and Arturo Filastò and Max Resing and Chris Kanich and Niels ten Oever},
title = {{Internet} Sanctions on {Russian} Media: Actions and Effects},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0001.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Sakamoto2024a,
author = {Sakamoto and Elson Wedwards},
title = {Bleeding Wall: A Hematologic Examination on the {Great Firewall}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0002.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/367},
}
@inproceedings{Chi2024a,
author = {Erik Chi and Gaukas Wang and J. Alex Halderman and Eric Wustrow and Jack Wampler},
title = {Just add {WATER}: {WebAssembly}-based Circumvention Transports},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0003.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Lorimer2024a,
author = {Anna Harbluk Lorimer and Rob Jansen and Nick Feamster},
title = {Extended Abstract: Traffic Splitting for Pluggable Transports},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0004.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Chen2024a,
author = {Mingye Chen and Jack Wampler and Abdulrahman Alaraj and Gaukas Wang and Eric Wustrow},
title = {Extended Abstract: {Oscur0}: One-shot Circumvention without Registration},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0005.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Xue2024a,
author = {Diwen Xue and Michalis Kallitsis and Amir Houmansadr and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Fingerprinting Obfuscated Proxy Traffic with Encapsulated {TLS} Handshakes},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec24summer-prepub-465-xue.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Kon2024a,
author = {Patrick Tser Jern Kon and Aniket Gattani and Dhiraj Saharia and Tianyu Cao and Diogo Barradas and Ang Chen and Micah Sherr and Benjamin E. Ujcich},
title = {{NetShuffle}: Circumventing Censorship with Shuffle Proxies at the Edge},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/1RjEabCelaM/pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wails2024a,
author = {Ryan Wails and George Arnold Sullivan and Micah Sherr and Rob Jansen},
title = {On Precisely Detecting Censorship Circumvention in Real-World Networks},
booktitle = {Network and Distributed System Security},
publisher = {The Internet Society},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.robgjansen.com/publications/precisedetect-ndss2024.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/312},
}
@inproceedings{Ding2023a,
author = {Jinyang Ding and Kejiang Chen and Yaofei Wang and Na Zhao and Weiming Zhang and Nenghai Yu},
title = {{Discop}: Provably secure steganography in practice based on ``distribution copies''},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2023},
url = {https://dingjinyang.github.io/uploads/Discop_sp23_paper.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Niere2023a,
author = {Niklas Niere and Sven Hebrok and Juraj Somorovsky and Robert Merget},
title = {Poster: Circumventing the {GFW} with {TLS} Record Fragmentation},
booktitle = {Computer and Communications Security},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2023},
url = {https://nerd2.nrw/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/3576915.3624372.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/308},
}
@article{Ververis2023a,
author = {Vasilis Ververis and Lucas Lasota and Tatiana Ermakova and Benjamin Fabian},
title = {Website blocking in the {European} {Union}: Network interference from the perspective of {Open} {Internet}},
journal = {Policy \& Internet},
year = {2023},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/poi3.367},
}
@techreport{Fifield2023b,
author = {David Fifield},
title = {Comments on certain past cryptographic flaws affecting fully encrypted censorship circumvention protocols},
year = {2023},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1362.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Bischof2023a,
author = {Zachary S. Bischof and Kennedy Pitcher and Esteban Carisimo and Amanda Meng and Rafael Bezerra Nunes and Ramakrishna Padmanabhan and Margaret E. Roberts and Alex C. Snoeren and Alberto Dainotti},
title = {Destination Unreachable: Characterizing {Internet} Outages and Shutdowns},
booktitle = {SIGCOMM},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2023},
url = {https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~snoeren/papers/shutdown-sigcomm23.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Brown2023a,
author = {Jacob Brown and Xi Jiang and Van Tran and Arjun Nitin Bhagoji and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Nick Feamster and Prateek Mittal and Vinod Yegneswaran},
title = {Augmenting Rule-based {DNS} Censorship Detection at Scale with Machine Learning},
booktitle = {Knowledge Discovery And Data Mining},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2023},
url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.02031.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Feng2023a,
author = {Yuzhou Feng and Ruyu Zhai and Radu Sion and Bogdan Carbunar},
title = {A Study of {China}'s Censorship and Its Evasion Through the Lens of Online Gaming},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity23-feng.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Amich2023a,
author = {Abderrahmen Amich and Birhanu Eshete and Vinod Yegneswaran and Nguyen Phong Hoang},
title = {DeResistor: Toward Detection-Resistant Probing for Evasion of Internet Censorship},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity23-amich.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Sun2023a,
author = {Zhen Sun and Vitaly Shmatikov},
title = {{TELEPATH}: A Minecraft-based Covert Communication System},
booktitle = {Symposium on Security \& Privacy},
publisher = {IEEE},
year = {2023},
url = {https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/SP46215.2023.00183},
}
@inproceedings{Streisand2023a,
author = {Mizhang Streisand and Eric Wustrow and Amir Houmansadr},
title = {Where Have All the Paragraphs Gone? Detecting and Exposing Censorship in {Chinese} Translation},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0001.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wang2023b,
author = {Mona Wang and Jonathan Mayer},
title = {Self-Censorship Under Law: A Case Study of the {Hong Kong} National Security Law},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0007.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Master2023a,
author = {Alexander Master and Christina Garman},
title = {A Worldwide View of Nation-state {Internet} Censorship},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0008.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Xue2023a,
author = {Diwen Xue and Roya Ensafi},
title = {The Use of Push Notification in Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0009.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Nourin2023a,
author = {Sadia Nourin and Van Tran and Xi Jiang and Kevin Bock and Nick Feamster and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Dave Levin},
title = {Measuring and Evading {Turkmenistan}'s Internet Censorship},
booktitle = {The International World Wide Web Conference},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2023},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3543507.3583189},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/273},
}
@inproceedings{Nourin2023b,
author = {Sadia Nourin and Kevin Bock and Nguyen Phong Hoang and Dave Levin},
title = {Detecting Network Interference Without Endpoint Participation},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0010.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Fifield2023a,
author = {David Fifield and Linus Nordberg},
title = {Running a high-performance pluggable transports {Tor} bridge},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0011.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/222},
}
@inproceedings{Ortwein2023a,
author = {Aaron Ortwein and Kevin Bock and Dave Levin},
title = {Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of {Russian} Transit Censorship},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0012.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wails2023a,
author = {Ryan Wails and Rob Jansen and Aaron Johnson and Micah Sherr},
title = {{Proteus}: Programmable Protocols for Censorship Circumvention},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0013.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Jia2023a,
author = {Watson Jia and Joseph Eichenhofer and Liang Wang and Prateek Mittal},
title = {{Voiceover}: Censorship-Circumventing Protocol Tunnels with Generative Modeling},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0014.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Tran2023a,
author = {Nhi Tran and Kevin Bock and Dave Levin},
title = {Crowdsourcing the Discovery of Server-side Censorship Evasion Strategies},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0016.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Waheed2022a,
author = {Asim Waheed and Sara Qunaibi and Diogo Barradas and Zachary Weinberg},
title = {Darwin's Theory of Censorship: Analysing the Evolution of Censored Topics with Dynamic Topic Models},
year = {2022},
publisher = {ACM},
url = {https://research.owlfolio.org/pubs/2022-darwin-censorship.pdf},
booktitle = {Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society},
}
@inproceedings{Ververis2021a,
title = {Understanding {Internet} Censorship in {Europe}: The Case of {Spain}},
author = {Vasilis Ververis and Tatiana Ermakova and Marios Isaakidis and Simone Basso and Benjamin Fabian and Stefania Milan},
year = {2021},
booktitle = {Web Science Conference},
publisher = {ACM},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3447535.3462638},
}
@inproceedings{Ramesh2023a,
author = {Reethika Ramesh and Ram Sundara Raman and Apurva Virkud and Alexandra Dirksen and Armin Huremagic and David Fifield and Dirk Rodenburg and Rod Hynes and Doug Madory and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Network Responses to {Russia's} Invasion of {Ukraine} in 2022: A Cautionary Tale for {Internet} Freedom},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2023},
url = {https://censoredplanet.org/assets/russia-ukraine-invasion.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Wu2023a,
author = {Mingshi Wu and Jackson Sippe and Danesh Sivakumar and Jack Burg and Peter Anderson and Xiaokang Wang and Kevin Bock and Amir Houmansadr and Dave Levin and Eric Wustrow},
title = {How the {Great Firewall} of {China} Detects and Blocks Fully Encrypted Traffic},
booktitle = {USENIX Security Symposium},
publisher = {USENIX},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec23fall-prepub-234-wu-mingshi.pdf},
}
@article{Tulloch2023a,
author = {Lindsey Tulloch and Ian Goldberg},
title = {Lox: Protecting the Social Graph in Bridge Distribution},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2023},
number = {1},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0029.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/320},
}
@article{Sharma2023a,
author = {Piyush Kumar Sharma and Rishi Sharma and Kartikey Singh and Mukulika Maity and Sambuddho Chakravarty},
title = {Dolphin: A Cellular Voice Based {Internet} Shutdown Resistance System},
journal = {Privacy Enhancing Technologies},
volume = {2023},
number = {1},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0034.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Katira2023a,
author = {Divyank Katira and Gurshabad Grover and Kushagra Singh and Varun Bansal},
title = {{CensorWatch}: On the Implementation of Online Censorship in {India}},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0006.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/360},
}
@inproceedings{Wang2023a,
author = {Gaukas Wang and Anonymous and Jackson Sippe and Hai Chi and Eric Wustrow},
title = {Chasing Shadows: A security analysis of the {ShadowTLS} proxy},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0002.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/322},
}
@inproceedings{Fenske2023a,
author = {Ellis Fenske and Aaron Johnson},
title = {Security Notions for Fully Encrypted Protocols},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0004.pdf},
discussion_url = {https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/383},
}
@inproceedings{Raman2023a,
author = {Ram Sundara Raman and Apurva Virkud and Sarah Laplante and Vinicius Fortuna and Roya Ensafi},
title = {Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis},
booktitle = {Free and Open Communications on the Internet},
publisher = {},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.petsymposium.org/foci/2023/foci-2023-0003.pdf},
}
@inproceedings{Raman2023b,
author = {Ram Sundara Raman and Louis-Henri Merino and Kevin Bock and Marwan Fayed and Dave Levin and Nick Sullivan and Luke Valenta},
title = {Global, Passive Detection of Connection Tampering},
booktitle = {SIGCOMM},
publisher = {ACM},
year = {2023},