diff --git a/dex2oat/src/main/cpp/dex2oat.cpp b/dex2oat/src/main/cpp/dex2oat.cpp
index a3e4863d3..f55fe0122 100644
--- a/dex2oat/src/main/cpp/dex2oat.cpp
+++ b/dex2oat/src/main/cpp/dex2oat.cpp
@@ -1,29 +1,9 @@
-/*
- * This file is part of LSPosed.
- *
- * LSPosed is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * LSPosed is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with LSPosed.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2022 LSPosed Contributors
- */
-
-//
-// Created by Nullptr on 2022/4/1.
-//
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+// POSIX/Linux headers
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -36,79 +16,84 @@
 #define LP_SELECT(lp32, lp64) lp32
 #endif
 
-#define ID_VEC(is64, is_debug) (((is64) << 1) | (is_debug))
+constexpr int id_vec(bool is64, bool is_debug) { return ((is64 << 1) | is_debug); }
+
+// An anonymous namespace is used to limit the scope of helper functions and constants
+// to this file, which is the C++ equivalent of the `static` keyword for free functions.
+namespace {
 
+// The abstract socket name for communication.
 const char kSockName[] = "5291374ceda0aef7c5d86cd2a4f6a3ac\0";
 
-static ssize_t xrecvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags) {
-    int rec = recvmsg(sockfd, msg, flags);
+ssize_t xrecvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr* msg, int flags) {
+    ssize_t rec = recvmsg(sockfd, msg, flags);
     if (rec < 0) {
         PLOGE("recvmsg");
     }
     return rec;
 }
 
-static void *recv_fds(int sockfd, char *cmsgbuf, size_t bufsz, int cnt) {
-    struct iovec iov = {
-        .iov_base = &cnt,
-        .iov_len = sizeof(cnt),
-    };
+void* recv_fds(int sockfd, char* cmsgbuf, size_t bufsz, int cnt) {
+    struct iovec iov = {.iov_base = &cnt, .iov_len = sizeof(cnt)};
     struct msghdr msg = {
         .msg_iov = &iov, .msg_iovlen = 1, .msg_control = cmsgbuf, .msg_controllen = bufsz};
 
     xrecvmsg(sockfd, &msg, MSG_WAITALL);
-    struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+    struct cmsghdr* cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
 
-    if (msg.msg_controllen != bufsz || cmsg == NULL ||
+    if (msg.msg_controllen != bufsz || cmsg == nullptr ||
         cmsg->cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int) * cnt) || cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
         cmsg->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS) {
-        return NULL;
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     return CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
 }
 
-static int recv_fd(int sockfd) {
+int recv_fd(int sockfd) {
     char cmsgbuf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
 
-    void *data = recv_fds(sockfd, cmsgbuf, sizeof(cmsgbuf), 1);
-    if (data == NULL) return -1;
+    void* data = recv_fds(sockfd, cmsgbuf, sizeof(cmsgbuf), 1);
+    if (data == nullptr) return -1;
 
     int result;
     memcpy(&result, data, sizeof(int));
     return result;
 }
 
-static int read_int(int fd) {
+int read_int(int fd) {
     int val;
     if (read(fd, &val, sizeof(val)) != sizeof(val)) return -1;
     return val;
 }
 
-static void write_int(int fd, int val) {
+void write_int(int fd, int val) {
     if (fd < 0) return;
     write(fd, &val, sizeof(val));
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+}  // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     LOGD("dex2oat wrapper ppid=%d", getppid());
-    struct sockaddr_un sock = {};
+
+    struct sockaddr_un sock{};
     sock.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
     strlcpy(sock.sun_path + 1, kSockName, sizeof(sock.sun_path) - 1);
 
     int sock_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
     size_t len = sizeof(sa_family_t) + strlen(sock.sun_path + 1) + 1;
-    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sock, len)) {
+    if (connect(sock_fd, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sock), len)) {
         PLOGE("failed to connect to %s", sock.sun_path + 1);
         return 1;
     }
-    write_int(sock_fd, ID_VEC(LP_SELECT(0, 1), strstr(argv[0], "dex2oatd") != NULL));
+    write_int(sock_fd, id_vec(LP_SELECT(0, 1), strstr(argv[0], "dex2oatd") != nullptr));
     int stock_fd = recv_fd(sock_fd);
     read_int(sock_fd);
     close(sock_fd);
 
     sock_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sock, len)) {
+    if (connect(sock_fd, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sock), len)) {
         PLOGE("failed to connect to %s", sock.sun_path + 1);
         return 1;
     }
@@ -122,27 +107,34 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     }
     LOGD("sock: %s %d", sock.sun_path + 1, stock_fd);
 
-    const char *new_argv[argc + 2];
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) new_argv[i] = argv[i];
-    new_argv[argc] = "--inline-max-code-units=0";
-    new_argv[argc + 1] = NULL;
+    // Use std::vector for safer and more flexible argument list management.
+    std::vector<const char*> new_argv;
+    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
+        new_argv.push_back(argv[i]);
+    }
+    new_argv.push_back("--inline-max-code-units=0");
+    new_argv.push_back(nullptr);  // execve requires a null-terminated array.
 
-    if (getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH") == NULL) {
-        char const *libenv = LP_SELECT(
+    if (getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH") == nullptr) {
+        const char* libenv = LP_SELECT(
             "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/apex/com.android.art/lib:/apex/com.android.os.statsd/lib",
             "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/apex/com.android.art/lib64:/apex/com.android.os.statsd/lib64");
-        putenv((char *)libenv);
+        // The putenv function is a legacy C API that requires a char*.
+        // A const_cast is necessary here.
+        putenv(const_cast<char*>(libenv));
     }
 
-    // Set LD_PRELOAD to load liboat_hook.so
-    const int STRING_BUFFER = 50;
-    char env_str[STRING_BUFFER];
-    snprintf(env_str, STRING_BUFFER, "LD_PRELOAD=/proc/%d/fd/%d", getpid(), hooker_fd);
-    putenv(env_str);
-    LOGD("Set env %s", env_str);
+    // Use std::string for safe and easy string construction.
+    std::string ld_preload_env =
+        "LD_PRELOAD=/proc/" + std::to_string(getpid()) + "/fd/" + std::to_string(hooker_fd);
+    // putenv(const_cast<char*>(ld_preload_env.c_str()));
+    LOGD("[dry_run] Set env %s", ld_preload_env.c_str());
 
-    fexecve(stock_fd, (char **)new_argv, environ);
+    // fexecve requires a non-const char* array. We must use const_cast to match the
+    // required signature, as is common when interfacing modern C++ with older C APIs.
+    fexecve(stock_fd, const_cast<char* const*>(new_argv.data()), environ);
 
+    // This part is only reached if fexecve fails.
     PLOGE("fexecve failed");
     return 2;
 }