diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.Rmd b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cbf4b8c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,983 @@ +--- +title: "European Immigration Attitudes and Origins Visualization - 2025 Data Viz" +description: | + This project recreates and then reimagines a circular barchart showing European countries' immigration attitudes and top immigrant origin countries. All data is from 2018. +categories: "2025" +author: Olivia Blantz +date: "`r Sys.Date()`" +output: + distill::distill_article: + self_contained: false + toc: true +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(out.width="100%", fig.align="center", fig.showtext=TRUE) +``` + +## Introduction + +This tutorial recreates and then re-imagines a circular bar chart visualization showing European countries' attitudes toward immigration alongside their top 5 immigrant origin countries. The original graph, created by Reddit user killeradoom, combines 2018 data from the European Social Survey and Eurostat to present European immigration patterns. + +## Original Graph + +![Original chart. Source: Reddit user killeradoom, data from European Social Survey and Eurostat 2018](original_graph.png){.external width="100%"} + +The original visualization presents a double "layered" circular bar chart. The graphs inner circle show European countries sentiments towards immigrants, as depicted by a blue to red color scale (informed by European Social Survey data). The outer circle displays a bar chart representing the top 5 immigration populations residing in each country, with each bar colored according the immigrant origin countries' continent. According to the original creator, it was made using Flourish. I chose this chart because, while aesthetically pleasing due to its mandala-like appearance, it is difficult to interpret due to it's circular shape and doesn't immediately reveal any interesting data trends. + +## Recreation + +### Libraries + +```{r libraries} +library(tidyverse) +library(scales) # For color gradients +library(ggnewscale) +library(showtext) # For custom fonts (google fonts) +library(patchwork) # For legends +library(shadowtext) # For creating white outline for labels +library(glue) # For dynamic labels +library(ggtext) +``` + +### Font Setup + +The font "Oswald" was identified as the font most similar to the original graph by Google Fonts. + +```{r font-setup} +# Add Oswald font from Google Fonts +font_add_google("Oswald", "oswald") +showtext_auto() +showtext_opts(dpi = 300) # Matching the ggsave DPI setting +``` + +### Data Preparation + +#### ESS Data: Inner Circle Data + +Information for the sentiment scale of immigrant recipient countries is informed by the European Social Survey (round 9, 2018). Because the original graph is from Reddit, I could not be sure how the original attitude scale was calculated. This was my best attempt at using the currently available data, including: selecting relevant variables, normalizing them, and finding each country level average. + +Here, I will leave this un-run code to transparently show how I cleaned by data without having to attach the original large file. + +```{r ESS-data, eval=FALSE} +# Load ESS attitude data +ess9 <- read_csv("ESS9e03_2.csv") +#including the larger file to explain my data cleaning process + +# I am using all survey questions regarding immigration and the design weight variable +ess_attitudes_original <- ess9 |> + select( + cntry, #Country + dweight, # Design weight + # Is/Does immigration.... + imbgeco, # good for economy? (1-10) + imwbcnt, # country a better/worse place to live? (1 = worse, 10 = better) + imueclt, # enrich cultural life? (1-10) + #...next questions are on different scale and will be reversed! + #1 = most positive towards immigration + #Our country should... + imsmetn, # Allow same ethnic group (1-4) + imdfetn, # Allow different ethnic group (1-4) + impcntr # Allow from poorer countries (1-4) + ) + +# Now, reverse scale for last 3 questions where higher score = more positive +ess_attitudes_rev <- ess_attitudes_original |> + mutate( + imsmetn_rev = 5 - imsmetn, + imdfetn_rev = 5 - imdfetn, + impcntr_rev = 5 - impcntr + ) + +# calculate country-level average attitudes +country_attitudes <- ess_attitudes_rev |> + rowwise() |> + mutate( + # normalize each question on a 0-1 scale + imbgeco_norm = imbgeco / 10, + imwbcnt_norm = imwbcnt / 10, + imueclt_norm = imueclt / 10, + imsmetn_norm = (imsmetn_rev - 1) / 3, + imdfetn_norm = (imdfetn_rev - 1) / 3, + impcntr_norm = (impcntr_rev - 1) / 3, + # average all 6 normalized values across individual respondents + person_avg = mean(c(imbgeco_norm, imwbcnt_norm, imueclt_norm, + imsmetn_norm, imdfetn_norm, impcntr_norm), + na.rm = TRUE) + ) |> + ungroup() |> + group_by(cntry) |> + summarise( #creating average respondent attitude per receiving COUNTRY + # WEIGHTED mean using dweight + avg_attitude = sum(person_avg * dweight, na.rm = TRUE) / sum(dweight, na.rm = TRUE) + ) |> + mutate( + attitude_normalized = (avg_attitude - min(avg_attitude)) / + (max(avg_attitude) - min(avg_attitude)) + ) + +#write_csv(country_attitudes, "country_attitudes_clean.csv") +``` + +The result of this cleaning is what will be used for the recreation. Here,the clean data is loaded to start the recreation process. + +```{r clean-ess-data} +country_attitudes <- read_csv("country_attitudes_clean.csv") +``` + +#### Eurostat: Outer Circle Data + +The data for the outer circle of the graph comes from Eurostat (2018). This data shows the top 5 immigrant populations in each recipient country, and their makeup as a percentage of the total immigrant population. This was much more straight forward than the ESS attitude calculation. Here, I merged the csv with the ESS data, added their full names corresponding to their country codes for labeling, and created a function to classify each country by continent which will later determine the color of each bar. + +```{r eurostat-data} +# load Eurostat immigration data +immigration_data <- read_csv("top5_citizenship_by_country.csv") + +# merge data sets to a combined data set, reference column = the receiving country (inner circle) +combined_data <- immigration_data |> + left_join(country_attitudes, by = c("destination_country" = "cntry")) |> + drop_na() #not all countries represented + +# adds the full receiving country names - so they can later appear as labels +combined_data <- combined_data |> + mutate( + full_name = case_when( + destination_country == "AT" ~ "Austria", + destination_country == "BE" ~ "Belgium", + destination_country == "CZ" ~ "Czechia", + destination_country == "DE" ~ "Germany", + destination_country == "DK" ~ "Denmark", + destination_country == "ES" ~ "Spain", + destination_country == "FI" ~ "Finland", + destination_country == "FR" ~ "France", + destination_country == "HU" ~ "Hungary", + destination_country == "IE" ~ "Ireland", + destination_country == "IS" ~ "Iceland", + destination_country == "IT" ~ "Italy", + destination_country == "NL" ~ "Netherlands", + destination_country == "NO" ~ "Norway", + destination_country == "PT" ~ "Portugal", + destination_country == "SE" ~ "Sweden", + TRUE ~ destination_country + ) + ) + +# next, classify origin countries by continent for coloring +# create a function to sort them also using case_when + +classify_continent <- function(code) { + europe <- c("AL", "BA", "DE", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "HR", "IT", + "LT", "LV", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "RS", "SE", "SK", + "TR", "UA", "UK") + africa <- c("CV", "DZ", "ER", "MA", "SO") + asia <- c("AF", "CN", "IN", "IQ", "RU", "VN") + s_america <- c("BR") + + case_when( + code %in% europe ~ "Europe", + code %in% africa ~ "Africa", + code %in% asia ~ "Asia", + code %in% s_america ~ "South America", + TRUE ~ "Other" + ) +} + +#finally, add to the combined_data +combined_data <- combined_data |> + mutate(continent = classify_continent(citizenship)) +``` + +#### Ordering Data + +The next step after compiling a complete data frame was ordering the data of the inner circle by their attitudes. To inform this section, I followed [tutorial 297 "Ordering Data"](https://r-graph-gallery.com/297-circular-barplot-with-groups.html) from the Data to Viz website's section on circular bar charts. + +```{r ordering-data} +#new element with countries ordered by their attitudes +#includes also the countries' full names +country_order <- combined_data |> + distinct(destination_country, avg_attitude, attitude_normalized, full_name) |> + arrange(desc(attitude_normalized)) |> # order by attitude in DESCENDING order + mutate(country_id = row_number()) # assign each receiving country an ID for easy coding by order + +# join country ID back to main data +# left join to bring the order back into our combined data +# joined by receiving country +combined_data <- combined_data |> + left_join(country_order |> select(destination_country, country_id), + by = "destination_country") + +# from tutorial 297 +# arranging each immigrant citizenship by percentage of immigrant population +# done WITHIN receiving country that are ordered (desc) by attitude +combined_data <- combined_data |> + arrange(country_id, desc(percentage)) +``` + +### Graph Element Preparation + +#### Gaps Between Bars + +Next, I had to assign each country a unique x position. This section was also informed by [tutorial 297 "Add a Gap"](https://r-graph-gallery.com/297-circular-barplot-with-groups.html) from the Data to Viz R Graph Gallery. It's vital that each bar has it's exact position and unique sequential ID. Also, empty gaps are created to give space between bars when mapping. +This section begins the creation of the final data frame used to plot the recreation, called "data". + +```{r gaps} +# Assign unique ID to each bar +# This gives, "Each bar... a unique x position" (tutorial 297) +data <- combined_data |> + mutate( + id = row_number() # sequential ID + ) + +# calculate empty bars between groups +# "Data to viz" suggests adding empty rows to create gaps + +empty_bar <- 2.5 # number of empty positions between groups indicates the size of each gap + +data <- data |> + mutate( + # from tutorial 297: we create spacing through position calculation + bar_position = id * (1 + empty_bar) + ) +``` + +#### Labels: Positions and Angles + +This section codes for the unique angels of all the country names in the original graph. Each lies on a radial line coming from the center point and extending outwards. [Tutorial 296](https://r-graph-gallery.com/296-add-labels-to-circular-barplot.html) from the Data to Viz circular bar plot section informed this section: that each label must be calculated and it starts with computing it's specific angle. This tutorial also provided me a specific formula for calculating angles in circular bar plots. Here, I also added the full names of each immigrant origin country. + +```{r label-positions-and-angles} +# calculate center position for each destination country "group" +country_positions <- data |> + group_by(destination_country, country_id, full_name) |> + summarise( + center_position = mean(bar_position), # Average position of group + .groups = "drop" + ) |> + left_join(country_order |> select(destination_country, attitude_normalized), + by = "destination_country") + +# calculate the unique "number" (refers to row) of each bar in our data +number_of_bar <- nrow(country_positions) + +# angle formula from tutorial 296: +# "angle <- 90 - 360 * (label_data$id-0.5) / TOTAL positions +# "we subtract 0.5 because the letter must have the angle of the center of the bars" + +country_positions <- country_positions |> + mutate( + # calculate angle based on actual position in the full circle + total_positions = max(data$bar_position), + base_angle = 90 - 360 * (center_position - 0.5) / total_positions, + angle = case_when( + base_angle < -90 | base_angle > 90 ~ base_angle + 180, + TRUE ~ base_angle + ), + hjust_receiving = case_when( + base_angle < -90 | base_angle > 90 ~ 1, + TRUE ~ 0 + ) + ) + +# adds center_position to main data for connecting lines +data <- data |> + left_join(country_positions |> select(destination_country, center_position), + by = "destination_country") + +# calculate angles for individual bars +data <- data |> + mutate( + base_bar_angle = 90 - 360 * (bar_position - 0.5) / max(bar_position), + bar_angle = case_when( + base_bar_angle < -90 | base_bar_angle > 90 ~ base_bar_angle + 180, + TRUE ~ base_bar_angle + ), + hjust_bar = case_when( + base_bar_angle < -90 | base_bar_angle > 90 ~ 1, + TRUE ~ 0 + ) + ) + +# also adding origin country full names +origin_country_names <- c( + "AL" = "Albania", + "BA" = "Bosnia", + "DE" = "Germany", + "DK" = "Denmark", + "EE" = "Estonia", + "FI" = "Finland", + "FR" = "France", + "HR" = "Croatia", + "IT" = "Italy", + "LT" = "Lithuania", + "LV" = "Latvia", + "NL" = "Netherlands", + "PL" = "Poland", + "PT" = "Portugal", + "RO" = "Romania", + "RS" = "Serbia", + "SE" = "Sweden", + "SK" = "Slovakia", + "TR" = "Turkey", + "UA" = "Ukraine", + "UK" = "UK", + "CV" = "Cape Verde", + "DZ" = "Algeria", + "ER" = "Eritrea", + "MA" = "Morocco", + "SO" = "Somalia", + "AF" = "Afghanistan", + "CN" = "China", + "IN" = "India", + "IQ" = "Iraq", + "RU" = "Russia", + "VN" = "Vietnam", + "BR" = "Brazil" +) + +#adding origin country full names to data +data <- data |> + mutate(origin_full_name = origin_country_names[citizenship]) +``` + +#### Gradient Colors + +The next step is to define the colors for the "attitude-scale", which informs the colors of the inner circle country labels as well as the corresponding dots. The color codes used are taken directly from original image with a color picker. + +```{r gradient-colors} +# uses scale_fill_gradient2() + +# label colors for receiving country labels only +pal <- gradient_n_pal(c("#be0e01", "#810180", "#0e00c3"), + values = c(0, 0.5, 1)) + +country_positions <- country_positions |> + mutate( + # Rescale for label colors only + rescaled = (attitude_normalized - min(attitude_normalized)) / + (max(attitude_normalized) - min(attitude_normalized)), + label_color = pal(rescaled) + ) +``` + +### Building the Plot + +Now with all our data and elements fully prepared, we can start the process of recreating the visual graph. + +#### Coord_polar + +The first step is to utilize the coord_polar function. This step follows [tutorial 295](https://r-graph-gallery.com/295-basic-circular-barplot.html). Essentially, the plot is created the same as a standard bar chart, and the function is used to wrap the chart into a circle. + +```{r coord_polar} +p <- ggplot() + +## coord_polar() to make the chart circular +coord_polar(theta = "x", start = 0) + + + # set axis limits + # tutorial 295: states the importance of the ylim() argument + #if ylim starts at 0 then the bars start at the center of the circle, ours need to be large + scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) + + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(-50, 220), expand = c(0, 0)) # this is my limit to show all elements of graph +``` + +#### Stylistic Elements + +Here we graph the central dot of the "mandala" shape, the attitude dots which are colored according to the countries attitudes towards immigration, and the radial lines from the center (including those from the center and those from the receiving countries to their corresponding immigration bars). + +```{r lines-and-points} +# 1: center dot +p <- p + + geom_point(aes(x = 0, y = -50), size = 2, color = "black") + + +# 2: radial lines from center +# these go from central dot to the attitude dots +geom_segment(data = country_positions, + aes(x = center_position, xend = center_position, + y = -50, yend = 50), + color = "black", linewidth = 0.6) + + +# 3a: singular lines extending from attitude dots to our "split point" + geom_segment(data = country_positions, + aes(x = center_position, xend = center_position, + y = 50, yend = 75), + color = "black", linewidth = 0.6) + + +# 3b: lines from determined "split point" connecting to the outer bars + geom_segment(data = data, + aes(x = center_position, xend = bar_position, + y = 60, yend = 130), #starting at "split point", ending at base of bars + color = "black", linewidth = 0.4) + + +# 4: attitude dots with gradient colors +# using attitude_normalized directly with scale_fill_gradient2 + geom_point(data = country_positions, + aes(x = center_position, y = 40, #position on radial lines + fill = attitude_normalized), + size = 4, shape = 21, stroke = 0) + + +# fill scale for attitude dots + #these are mapped here at the end so that they sit on TOP of the lines! + scale_fill_gradient2( + low = "#be0e01", + mid = "#810180", + high = "#0e01c2", + midpoint = median(country_positions$attitude_normalized), + # Re-scale to use full color range + limits = range(country_positions$attitude_normalized), #to show variety in color! + guide = "none" + ) +``` + +#### Recieving Country Labels + +This section maps the inner ring country labels. It also uses the shadow text function to create the labels with a white outline for increased legibility. + +```{r inner-labels} +# 5: receiving country labels (gradient colored) +p <- p + + geom_shadowtext(data = country_positions, #shadowtext package for white outline + aes(x = center_position, y = 50, + label = full_name, + color = label_color, + angle = angle, + hjust = hjust_receiving), + size = 2.75, + fontface = "bold", + bg.colour = "white", # white outline color + bg.r = 0.15, # outline thickness + family = "oswald") + # same font as rest of graph + + scale_color_identity() + # to use the gradient color scale + new_scale_color() # to reset for next color scale +``` + +#### Outer Barchart + +This section maps the outer ringer of bar charts. It originally drew from [tutorial 295](https://r-graph-gallery.com/295-basic-circular-barplot.html) and [tutorial 297](https://r-graph-gallery.com/297-circular-barplot-with-groups.html) which teach the use of geom_bar or geom_col for the creation of circular bar charts. However, I needed to use geom_segment to avoid the "coning" effect that is unavoidable when using geom_bar or geom_col. Instead of using geom_bar with stat="identity", which is recommended in the tutorial, I used geom_segment to have precise control over bar positioning. + +```{r outer-barchart} +# 6: bar charts +p <- p + + geom_segment(data = data, #segment instead of bar/col + aes(x = bar_position, + xend = bar_position, + y = 130, + yend = 130 + (percentage * 1.7), #"bar" length + color = continent), #colored by continent + linewidth = 5, + lineend = "butt") + #this create a flat and straight end to the "bars" + + #continent color categories + scale_color_manual( #colors taken from original graph with color picker + values = c( + "Europe" = "#010f7a", + "Africa" = "#da7100", + "Asia" = "#700004", + "South America" = "#015e1a" + ), + name = "" + ) +``` + +#### Barchart Labels + +This section creates the labels for the outer ring, which extend from the end of each bar chart. This involves using tools from [tutorial 296](https://r-graph-gallery.com/296-add-labels-to-circular-barplot.html) "labels with angle aesthetics". These labels must have both the country labels and also their percentage of the total immigrant population. + +```{r bar-labels} +# 8: origin country labels on bars +p <- p + + geom_text(data = data, + aes(x = bar_position, + y = 130 + (percentage * 1.7) + 5, + label = glue("{round(percentage, 1)}% {origin_full_name}"), #adds in percentage + color = continent, # colored by the continent + angle = bar_angle, # on same radial angle as the corresponding bar + hjust = hjust_bar), + size = 3, fontface = "bold") +``` + +#### Theme and (Non)Titles + +Here, I set the theme of the graph and also set the groundwork for the titles. The font is Oswald taken from Google Fonts. The title and subtitles are added in the next section to ensure the legends fall below the titles but above the graph. + +```{r theme} +#9: theme +p <- p + + theme_void() + #all white background + theme( + plot.title = element_markdown(size = 26, hjust = 0.5, + margin = margin(t = 5, b = 1), + family = "oswald"), + plot.subtitle = element_markdown(size = 18, hjust = 0.5, + margin = margin(t = 1, b = 10), + family = "oswald"), + text = element_text(family = "oswald"), + legend.position = "none", + plot.margin = margin(t = 10, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0) + ) + + + labs( + #right now we leave these null! + #to make sure the legends appear under the title, we will use patchwork later + title = NULL, + subtitle = NULL + ) +``` + +#### Legends + +Here, patchwork is used to create the two distinct legends (1 for continent classification and 1 for attitude scale). Also, using patchwork ensures the legends are accurately placed under the title and subtitle. After creating the legends,they are joined together before combining into the main plot. Finally, the title and subtitle are added as well. + +```{r legends} +#10: legends + +# legend 1: attitude gradient scale +legend1_data <- data.frame(x = rep(1:50, each = 3), y = rep(1:3, times = 50)) #1:50 determining length being about half of plot width, and repeating y for thickness +legend1 <- ggplot(legend1_data, aes(x = x, y = y, fill = x)) + + geom_tile() + + scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#be0e01", mid = "#810180", high = "#0e01c2", + midpoint = 25) + + annotate("text", x = 1, y = -0.2, label = "Worsens my\ncountry", #\n to create unique break + #x sets position of text under the legend + hjust = 0, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") + + annotate("text", x = 25, y = -0.3, label = "Neutral", + hjust = 0.5, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") + + annotate("text", x = 50, y = -0.3, label = "Improves my\ncountry", + hjust = 1, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") + + coord_cartesian(ylim = c(-1.5, 4), clip = "off") + # extend y-axis to show labels below + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none", + plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) #trying to make 0 for scaling + +# legend 2: continent category with colors +legend2_data <- data.frame( + continent = c("Europe", "Africa", "Asia", "South America"), + color = c("#010f7a", "#da7100", "#700004", "#015e1a"), + x = c(1, 3, 5, 7), # spread to fit labels between squares + y = 1 +) +legend2 <- ggplot( + legend2_data, aes(x = x, y = y, fill = continent)) + + geom_tile( + width = 0.8, height = 0.8, color = "black", linewidth = 0.3) + # width = height to create squares + geom_text(aes(x = x + 0.5, y = y, label = paste("-", continent)), #"-" is also added before each continent name + hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") + # labels to the right of the squares + scale_fill_manual(values = c("Europe" = "#010f7a", "Africa" = "#da7100", + "Asia" = "#700004", "South America" = "#015e1a")) + + #filled according to continent + coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0.5, 9.5), ylim = c(0.5, 1.5)) + + theme_void() + + theme(legend.position = "none", + plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) #trying to make 0 for scaling + +# combine legends side by side before combining to main plot +legends <- legend1 + legend2 + plot_layout(widths = c(1.25, 1)) + +# combine legends to the main plot +final_plot <- legends / p + + plot_layout(heights = c(0.5, 10)) + + plot_annotation( + title = "**Where do most immigrants of these European countries originate from?**", + subtitle = "Arranged by their citizens' feelings towards immigrants, together with the top 5 countries of origin", + theme = theme( + plot.title = element_markdown(size = 19, hjust = 0.5, + margin = margin(t = 5, b = 1), + family = "oswald"), + plot.subtitle = element_markdown(size = 14, hjust = 0.5, + margin = margin(t = 1, b = 10), + family = "oswald") + ) + ) +``` + +### Final Recreation + +Here, we print to see our final product. + +```{r print-rec, fig.showtext=TRUE, fig.width=8, fig.height=9, preview=TRUE} +# 11: display plot +print(final_plot) +``` + +## Improvement + +### Improvement Introduction + +While visually pleasing, the original graph doesn't immediately reveal any interesting trends in the data. Therefore, for my improvement, I decided to make a scatter plot that more clearly shows a hidden trend in the data: a relationship between attitudes towards immigration and geographical distance. I utilized the previous elements of content classification and immigrants origins, but I made changes to the way we see them. My goals was to tell a more interesting story with the data. + +First, I calculated the immigrants average distance to their home country from their new country of residence, using the coordinates of capital cities. This average distance is displayed on the X-axis. The Y axis still demonstrates the sentiment scores of recipients countries, from most negative being (at 0) to most positive. I also created a color classification, that divides immigrant destination countries into a simplified two categories: one receiving their top 5 immigration populations only from other European countries, and the other receiving immigrants from multiple continents. + +It's important to note that my final model found an R correlation of only 0.54. For some fields this might be considered not as impressive, but I found it higher than expected as a single variable predictor in the social sciences. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to predict something as nuanced as a "sentiment". + +There are many limitations to the model explained more thoroughly throughout this tutorial, including: the use of capital cities as approximations for distance calculations, and the exclusion of Brazilian immigrants living in Portugal. + +### Libraries + +The first step of the improvement is to load the new needed libraries. This includes the rnaturalearth and geosphere packages which will be used to calculate the average distances between destination countries and immigrants home countries. + +```{r libraries-imp} +library(geosphere) +library(ggrepel) +library(showtext) +library(rnaturalearth) +library(rnaturalearthdata) +library(sf) +``` + +### Graph Preparation + +#### Font Set-up + +I decided to use a different font for my recreation. Because the new graph will be a regression model, my goal was to chose an academic looking font that is easy to read. I chose to us "Marcellus" from Google_fonts. + +```{r font-imp} +font_add_google("Marcellus", "marcellus") +showtext_auto() +showtext_opts(dpi = 300) +``` + +#### Coordinates from Natural Earth Database + +Next, the coordinates of capital cities for each receiving country and immigrant origin country are found using Natural Earth, which is a free map database. Coordinates of capital cities are used for approximation. It is important to not that GB is representing the UK in the Natural Earth database. + +```{r coordinates-imp} + +#download a data set of all populated places (cities) in the world from natural earth, saved as "cities" +cities <- ne_download(scale = 110, type = 'populated_places', + category = 'cultural', returnclass = 'sf') + +capitals_raw <- cities |> #this filters for capital cities + filter(FEATURECLA == "Admin-0 capital") |> + st_drop_geometry() |> + select(NAME, ISO_A2, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE) # this selects the relevant variables. + +needed_countries <- c( #selecting the countries I need from my original data set + "AT", "BE", "CZ", "DE", "DK", "ES", + "FI", "FR", "HU", "IE", "IS", "IT", + "NL", "NO", "PT", "SE","AL", "BA", + "EE", "HR", "LT", "LV", "PL", "RO", + "RS", "SK", "TR", "UA", "GB", #GB = UK in this package + "CV", "DZ", "ER", "MA", "SO", "AF", + "CN", "IN", "IQ", "RU", "VN", "BR" +) + +country_coords <- capitals_raw |> # keeps the capital cities from the countries above + filter(ISO_A2 %in% needed_countries) |> + mutate( + country_code = ISO_A2, + lat = LATITUDE, + lon = LONGITUDE, + capital_name = NAME + ) |> + select(country_code, capital_name, lat, lon) |> + as.data.frame() + +if("GB" %in% country_coords$country_code) { #coding for UK instead of GB + country_coords <- country_coords |> + mutate(country_code = if_else(country_code == "GB", "UK", country_code)) +} +``` + +#### Calculating New Metrics + +This section uses distHaversine and coordinates from capital cities to calculate the distances between each immigrant origin country and it's corresponding destination. Then, it calculates the average distance "home" for immigrants in the top 5 most common immigrant populations for each of our destination countries. Furthermore, it calculates other important variables such as max and min distance, the percentage of immigrants from Europe vs not from Europe in each receiving country, as well as the absolute count of immigrants within the top 5 immigrant populations for each country. This final metric will be important for determining the size of our dots. Essentially, this section calculates the summary statistics of my data. +It's important to note that I made the conscious chose to exclude Brazilian immigrants in Portugal from the data. This was due to the fact it was the only South American country represented in the data, and the fact that these two cultures share a common native language. I was concerned it would have a significant effect on our findings. + +```{r new-metrics-imp} +# population volume and continent diversity classification +destination_metrics <- combined_data |> + left_join(#this matches each DESTINATION country with it's capital + country_coords, by = c("destination_country" = "country_code")) |> + rename( + dest_lat = lat, dest_lon = lon, dest_capital = capital_name) |> #renames columns + left_join(#matches IMMIGRANTS country with coordinates of capital cities + country_coords, by = c("citizenship" = "country_code")) |> + rename( + origin_lat = lat, origin_lon = lon, origin_capital = capital_name) |> #renames columns + rowwise() |> + mutate( #calculates the distance between each immigrant origin and it's destination country + distance_km = distHaversine( + c(dest_lon, dest_lat), + c(origin_lon, origin_lat) + ) / 1000 + ) |> + + ungroup() |> + filter(citizenship != "BR") |> #filters out Brazilian immigrants + group_by(destination_country, avg_attitude) |> + summarise( #calculating... + avg_distance = weighted.mean(distance_km, w = percentage, na.rm = TRUE), #avg distance + max_distance = max(distance_km, na.rm = TRUE), #max distance + min_distance = min(distance_km, na.rm = TRUE), #min distance + num_continents = n_distinct(continent), #how many distinct continents in each country's top 5 immigrant pops + pct_europe = sum(percentage[continent == "Europe"], na.rm = TRUE), #percentage top 5 immigrants from Europe + pct_non_europe = 100 - pct_europe, #percentage top 5 immigrants NOT from Europe + top5_population_total = sum(population, na.rm = TRUE), #sum of top 5 immigrant pops + .groups = "drop" + ) + +destination_metrics <- destination_metrics |> + mutate( + full_name = case_when( #converting country codes to full names + destination_country == "AT" ~ "Austria", + destination_country == "BE" ~ "Belgium", + destination_country == "CZ" ~ "Czechia", + destination_country == "DE" ~ "Germany", + destination_country == "DK" ~ "Denmark", + destination_country == "ES" ~ "Spain", + destination_country == "FI" ~ "Finland", + destination_country == "FR" ~ "France", + destination_country == "HU" ~ "Hungary", + destination_country == "IE" ~ "Ireland", + destination_country == "IS" ~ "Iceland", + destination_country == "IT" ~ "Italy", + destination_country == "NL" ~ "Netherlands", + destination_country == "NO" ~ "Norway", + destination_country == "PT" ~ "Portugal", + destination_country == "SE" ~ "Sweden", + TRUE ~ destination_country + ), #countries labeled as either "Europe Only" or "Multiple Continents" + diversity_type = if_else(num_continents == 1, "Europe Only", "Multiple Continents") + ) #this determines whether their top 5 immigrant pops come all come from europe or not. +``` + +#### Correlation Code + +This code calculates the correlation coefficient between the two variables of interest: the attitude of countries towards immigration and the average distance between immigrants home country and their destination country. It leaves us with 0.54, meaning that countries with more distant immigrant populations tend to have more positive attitudes toward immigration. + +```{r cor-avg-dist-imp} +cor_avg_distance <- cor(destination_metrics$avg_attitude, + destination_metrics$avg_distance, + use = "complete.obs") # we will only use rows with both variables available +``` + +### Building Scatterplot + +#### Background Grid Gradient + +This section calculates the range for the x and y axis so that the background grid can be appropriately graphed and filled with a gradient color reflecting sentiments towards immigrants ( reflecting the measurement scale on the y axis) + +```{r background-imp} +# defines the plot ranges for ... +attitude_range <- range(destination_metrics$avg_attitude) #y axis +distance_range <- range(destination_metrics$avg_distance) #x axis + +background_grid <- expand.grid( + # x axis: starts at 0 km and extend slightly past the max distance + avg_distance = seq(0, distance_range[2] * 1.05, length.out = 100), + # y axis: covers the entire normalized attitude range from 0 to 1 + avg_attitude = seq(0, 1, length.out = 200) +) +``` + +#### Principle Elements + +This section builds the principle elements of the plot. This includes it's axis, it's gradient background, quadrant lines, the regression line and the points which have their size reflecting the total immigrant population count (in the top 5 immigrant populations). + +```{r principle-elements-imp} +plot_distance <- ggplot(destination_metrics, # our data + aes(x = avg_distance, y = avg_attitude)) + + # sets up the x and y axis + + # 1: creates small tiles that cover the entire background with the gradient based on avg_attitude + geom_tile(data = background_grid, + aes(x = avg_distance, y = avg_attitude, fill = avg_attitude), + alpha = 0.15) + #alpha sets transparency + + # 2: defines the fill scale for the background gradient with scale_fill_gradient2 + scale_fill_gradient2( + low = "#be0e01", # most negative attitudes + mid = "white", # neutral attitude + high = "#27AE60", # most positive attitudes + midpoint = median(destination_metrics$avg_attitude), + guide = "none" # indicates for no legend to be included + ) + + + # 3: resets new_scale_color() to change colors for lines and points + ggnewscale::new_scale_color() + + + # 4: divides graph into quadrants + geom_hline(yintercept = median(destination_metrics$avg_attitude), #horizontal line + linetype = "longdash", color = "grey40", alpha = 0.7) + + geom_vline(xintercept = median(destination_metrics$avg_distance), #vertical line + linetype = "longdash", color = "grey40", alpha = 0.7) + +### adding the regression line and points +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + # 5: adds the linear model line + geom_smooth(method = "lm", + color = "#1F7A8C", + linewidth = 0.5, + alpha = 0.15, + fullrange = TRUE) + # stretches to cover whole graph + # 6: adds the points + geom_point(aes(size = top5_population_total, # dots relative to pop size + color = diversity_type), + alpha = 0.8, + stroke = 1) +``` + +#### Attitude and Country Label Annotations + +This step adds individual annotations to indicate more clearly the attitude gradient on the y axis. It also individually adds the country annotation labels to give the graph a cleaner look and ensure more accurate placement, especially for dots which lie close together. + +```{r att-and-country-labels-imp} +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + # adds "Negative Attitude" label + annotate("text", x = 350, y = 0.45, label = "'Worsens My Country'", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + # adds "Positive Attitude" label + annotate("text", x = 350, y = 0.85, label = "'Improves My Country'", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + # adds country labels + annotate("text", x = 740, y = 0.585, label = "Austria", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 940, y = 0.6, label = "Belgium", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2111, y = 0.48, label = "Czechia", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 1000, y = 0.645, label = "Denmark", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 1163 , y = 0.593, label = "Finland", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 1602, y = 0.59, label = "France", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 1338, y = 0.7, label = "Germany", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2450, y = 0.73, label = "Hungary", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2800, y = 0.815, label = "Iceland", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2062, y = 0.705, label = "Ireland", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.615, label = "Italy", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 1075 , y = 0.6607, label = "Netherlands", + size = 2.5, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 863 , y = 0.71, label = "Norway", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2808 , y = 0.755, label = "Portugal", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 2243 , y = 0.8, label = "Spain", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + + + annotate("text", x = 3081 , y = 0.70, label = "Sweden", + size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +``` + +#### Scaling and Legends Customization + +Here, the legend and coloring of the points are created. These colors are based on their continent classification according the continent of origins of the immigrant populations. The size of the dots represent the country's top 5 immigrant population size. The stylistic choice was made to remove the Y axis labeling details. + +```{r scaling-legends-imp} +# continent diversity coloring +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + scale_color_manual( + values = c("Multiple Continents" = "#DA4167", "Europe Only"= "#0e00c3"), + name = "Diversity of Immigrant Origins: Top 5 Populations", + guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 10, shape = 15)) #overrides to create big legend, also using a square (as indicates in shape) + ) + +# dot size scale for population volume +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + scale_size_continuous(range = c(1.5, 12.5), # controls dot size scale + name = "Immigrant Count: Top 5 Populations", # legend title + labels = label_number(big.mark = ",", suffix = " people", scale_cut = cut_short_scale()), # adds commas, adds "people", uses abbrevs. + guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(shape = 1, fill = NA, color = "black"))) + # only black outline + + scale_x_continuous(labels = comma_format(suffix = " km")) # creates x axis formats for labels + +# removes y-axis details +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + scale_y_continuous( + breaks = NULL # remove all Y axis labels - already added as annotations + ) +``` + +#### Theme + +This section applies the minimal theme, as well as a few customizations of the sizes, spaces, and colors for all text elements of the graph. + +```{r theme-imp} +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + theme_minimal() + + theme( + # global font + text = element_text(family = "marcellus"), + # titles + plot.title = element_text(size = 13, face = "bold", hjust = 0, margin = margin(b = 2.5)), + plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 10, hjust = 0, margin = margin(b = 7.5)), + plot.caption = element_text(size = 7.5, hjust = 0, color = "grey40", margin = margin(t = 5)), + # axes + axis.title = element_text(size = 9, face = "bold"), + axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 7.5)), + axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 7.5)), + axis.text = element_text(size = 9), + # legends + legend.position = "right", + legend.title = element_text(size = 8.5, face = "bold"), + legend.text = element_text(size = 8.5), + legend.spacing.y = unit(1, "cm"), + legend.key.size = unit(0.6, "cm"), + # grid and background + panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(), + panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey80", linetype = "dotted"), + plot.margin = margin(5, 10, 10, 10), + plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA) + ) +``` + +#### Titles + +This section specifies our titles and graph labels. + +```{r titles-labels-imp} +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + labs( + title = "Immigration Attitudes, Geographic Distance, and Immigrant Volume in Europe", + subtitle = sprintf("Correlation: r = %.2f | R² = %.2f", cor_avg_distance, cor_avg_distance^2), + x = "Average Distance from Top 5 Immigrant Countries (km)", + y = "Attitude Towards Immigration", + caption = "Data: ESS (Round 9) & Eurostat 2018 | Coordinates: Natural Earth Data Database | Brazilian Immigrants Excluded" + ) +``` + +#### Visible Plotting Window + +This section solidifies the visual plotting window, or what can be seen after the code is run. + +```{r visible-plot-imp} +plot_distance <- plot_distance + + # Use coord_cartesian to control the visible region + coord_cartesian( #zooms our view + ylim = c(0.4, 0.9), #limits of attitude scale shown in plot + expand = FALSE) +``` + + +### Final Improvement Plot + +Here, we print the final product. + +```{r imp-print, fig.width=9, fig.height=5, out.width="100%"} +print(plot_distance) +``` + +### Final Notes + +The found correlation in the improvement could be due to many reasons. For example, a selection effect. This could mean that immigrants who travel further distances may be more highly motivated or skilled, which could lead to more positive perceptions. Another possibility is geographical tensions. This would suggest that countries that are closer geographically might have historical tensions that influence immigration tolerance. Finally, economic factors could influence immigration patterns, as countries that attract long-distance immigrants might have stronger economies that make people feel more secure about immigration. + +Despite the uncertainty about what causes the observed correlation, the improved graph accomplishes the goal of showing a more obvious trend in attitudes towards immigration in Europe. This project shows how visualization choices have a direct impact on how we understand data, and how R can be used as a tool to extract and examine trends that are not immediately visible. diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.html b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b7e4be08 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651.html @@ -0,0 +1,2519 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + European Immigration Attitudes and Origins Visualization - 2025 Data Viz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

European Immigration Attitudes and Origins Visualization - 2025 Data Viz

+ + +
+
2025
+
+ +

This project recreates and then reimagines a circular barchart showing European countries’ immigration attitudes and top immigrant origin countries. All data is from 2018.

+
+ +
+ + Olivia Blantz + +
2026-01-07 +
+ +
+
+ +
+

Introduction

+

This tutorial recreates and then re-imagines a circular bar chart visualization showing European countries’ attitudes toward immigration alongside their top 5 immigrant origin countries. The original graph, created by Reddit user killeradoom, combines 2018 data from the European Social Survey and Eurostat to present European immigration patterns.

+

Original Graph

+
+Original chart. Source: Reddit user killeradoom, data from European Social Survey and Eurostat 2018 + +
+

The original visualization presents a double “layered” circular bar chart. The graphs inner circle show European countries sentiments towards immigrants, as depicted by a blue to red color scale (informed by European Social Survey data). The outer circle displays a bar chart representing the top 5 immigration populations residing in each country, with each bar colored according the immigrant origin countries’ continent. According to the original creator, it was made using Flourish. I chose this chart because, while aesthetically pleasing due to its mandala-like appearance, it is difficult to interpret due to it’s circular shape and doesn’t immediately reveal any interesting data trends.

+

Recreation

+

Libraries

+
+
+
library(tidyverse)
+library(scales)     # For color gradients
+library(ggnewscale) 
+library(showtext)   # For custom fonts (google fonts)
+library(patchwork)  # For legends
+library(shadowtext) # For creating white outline for labels
+library(glue)       # For dynamic labels
+library(ggtext)
+
+
+

Font Setup

+

The font “Oswald” was identified as the font most similar to the original graph by Google Fonts.

+
+
+
# Add Oswald font from Google Fonts
+font_add_google("Oswald", "oswald")
+showtext_auto()
+showtext_opts(dpi = 300)  # Matching the ggsave DPI setting
+
+
+

Data Preparation

+

ESS Data: Inner Circle Data

+

Information for the sentiment scale of immigrant recipient countries is informed by the European Social Survey (round 9, 2018). Because the original graph is from Reddit, I could not be sure how the original attitude scale was calculated. This was my best attempt at using the currently available data, including: selecting relevant variables, normalizing them, and finding each country level average.

+

Here, I will leave this un-run code to transparently show how I cleaned by data without having to attach the original large file.

+
+
+
# Load ESS attitude data
+ess9 <- read_csv("ESS9e03_2.csv")
+#including the larger file to explain my data cleaning process
+
+# I am using all survey questions regarding immigration and the design weight variable
+ess_attitudes_original <- ess9 |> 
+  select(
+    cntry,      #Country
+    dweight,    # Design weight
+    # Is/Does immigration.... 
+    imbgeco,    # good for economy? (1-10)
+    imwbcnt,    # country a better/worse place to live? (1 = worse, 10 = better)
+    imueclt,    # enrich cultural life? (1-10)
+    #...next questions are on different scale and will be reversed! 
+    #1 = most positive towards immigration 
+    #Our country should... 
+    imsmetn,    # Allow same ethnic group (1-4)
+    imdfetn,    # Allow different ethnic group (1-4)
+    impcntr     # Allow from poorer countries (1-4)
+  )
+
+# Now, reverse scale for last 3 questions where higher score = more positive
+ess_attitudes_rev <- ess_attitudes_original |> 
+  mutate(
+    imsmetn_rev = 5 - imsmetn,
+    imdfetn_rev = 5 - imdfetn,
+    impcntr_rev = 5 - impcntr
+  )
+
+# calculate country-level average attitudes
+country_attitudes <- ess_attitudes_rev |> 
+  rowwise() |> 
+  mutate(
+    # normalize each question on a 0-1 scale
+    imbgeco_norm = imbgeco / 10,           
+    imwbcnt_norm = imwbcnt / 10,           
+    imueclt_norm = imueclt / 10,           
+    imsmetn_norm = (imsmetn_rev - 1) / 3, 
+    imdfetn_norm = (imdfetn_rev - 1) / 3,  
+    impcntr_norm = (impcntr_rev - 1) / 3,  
+    # average all 6 normalized values across individual respondents
+    person_avg = mean(c(imbgeco_norm, imwbcnt_norm, imueclt_norm, 
+                        imsmetn_norm, imdfetn_norm, impcntr_norm), 
+                      na.rm = TRUE)
+  ) |> 
+  ungroup() |> 
+  group_by(cntry) |> 
+  summarise( #creating average respondent attitude per receiving COUNTRY
+    # WEIGHTED mean using dweight
+    avg_attitude = sum(person_avg * dweight, na.rm = TRUE) / sum(dweight, na.rm = TRUE)
+  ) |> 
+  mutate(
+    attitude_normalized = (avg_attitude - min(avg_attitude)) / 
+      (max(avg_attitude) - min(avg_attitude))
+  )
+
+#write_csv(country_attitudes, "country_attitudes_clean.csv")
+
+
+

The result of this cleaning is what will be used for the recreation. Here,the clean data is loaded to start the recreation process.

+
+
+
country_attitudes <- read_csv("country_attitudes_clean.csv")
+
+
+

Eurostat: Outer Circle Data

+

The data for the outer circle of the graph comes from Eurostat (2018). This data shows the top 5 immigrant populations in each recipient country, and their makeup as a percentage of the total immigrant population. This was much more straight forward than the ESS attitude calculation. Here, I merged the csv with the ESS data, added their full names corresponding to their country codes for labeling, and created a function to classify each country by continent which will later determine the color of each bar.

+
+
+
# load Eurostat immigration data
+immigration_data <- read_csv("top5_citizenship_by_country.csv")
+
+# merge data sets to a combined data set, reference column = the receiving country (inner circle)
+combined_data <- immigration_data |> 
+  left_join(country_attitudes, by = c("destination_country" = "cntry")) |> 
+  drop_na() #not all countries represented 
+
+# adds the full receiving country names - so they can later appear as labels
+combined_data <- combined_data |> 
+  mutate(
+    full_name = case_when(
+      destination_country == "AT" ~ "Austria",
+      destination_country == "BE" ~ "Belgium",
+      destination_country == "CZ" ~ "Czechia",
+      destination_country == "DE" ~ "Germany",
+      destination_country == "DK" ~ "Denmark",
+      destination_country == "ES" ~ "Spain",
+      destination_country == "FI" ~ "Finland",
+      destination_country == "FR" ~ "France",
+      destination_country == "HU" ~ "Hungary",
+      destination_country == "IE" ~ "Ireland",
+      destination_country == "IS" ~ "Iceland",
+      destination_country == "IT" ~ "Italy",
+      destination_country == "NL" ~ "Netherlands",
+      destination_country == "NO" ~ "Norway",
+      destination_country == "PT" ~ "Portugal",
+      destination_country == "SE" ~ "Sweden",
+      TRUE ~ destination_country
+    )
+  )
+
+# next, classify origin countries by continent for coloring
+# create a function to sort them also using case_when 
+
+classify_continent <- function(code) {
+  europe <- c("AL", "BA", "DE", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR", "HR", "IT", 
+              "LT", "LV", "NL", "PL", "PT", "RO", "RS", "SE", "SK", 
+              "TR", "UA", "UK")
+  africa <- c("CV", "DZ", "ER", "MA", "SO")
+  asia <- c("AF", "CN", "IN", "IQ", "RU", "VN")
+  s_america <- c("BR")
+  
+  case_when(
+    code %in% europe ~ "Europe",
+    code %in% africa ~ "Africa",
+    code %in% asia ~ "Asia",
+    code %in% s_america ~ "South America",
+    TRUE ~ "Other"
+  )
+}
+
+#finally, add to the combined_data 
+combined_data <- combined_data |> 
+  mutate(continent = classify_continent(citizenship))
+
+
+

Ordering Data

+

The next step after compiling a complete data frame was ordering the data of the inner circle by their attitudes. To inform this section, I followed tutorial 297 “Ordering Data” from the Data to Viz website’s section on circular bar charts.

+
+
+
#new element with countries ordered by their attitudes
+#includes also the countries' full names
+country_order <- combined_data |> 
+  distinct(destination_country, avg_attitude, attitude_normalized, full_name) |> 
+  arrange(desc(attitude_normalized)) |>   # order by attitude in DESCENDING order 
+  mutate(country_id = row_number())  # assign each receiving country an ID for easy coding by order
+
+# join country ID back to main data
+# left join to bring the order back into our combined data 
+# joined by receiving country
+combined_data <- combined_data |> 
+  left_join(country_order |>  select(destination_country, country_id), 
+            by = "destination_country")
+
+# from tutorial 297 
+# arranging each immigrant citizenship by percentage of immigrant population 
+# done WITHIN receiving country that are ordered (desc) by attitude
+combined_data <- combined_data |> 
+  arrange(country_id, desc(percentage))
+
+
+

Graph Element Preparation

+

Gaps Between Bars

+

Next, I had to assign each country a unique x position. This section was also informed by tutorial 297 “Add a Gap” from the Data to Viz R Graph Gallery. It’s vital that each bar has it’s exact position and unique sequential ID. Also, empty gaps are created to give space between bars when mapping. +This section begins the creation of the final data frame used to plot the recreation, called “data”.

+
+
+
# Assign unique ID to each bar
+# This gives, "Each bar... a unique x position" (tutorial 297)
+data <- combined_data |> 
+  mutate(
+    id = row_number()  # sequential ID
+  )
+
+# calculate empty bars between groups
+# "Data to viz" suggests adding empty rows to create gaps
+
+empty_bar <- 2.5  # number of empty positions between groups indicates the size of each gap
+
+data <- data |> 
+  mutate(
+    # from tutorial 297: we create spacing through position calculation
+    bar_position = id * (1 + empty_bar)
+  )
+
+
+

Labels: Positions and Angles

+

This section codes for the unique angels of all the country names in the original graph. Each lies on a radial line coming from the center point and extending outwards. Tutorial 296 from the Data to Viz circular bar plot section informed this section: that each label must be calculated and it starts with computing it’s specific angle. This tutorial also provided me a specific formula for calculating angles in circular bar plots. Here, I also added the full names of each immigrant origin country.

+
+
+
# calculate center position for each destination country "group"
+country_positions <- data |> 
+  group_by(destination_country, country_id, full_name) |> 
+  summarise(
+    center_position = mean(bar_position),  # Average position of group
+    .groups = "drop"
+  ) |> 
+  left_join(country_order |>  select(destination_country, attitude_normalized), 
+            by = "destination_country")
+
+# calculate the unique "number" (refers to row) of each bar in our data
+number_of_bar <- nrow(country_positions)
+
+# angle formula from tutorial 296:
+# "angle <- 90 - 360 * (label_data$id-0.5) / TOTAL positions
+# "we subtract 0.5 because the letter must have the angle of the center of the bars"
+
+country_positions <- country_positions |> 
+  mutate(
+    # calculate angle based on actual position in the full circle
+    total_positions = max(data$bar_position),
+    base_angle = 90 - 360 * (center_position - 0.5) / total_positions,
+    angle = case_when(
+      base_angle < -90 | base_angle > 90 ~ base_angle + 180,
+      TRUE ~ base_angle
+    ),
+    hjust_receiving = case_when(
+      base_angle < -90 | base_angle > 90 ~ 1,
+      TRUE ~ 0
+    )
+  )
+
+# adds center_position to main data for connecting lines
+data <- data |> 
+  left_join(country_positions |>  select(destination_country, center_position),
+            by = "destination_country")
+
+# calculate angles for individual bars 
+data <- data |> 
+  mutate(
+    base_bar_angle = 90 - 360 * (bar_position - 0.5) / max(bar_position),
+    bar_angle = case_when(
+      base_bar_angle < -90 | base_bar_angle > 90 ~ base_bar_angle + 180,
+      TRUE ~ base_bar_angle
+    ),
+    hjust_bar = case_when(
+      base_bar_angle < -90 | base_bar_angle > 90 ~ 1,
+      TRUE ~ 0
+    )
+  )
+
+# also adding origin country full names
+origin_country_names <- c(
+  "AL" = "Albania", 
+  "BA" = "Bosnia", 
+  "DE" = "Germany", 
+  "DK" = "Denmark", 
+  "EE" = "Estonia", 
+  "FI" = "Finland", 
+  "FR" = "France",
+  "HR" = "Croatia", 
+  "IT" = "Italy", 
+  "LT" = "Lithuania", 
+  "LV" = "Latvia",
+  "NL" = "Netherlands", 
+  "PL" = "Poland", 
+  "PT" = "Portugal", 
+  "RO" = "Romania",
+  "RS" = "Serbia", 
+  "SE" = "Sweden", 
+  "SK" = "Slovakia", 
+  "TR" = "Turkey",
+  "UA" = "Ukraine", 
+  "UK" = "UK",
+  "CV" = "Cape Verde", 
+  "DZ" = "Algeria", 
+  "ER" = "Eritrea",
+  "MA" = "Morocco",
+  "SO" = "Somalia", 
+  "AF" = "Afghanistan", 
+  "CN" = "China", 
+  "IN" = "India",
+  "IQ" = "Iraq", 
+  "RU" = "Russia",
+  "VN" = "Vietnam", 
+  "BR" = "Brazil"
+)
+
+#adding origin country full names to data  
+data <- data |> 
+  mutate(origin_full_name = origin_country_names[citizenship])
+
+
+

Gradient Colors

+

The next step is to define the colors for the “attitude-scale”, which informs the colors of the inner circle country labels as well as the corresponding dots. The color codes used are taken directly from original image with a color picker.

+
+
+
# uses scale_fill_gradient2() 
+
+# label colors for receiving country labels only
+pal <- gradient_n_pal(c("#be0e01", "#810180", "#0e00c3"), 
+                      values = c(0, 0.5, 1))
+
+country_positions <- country_positions |> 
+  mutate(
+    # Rescale for label colors only 
+    rescaled = (attitude_normalized - min(attitude_normalized)) / 
+      (max(attitude_normalized) - min(attitude_normalized)),
+    label_color = pal(rescaled)
+  )
+
+
+

Building the Plot

+

Now with all our data and elements fully prepared, we can start the process of recreating the visual graph.

+

Coord_polar

+

The first step is to utilize the coord_polar function. This step follows tutorial 295. Essentially, the plot is created the same as a standard bar chart, and the function is used to wrap the chart into a circle.

+
+
+
p <- ggplot() +
+## coord_polar() to make the chart circular
+coord_polar(theta = "x", start = 0) +
+  
+  # set axis limits
+  # tutorial 295: states the importance of the ylim() argument 
+  #if ylim starts at 0 then the bars start at the center of the circle, ours need to be large
+  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
+  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(-50, 220), expand = c(0, 0))   # this is my limit to show all elements of graph
+
+
+

Stylistic Elements

+

Here we graph the central dot of the “mandala” shape, the attitude dots which are colored according to the countries attitudes towards immigration, and the radial lines from the center (including those from the center and those from the receiving countries to their corresponding immigration bars).

+
+
+
# 1: center dot
+p <- p +
+  geom_point(aes(x = 0, y = -50), size = 2, color = "black") +
+  
+# 2: radial lines from center 
+# these go from central dot to the attitude dots 
+geom_segment(data = country_positions,
+             aes(x = center_position, xend = center_position, 
+                 y = -50, yend = 50),
+             color = "black", linewidth = 0.6) +
+  
+# 3a: singular lines extending from attitude dots to our "split point"
+  geom_segment(data = country_positions,
+               aes(x = center_position, xend = center_position,
+                   y = 50, yend = 75),  
+               color = "black", linewidth = 0.6) +
+  
+# 3b: lines from determined "split point" connecting to the outer bars
+  geom_segment(data = data,
+               aes(x = center_position, xend = bar_position,
+                   y = 60, yend = 130), #starting at "split point", ending at base of bars
+               color = "black", linewidth = 0.4) +
+  
+# 4: attitude dots with gradient colors 
+# using attitude_normalized directly with scale_fill_gradient2 
+  geom_point(data = country_positions,
+             aes(x = center_position, y = 40, #position on radial lines
+                  fill = attitude_normalized),
+             size = 4, shape = 21, stroke = 0) +
+  
+# fill scale for attitude dots 
+  #these are mapped here at the end so that they sit on TOP of the lines! 
+  scale_fill_gradient2(
+    low = "#be0e01", 
+    mid = "#810180", 
+    high = "#0e01c2",
+    midpoint = median(country_positions$attitude_normalized),
+    # Re-scale to use full color range
+    limits = range(country_positions$attitude_normalized), #to show variety in color!
+    guide = "none"
+  )
+
+
+

Recieving Country Labels

+

This section maps the inner ring country labels. It also uses the shadow text function to create the labels with a white outline for increased legibility.

+
+
+
# 5: receiving country labels (gradient colored)
+p <- p + 
+  geom_shadowtext(data = country_positions, #shadowtext package for white outline
+                  aes(x = center_position, y = 50,
+                      label = full_name,
+                      color = label_color,
+                      angle = angle,
+                      hjust = hjust_receiving),
+                  size = 2.75, 
+                  fontface = "bold",
+                  bg.colour = "white",  # white outline color
+                  bg.r = 0.15,          # outline thickness 
+                  family = "oswald") +  # same font as rest of graph
+  
+  scale_color_identity() +  # to use the gradient color scale 
+  new_scale_color()     # to reset for next color scale
+
+
+

Outer Barchart

+

This section maps the outer ringer of bar charts. It originally drew from tutorial 295 and tutorial 297 which teach the use of geom_bar or geom_col for the creation of circular bar charts. However, I needed to use geom_segment to avoid the “coning” effect that is unavoidable when using geom_bar or geom_col. Instead of using geom_bar with stat=“identity”, which is recommended in the tutorial, I used geom_segment to have precise control over bar positioning.

+
+
+
# 6: bar charts
+p <- p + 
+  geom_segment(data = data, #segment instead of bar/col
+             aes(x = bar_position,
+                 xend = bar_position,
+                 y = 130,
+                 yend = 130 + (percentage * 1.7), #"bar" length
+                 color = continent), #colored by continent 
+             linewidth = 5, 
+             lineend = "butt") + #this create a flat and straight end to the "bars"
+  
+  #continent color categories
+  scale_color_manual( #colors taken from original graph with color picker
+    values = c(
+      "Europe" = "#010f7a", 
+      "Africa" = "#da7100", 
+      "Asia" = "#700004", 
+      "South America" = "#015e1a"
+    ), 
+    name = ""
+  )
+
+
+

Barchart Labels

+

This section creates the labels for the outer ring, which extend from the end of each bar chart. This involves using tools from tutorial 296 “labels with angle aesthetics”. These labels must have both the country labels and also their percentage of the total immigrant population.

+
+
+
# 8: origin country labels on bars
+p <- p + 
+  geom_text(data = data,
+          aes(x = bar_position,
+              y = 130 + (percentage * 1.7) + 5,
+              label = glue("{round(percentage, 1)}% {origin_full_name}"), #adds in percentage
+              color = continent, # colored by the continent
+              angle = bar_angle, # on same radial angle as the corresponding bar
+              hjust = hjust_bar),
+          size = 3, fontface = "bold")
+
+
+

Theme and (Non)Titles

+

Here, I set the theme of the graph and also set the groundwork for the titles. The font is Oswald taken from Google Fonts. The title and subtitles are added in the next section to ensure the legends fall below the titles but above the graph.

+
+
+
#9: theme 
+p <- p +
+  theme_void() + #all white background
+  theme(
+    plot.title = element_markdown(size = 26, hjust = 0.5,
+                                  margin = margin(t = 5, b = 1),
+                                  family = "oswald"),
+    plot.subtitle = element_markdown(size = 18, hjust = 0.5,
+                                     margin = margin(t = 1, b = 10),
+                                     family = "oswald"),
+    text = element_text(family = "oswald"),
+    legend.position = "none",
+    plot.margin = margin(t = 10, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0)
+  ) +
+  
+  labs(
+    #right now we leave these null! 
+    #to make sure the legends appear under the title, we will use patchwork later 
+    title = NULL, 
+    subtitle = NULL
+  )
+
+
+

Legends

+

Here, patchwork is used to create the two distinct legends (1 for continent classification and 1 for attitude scale). Also, using patchwork ensures the legends are accurately placed under the title and subtitle. After creating the legends,they are joined together before combining into the main plot. Finally, the title and subtitle are added as well.

+
+
+
#10: legends
+
+# legend 1: attitude gradient scale 
+legend1_data <- data.frame(x = rep(1:50, each = 3), y = rep(1:3, times = 50))  #1:50 determining length being about half of plot width, and repeating y for thickness
+legend1 <- ggplot(legend1_data, aes(x = x, y = y, fill = x)) +
+  geom_tile() +
+  scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#be0e01", mid = "#810180", high = "#0e01c2", 
+                       midpoint = 25) + 
+  annotate("text", x = 1, y = -0.2, label = "Worsens my\ncountry", #\n to create unique break
+           #x sets position of text under the legend
+           hjust = 0, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") +
+  annotate("text", x = 25, y = -0.3, label = "Neutral", 
+           hjust = 0.5, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") +
+  annotate("text", x = 50, y = -0.3, label = "Improves my\ncountry", 
+           hjust = 1, vjust = 1, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") +
+  coord_cartesian(ylim = c(-1.5, 4), clip = "off") +  # extend y-axis to show labels below
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none",
+        plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0))  #trying to make 0 for scaling
+
+# legend 2: continent category with colors
+legend2_data <- data.frame( 
+  continent = c("Europe", "Africa", "Asia", "South America"),
+  color = c("#010f7a", "#da7100", "#700004", "#015e1a"),
+  x = c(1, 3, 5, 7),  # spread to fit labels between squares 
+  y = 1
+)
+legend2 <- ggplot(
+  legend2_data, aes(x = x, y = y, fill = continent)) +
+  geom_tile(
+    width = 0.8, height = 0.8, color = "black", linewidth = 0.3) +  # width = height to create squares
+  geom_text(aes(x = x + 0.5, y = y, label = paste("-", continent)), #"-"  is also added before each continent name
+            hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5, size = 2.8, family = "oswald") +  # labels to the right of the squares
+  scale_fill_manual(values = c("Europe" = "#010f7a", "Africa" = "#da7100", 
+                               "Asia" = "#700004", "South America" = "#015e1a")) + 
+  #filled according to continent
+  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0.5, 9.5), ylim = c(0.5, 1.5)) +
+  theme_void() +
+  theme(legend.position = "none",
+        plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) #trying to make 0 for scaling
+
+# combine legends side by side before combining to main plot
+legends <- legend1 + legend2 + plot_layout(widths = c(1.25, 1))
+
+# combine legends to the main plot 
+final_plot <- legends / p + 
+  plot_layout(heights = c(0.5, 10)) +
+  plot_annotation(
+    title = "**Where do most immigrants of these European countries originate from?**",
+    subtitle = "Arranged by their citizens' feelings towards immigrants, together with the top 5 countries of origin",
+    theme = theme(
+      plot.title = element_markdown(size = 19, hjust = 0.5,
+                                    margin = margin(t = 5, b = 1),
+                                    family = "oswald"),
+      plot.subtitle = element_markdown(size = 14, hjust = 0.5,
+                                       margin = margin(t = 1, b = 10),
+                                       family = "oswald")
+    )
+  )
+
+
+

Final Recreation

+

Here, we print to see our final product.

+
+
+
# 11: display plot 
+print(final_plot)
+
+

+
+

Improvement

+

Improvement Introduction

+

While visually pleasing, the original graph doesn’t immediately reveal any interesting trends in the data. Therefore, for my improvement, I decided to make a scatter plot that more clearly shows a hidden trend in the data: a relationship between attitudes towards immigration and geographical distance. I utilized the previous elements of content classification and immigrants origins, but I made changes to the way we see them. My goals was to tell a more interesting story with the data.

+

First, I calculated the immigrants average distance to their home country from their new country of residence, using the coordinates of capital cities. This average distance is displayed on the X-axis. The Y axis still demonstrates the sentiment scores of recipients countries, from most negative being (at 0) to most positive. I also created a color classification, that divides immigrant destination countries into a simplified two categories: one receiving their top 5 immigration populations only from other European countries, and the other receiving immigrants from multiple continents.

+

It’s important to note that my final model found an R correlation of only 0.54. For some fields this might be considered not as impressive, but I found it higher than expected as a single variable predictor in the social sciences. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to predict something as nuanced as a “sentiment”.

+

There are many limitations to the model explained more thoroughly throughout this tutorial, including: the use of capital cities as approximations for distance calculations, and the exclusion of Brazilian immigrants living in Portugal.

+

Libraries

+

The first step of the improvement is to load the new needed libraries. This includes the rnaturalearth and geosphere packages which will be used to calculate the average distances between destination countries and immigrants home countries.

+
+
+
library(geosphere)
+library(ggrepel)
+library(showtext)
+library(rnaturalearth)
+library(rnaturalearthdata)
+library(sf)
+
+
+

Graph Preparation

+

Font Set-up

+

I decided to use a different font for my recreation. Because the new graph will be a regression model, my goal was to chose an academic looking font that is easy to read. I chose to us “Marcellus” from Google_fonts.

+
+
+
font_add_google("Marcellus", "marcellus")
+showtext_auto()
+showtext_opts(dpi = 300)
+
+
+

Coordinates from Natural Earth Database

+

Next, the coordinates of capital cities for each receiving country and immigrant origin country are found using Natural Earth, which is a free map database. Coordinates of capital cities are used for approximation. It is important to not that GB is representing the UK in the Natural Earth database.

+
+
+
#download a data set of all populated places (cities) in the world from natural earth, saved as "cities"
+cities <- ne_download(scale = 110, type = 'populated_places', 
+                      category = 'cultural', returnclass = 'sf')
+
+capitals_raw <- cities |> #this filters for capital cities
+  filter(FEATURECLA == "Admin-0 capital") |> 
+  st_drop_geometry() |> 
+  select(NAME, ISO_A2, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE) # this selects the relevant variables. 
+
+needed_countries <- c( #selecting the countries I need from my original data set 
+  "AT", "BE", "CZ", "DE", "DK", "ES", 
+  "FI", "FR", "HU", "IE", "IS", "IT", 
+  "NL", "NO", "PT", "SE","AL", "BA", 
+  "EE", "HR", "LT", "LV", "PL", "RO", 
+  "RS", "SK", "TR", "UA", "GB", #GB = UK in this package 
+  "CV", "DZ", "ER", "MA", "SO", "AF", 
+  "CN", "IN", "IQ", "RU", "VN", "BR"
+)
+
+country_coords <- capitals_raw |> # keeps the capital cities from the countries above
+  filter(ISO_A2 %in% needed_countries) |> 
+  mutate(
+    country_code = ISO_A2,
+    lat = LATITUDE,
+    lon = LONGITUDE,
+    capital_name = NAME
+  ) |> 
+  select(country_code, capital_name, lat, lon) |> 
+  as.data.frame()
+
+if("GB" %in% country_coords$country_code) { #coding for UK instead of GB
+  country_coords <- country_coords |> 
+    mutate(country_code = if_else(country_code == "GB", "UK", country_code))
+}
+
+
+

Calculating New Metrics

+

This section uses distHaversine and coordinates from capital cities to calculate the distances between each immigrant origin country and it’s corresponding destination. Then, it calculates the average distance “home” for immigrants in the top 5 most common immigrant populations for each of our destination countries. Furthermore, it calculates other important variables such as max and min distance, the percentage of immigrants from Europe vs not from Europe in each receiving country, as well as the absolute count of immigrants within the top 5 immigrant populations for each country. This final metric will be important for determining the size of our dots. Essentially, this section calculates the summary statistics of my data. +It’s important to note that I made the conscious chose to exclude Brazilian immigrants in Portugal from the data. This was due to the fact it was the only South American country represented in the data, and the fact that these two cultures share a common native language. I was concerned it would have a significant effect on our findings.

+
+
+
# population volume and continent diversity classification
+destination_metrics <- combined_data |> 
+  left_join(#this matches each DESTINATION country with it's capital
+    country_coords, by = c("destination_country" = "country_code")) |> 
+  rename(
+    dest_lat = lat, dest_lon = lon, dest_capital = capital_name) |> #renames columns
+  left_join(#matches IMMIGRANTS country with coordinates of capital cities
+    country_coords, by = c("citizenship" = "country_code")) |> 
+  rename(
+    origin_lat = lat, origin_lon = lon, origin_capital = capital_name) |> #renames columns
+  rowwise() |> 
+  mutate( #calculates the distance between each immigrant origin and it's destination country
+    distance_km = distHaversine( 
+      c(dest_lon, dest_lat),
+      c(origin_lon, origin_lat)
+    ) / 1000
+  ) |> 
+  
+  ungroup() |> 
+  filter(citizenship != "BR") |> #filters out Brazilian immigrants
+  group_by(destination_country, avg_attitude) |> 
+  summarise( #calculating... 
+    avg_distance = weighted.mean(distance_km, w = percentage, na.rm = TRUE), #avg distance
+    max_distance = max(distance_km, na.rm = TRUE), #max distance
+    min_distance = min(distance_km, na.rm = TRUE), #min distance
+    num_continents = n_distinct(continent), #how many distinct continents in each country's top 5 immigrant pops
+    pct_europe = sum(percentage[continent == "Europe"], na.rm = TRUE), #percentage top 5 immigrants from Europe
+    pct_non_europe = 100 - pct_europe, #percentage top 5 immigrants NOT from Europe
+    top5_population_total = sum(population, na.rm = TRUE), #sum of top 5 immigrant pops
+    .groups = "drop"
+  )
+
+destination_metrics <- destination_metrics |> 
+  mutate(
+    full_name = case_when( #converting country codes to full names
+      destination_country == "AT" ~ "Austria",
+      destination_country == "BE" ~ "Belgium",
+      destination_country == "CZ" ~ "Czechia",
+      destination_country == "DE" ~ "Germany",
+      destination_country == "DK" ~ "Denmark",
+      destination_country == "ES" ~ "Spain",
+      destination_country == "FI" ~ "Finland",
+      destination_country == "FR" ~ "France",
+      destination_country == "HU" ~ "Hungary",
+      destination_country == "IE" ~ "Ireland",
+      destination_country == "IS" ~ "Iceland",
+      destination_country == "IT" ~ "Italy",
+      destination_country == "NL" ~ "Netherlands",
+      destination_country == "NO" ~ "Norway",
+      destination_country == "PT" ~ "Portugal",
+      destination_country == "SE" ~ "Sweden",
+      TRUE ~ destination_country
+    ), #countries labeled as either "Europe Only" or "Multiple Continents"
+    diversity_type = if_else(num_continents == 1, "Europe Only", "Multiple Continents")
+  ) #this determines whether their top 5 immigrant pops come all come from europe or not.
+
+
+

Correlation Code

+

This code calculates the correlation coefficient between the two variables of interest: the attitude of countries towards immigration and the average distance between immigrants home country and their destination country. It leaves us with 0.54, meaning that countries with more distant immigrant populations tend to have more positive attitudes toward immigration.

+
+
+
cor_avg_distance <- cor(destination_metrics$avg_attitude, 
+                        destination_metrics$avg_distance, 
+                        use = "complete.obs") # we will only use rows with both variables available
+
+
+

Building Scatterplot

+

Background Grid Gradient

+

This section calculates the range for the x and y axis so that the background grid can be appropriately graphed and filled with a gradient color reflecting sentiments towards immigrants ( reflecting the measurement scale on the y axis)

+
+
+
# defines the plot ranges for ...
+attitude_range <- range(destination_metrics$avg_attitude) #y axis
+distance_range <- range(destination_metrics$avg_distance) #x axis
+
+background_grid <- expand.grid(
+  # x axis: starts at 0 km and extend slightly past the max distance
+  avg_distance = seq(0, distance_range[2] * 1.05, length.out = 100),
+  # y axis: covers the entire normalized attitude range from 0 to 1
+  avg_attitude = seq(0, 1, length.out = 200) 
+)
+
+
+

Principle Elements

+

This section builds the principle elements of the plot. This includes it’s axis, it’s gradient background, quadrant lines, the regression line and the points which have their size reflecting the total immigrant population count (in the top 5 immigrant populations).

+
+
+
plot_distance <- ggplot(destination_metrics, # our data
+                        aes(x = avg_distance, y = avg_attitude)) +
+  # sets up the x and y axis
+  
+  # 1: creates small tiles that cover the entire background with the gradient based on avg_attitude
+  geom_tile(data = background_grid, 
+            aes(x = avg_distance, y = avg_attitude, fill = avg_attitude),
+            alpha = 0.15) + #alpha sets transparency
+  
+  # 2: defines the fill scale for the background gradient with scale_fill_gradient2
+  scale_fill_gradient2(
+    low = "#be0e01", # most negative attitudes
+    mid = "white", # neutral attitude
+    high = "#27AE60", # most positive attitudes
+    midpoint = median(destination_metrics$avg_attitude), 
+    guide = "none" # indicates for no legend to be included
+  ) +
+
+  # 3: resets new_scale_color() to change colors for lines and points
+  ggnewscale::new_scale_color() +  
+  
+  # 4: divides graph into quadrants
+  geom_hline(yintercept = median(destination_metrics$avg_attitude), #horizontal line
+             linetype = "longdash", color = "grey40", alpha = 0.7) +
+  geom_vline(xintercept = median(destination_metrics$avg_distance), #vertical line
+             linetype = "longdash", color = "grey40", alpha = 0.7)
+
+### adding the regression line and points
+plot_distance <- plot_distance +
+  # 5: adds the linear model line
+  geom_smooth(method = "lm", 
+              color = "#1F7A8C", 
+              linewidth = 0.5, 
+              alpha = 0.15,
+              fullrange = TRUE) + # stretches to cover whole graph
+  # 6: adds the points 
+  geom_point(aes(size = top5_population_total, # dots relative to pop size
+                 color = diversity_type),
+             alpha = 0.8,
+             stroke = 1)
+
+
+

Attitude and Country Label Annotations

+

This step adds individual annotations to indicate more clearly the attitude gradient on the y axis. It also individually adds the country annotation labels to give the graph a cleaner look and ensure more accurate placement, especially for dots which lie close together.

+
+
+
plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  # adds "Negative Attitude" label 
+  annotate("text", x = 350, y = 0.45, label = "'Worsens My Country'", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  # adds "Positive Attitude" label 
+  annotate("text", x = 350, y = 0.85, label = "'Improves My Country'", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + 
+  
+  # adds country labels 
+  annotate("text", x = 740, y = 0.585, label = "Austria", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") + 
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 940, y = 0.6, label = "Belgium", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 2111, y = 0.48, label = "Czechia", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 1000, y = 0.645, label = "Denmark", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 1163 , y = 0.593, label = "Finland", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 1602, y = 0.59, label = "France", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 1338, y = 0.7, label = "Germany", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 2450, y = 0.73, label = "Hungary", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+
+  annotate("text", x = 2800, y = 0.815, label = "Iceland", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 2062, y = 0.705, label = "Ireland", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+
+   annotate("text", x = 2000, y = 0.615, label = "Italy", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+     annotate("text", x = 1075 , y = 0.6607, label = "Netherlands", 
+           size = 2.5, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+   annotate("text", x = 863 , y = 0.71, label = "Norway", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 2808 , y = 0.755, label = "Portugal", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 2243 , y = 0.8, label = "Spain", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus") +
+  
+  annotate("text", x = 3081 , y = 0.70, label = "Sweden", 
+           size = 3, fontface = "bold", family = "marcellus")
+
+
+

Scaling and Legends Customization

+

Here, the legend and coloring of the points are created. These colors are based on their continent classification according the continent of origins of the immigrant populations. The size of the dots represent the country’s top 5 immigrant population size. The stylistic choice was made to remove the Y axis labeling details.

+
+
+
# continent diversity coloring 
+plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+   scale_color_manual(
+    values = c("Multiple Continents" = "#DA4167", "Europe Only"= "#0e00c3"),
+        name = "Diversity of Immigrant Origins: Top 5 Populations",
+    guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 10, shape = 15))  #overrides to create big legend, also using a square (as indicates in shape)
+  ) 
+
+# dot size scale for population volume
+plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  scale_size_continuous(range = c(1.5, 12.5), # controls dot size scale
+                        name = "Immigrant Count: Top 5 Populations", # legend title
+                        labels = label_number(big.mark = ",", suffix = " people", scale_cut = cut_short_scale()), # adds commas, adds "people", uses abbrevs.
+                        guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(shape = 1, fill = NA, color = "black"))) + # only black outline
+  
+  scale_x_continuous(labels = comma_format(suffix = " km")) # creates x axis formats for labels
+
+# removes y-axis details
+plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  scale_y_continuous(
+    breaks = NULL  # remove all Y axis labels - already added as annotations
+  )
+
+
+

Theme

+

This section applies the minimal theme, as well as a few customizations of the sizes, spaces, and colors for all text elements of the graph.

+
+
+
plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  theme_minimal() +
+  theme(
+    # global font
+    text = element_text(family = "marcellus"),
+    # titles
+    plot.title = element_text(size = 13, face = "bold", hjust = 0, margin = margin(b = 2.5)),
+    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 10, hjust = 0, margin = margin(b = 7.5)),
+    plot.caption = element_text(size = 7.5, hjust = 0, color = "grey40", margin = margin(t = 5)),
+    # axes
+    axis.title = element_text(size = 9, face = "bold"),
+    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 7.5)),
+    axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(r = 7.5)),
+    axis.text = element_text(size = 9),
+    # legends
+    legend.position = "right",
+    legend.title = element_text(size = 8.5, face = "bold"),
+    legend.text = element_text(size = 8.5),
+    legend.spacing.y = unit(1, "cm"),
+    legend.key.size = unit(0.6, "cm"),
+    # grid and background
+    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
+    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "grey80", linetype = "dotted"),
+    plot.margin = margin(5, 10, 10, 10),
+    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA)
+  )
+
+
+

Titles

+

This section specifies our titles and graph labels.

+
+
+
plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  labs(
+    title = "Immigration Attitudes, Geographic Distance, and Immigrant Volume in Europe",
+    subtitle = sprintf("Correlation: r = %.2f | R² = %.2f", cor_avg_distance, cor_avg_distance^2),
+    x = "Average Distance from Top 5 Immigrant Countries (km)",
+    y = "Attitude Towards Immigration",
+    caption = "Data: ESS (Round 9) & Eurostat 2018 | Coordinates: Natural Earth Data Database | Brazilian Immigrants Excluded"
+  )
+
+
+

Visible Plotting Window

+

This section solidifies the visual plotting window, or what can be seen after the code is run.

+
+
+
plot_distance <- plot_distance + 
+  # Use coord_cartesian to control the visible region
+  coord_cartesian( #zooms our view
+    ylim = c(0.4, 0.9), #limits of attitude scale shown in plot
+    expand = FALSE)
+
+
+

Final Improvement Plot

+

Here, we print the final product.

+
+
+
print(plot_distance)
+
+

+
+

Final Notes

+

The found correlation in the improvement could be due to many reasons. For example, a selection effect. This could mean that immigrants who travel further distances may be more highly motivated or skilled, which could lead to more positive perceptions. Another possibility is geographical tensions. This would suggest that countries that are closer geographically might have historical tensions that influence immigration tolerance. Finally, economic factors could influence immigration patterns, as countries that attract long-distance immigrants might have stronger economies that make people feel more secure about immigration.

+

Despite the uncertainty about what causes the observed correlation, the improved graph accomplishes the goal of showing a more obvious trend in attitudes towards immigration in Europe. This project shows how visualization choices have a direct impact on how we understand data, and how R can be used as a tool to extract and examine trends that are not immediately visible.

+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1342f5f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/anchor-4.2.2/anchor.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +// +// AnchorJS - v4.2.2 - 2019-11-14 +// https://www.bryanbraun.com/anchorjs/ +// Copyright (c) 2019 Bryan Braun; Licensed MIT +// +// @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:d3d9a9a6595521f9666a5e94cc830dab83b65699&dn=expat.txt Expat +!function(A,e){"use strict";"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=e():(A.AnchorJS=e(),A.anchors=new A.AnchorJS)}(this,function(){"use strict";return function(A){function f(A){A.icon=A.hasOwnProperty("icon")?A.icon:"",A.visible=A.hasOwnProperty("visible")?A.visible:"hover",A.placement=A.hasOwnProperty("placement")?A.placement:"right",A.ariaLabel=A.hasOwnProperty("ariaLabel")?A.ariaLabel:"Anchor",A.class=A.hasOwnProperty("class")?A.class:"",A.base=A.hasOwnProperty("base")?A.base:"",A.truncate=A.hasOwnProperty("truncate")?Math.floor(A.truncate):64,A.titleText=A.hasOwnProperty("titleText")?A.titleText:""}function p(A){var e;if("string"==typeof A||A instanceof String)e=[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll(A));else{if(!(Array.isArray(A)||A instanceof NodeList))throw new Error("The selector provided to AnchorJS was invalid.");e=[].slice.call(A)}return e}this.options=A||{},this.elements=[],f(this.options),this.isTouchDevice=function(){return!!("ontouchstart"in window||window.DocumentTouch&&document instanceof DocumentTouch)},this.add=function(A){var e,t,i,n,o,s,a,r,c,h,l,u,d=[];if(f(this.options),"touch"===(l=this.options.visible)&&(l=this.isTouchDevice()?"always":"hover"),0===(e=p(A=A||"h2, h3, h4, h5, h6")).length)return this;for(!function(){if(null!==document.head.querySelector("style.anchorjs"))return;var A,e=document.createElement("style");e.className="anchorjs",e.appendChild(document.createTextNode("")),void 0===(A=document.head.querySelector('[rel="stylesheet"], style'))?document.head.appendChild(e):document.head.insertBefore(e,A);e.sheet.insertRule(" .anchorjs-link { opacity: 0; text-decoration: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; }",e.sheet.cssRules.length),e.sheet.insertRule(" *:hover > .anchorjs-link, .anchorjs-link:focus { opacity: 1; }",e.sheet.cssRules.length),e.sheet.insertRule(" [data-anchorjs-icon]::after { content: attr(data-anchorjs-icon); }",e.sheet.cssRules.length),e.sheet.insertRule(' @font-face { font-family: "anchorjs-icons"; src: url(data:n/a;base64,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) format("truetype"); }',e.sheet.cssRules.length)}(),t=document.querySelectorAll("[id]"),i=[].map.call(t,function(A){return A.id}),o=0;o\]\.\/\(\)\*\\\n\t\b\v]/g,"-").replace(/-{2,}/g,"-").substring(0,this.options.truncate).replace(/^-+|-+$/gm,"").toLowerCase()},this.hasAnchorJSLink=function(A){var e=A.firstChild&&-1<(" "+A.firstChild.className+" ").indexOf(" anchorjs-link "),t=A.lastChild&&-1<(" "+A.lastChild.className+" ").indexOf(" anchorjs-link ");return e||t||!1}}}); +// @license-end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/bowser-1.9.3/bowser.min.js b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/bowser-1.9.3/bowser.min.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3da61049 --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/bowser-1.9.3/bowser.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +/*! + * Bowser - a browser detector + * https://github.com/ded/bowser + * MIT License | (c) Dustin Diaz 2015 + */ +!function(e,t,n){typeof module!="undefined"&&module.exports?module.exports=n():typeof define=="function"&&define.amd?define(t,n):e[t]=n()}(this,"bowser",function(){function t(t){function n(e){var n=t.match(e);return n&&n.length>1&&n[1]||""}function r(e){var n=t.match(e);return n&&n.length>1&&n[2]||""}function N(e){switch(e){case"NT":return"NT";case"XP":return"XP";case"NT 5.0":return"2000";case"NT 5.1":return"XP";case"NT 5.2":return"2003";case"NT 6.0":return"Vista";case"NT 6.1":return"7";case"NT 6.2":return"8";case"NT 6.3":return"8.1";case"NT 10.0":return"10";default:return undefined}}var i=n(/(ipod|iphone|ipad)/i).toLowerCase(),s=/like android/i.test(t),o=!s&&/android/i.test(t),u=/nexus\s*[0-6]\s*/i.test(t),a=!u&&/nexus\s*[0-9]+/i.test(t),f=/CrOS/.test(t),l=/silk/i.test(t),c=/sailfish/i.test(t),h=/tizen/i.test(t),p=/(web|hpw)os/i.test(t),d=/windows phone/i.test(t),v=/SamsungBrowser/i.test(t),m=!d&&/windows/i.test(t),g=!i&&!l&&/macintosh/i.test(t),y=!o&&!c&&!h&&!p&&/linux/i.test(t),b=r(/edg([ea]|ios)\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i),w=n(/version\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i),E=/tablet/i.test(t)&&!/tablet pc/i.test(t),S=!E&&/[^-]mobi/i.test(t),x=/xbox/i.test(t),T;/opera/i.test(t)?T={name:"Opera",opera:e,version:w||n(/(?:opera|opr|opios)[\s\/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/opr\/|opios/i.test(t)?T={name:"Opera",opera:e,version:n(/(?:opr|opios)[\s\/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)||w}:/SamsungBrowser/i.test(t)?T={name:"Samsung Internet for Android",samsungBrowser:e,version:w||n(/(?:SamsungBrowser)[\s\/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/coast/i.test(t)?T={name:"Opera Coast",coast:e,version:w||n(/(?:coast)[\s\/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/yabrowser/i.test(t)?T={name:"Yandex Browser",yandexbrowser:e,version:w||n(/(?:yabrowser)[\s\/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/ucbrowser/i.test(t)?T={name:"UC Browser",ucbrowser:e,version:n(/(?:ucbrowser)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)}:/mxios/i.test(t)?T={name:"Maxthon",maxthon:e,version:n(/(?:mxios)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)}:/epiphany/i.test(t)?T={name:"Epiphany",epiphany:e,version:n(/(?:epiphany)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)}:/puffin/i.test(t)?T={name:"Puffin",puffin:e,version:n(/(?:puffin)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)?)/i)}:/sleipnir/i.test(t)?T={name:"Sleipnir",sleipnir:e,version:n(/(?:sleipnir)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)}:/k-meleon/i.test(t)?T={name:"K-Meleon",kMeleon:e,version:n(/(?:k-meleon)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)}:d?(T={name:"Windows Phone",osname:"Windows Phone",windowsphone:e},b?(T.msedge=e,T.version=b):(T.msie=e,T.version=n(/iemobile\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i))):/msie|trident/i.test(t)?T={name:"Internet Explorer",msie:e,version:n(/(?:msie |rv:)(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:f?T={name:"Chrome",osname:"Chrome OS",chromeos:e,chromeBook:e,chrome:e,version:n(/(?:chrome|crios|crmo)\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/edg([ea]|ios)/i.test(t)?T={name:"Microsoft Edge",msedge:e,version:b}:/vivaldi/i.test(t)?T={name:"Vivaldi",vivaldi:e,version:n(/vivaldi\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)||w}:c?T={name:"Sailfish",osname:"Sailfish OS",sailfish:e,version:n(/sailfish\s?browser\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/seamonkey\//i.test(t)?T={name:"SeaMonkey",seamonkey:e,version:n(/seamonkey\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/firefox|iceweasel|fxios/i.test(t)?(T={name:"Firefox",firefox:e,version:n(/(?:firefox|iceweasel|fxios)[ \/](\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)},/\((mobile|tablet);[^\)]*rv:[\d\.]+\)/i.test(t)&&(T.firefoxos=e,T.osname="Firefox OS")):l?T={name:"Amazon Silk",silk:e,version:n(/silk\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/phantom/i.test(t)?T={name:"PhantomJS",phantom:e,version:n(/phantomjs\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/slimerjs/i.test(t)?T={name:"SlimerJS",slimer:e,version:n(/slimerjs\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:/blackberry|\bbb\d+/i.test(t)||/rim\stablet/i.test(t)?T={name:"BlackBerry",osname:"BlackBerry OS",blackberry:e,version:w||n(/blackberry[\d]+\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:p?(T={name:"WebOS",osname:"WebOS",webos:e,version:w||n(/w(?:eb)?osbrowser\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)},/touchpad\//i.test(t)&&(T.touchpad=e)):/bada/i.test(t)?T={name:"Bada",osname:"Bada",bada:e,version:n(/dolfin\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:h?T={name:"Tizen",osname:"Tizen",tizen:e,version:n(/(?:tizen\s?)?browser\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)||w}:/qupzilla/i.test(t)?T={name:"QupZilla",qupzilla:e,version:n(/(?:qupzilla)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)+)/i)||w}:/chromium/i.test(t)?T={name:"Chromium",chromium:e,version:n(/(?:chromium)[\s\/](\d+(?:\.\d+)?)/i)||w}:/chrome|crios|crmo/i.test(t)?T={name:"Chrome",chrome:e,version:n(/(?:chrome|crios|crmo)\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)}:o?T={name:"Android",version:w}:/safari|applewebkit/i.test(t)?(T={name:"Safari",safari:e},w&&(T.version=w)):i?(T={name:i=="iphone"?"iPhone":i=="ipad"?"iPad":"iPod"},w&&(T.version=w)):/googlebot/i.test(t)?T={name:"Googlebot",googlebot:e,version:n(/googlebot\/(\d+(\.\d+))/i)||w}:T={name:n(/^(.*)\/(.*) /),version:r(/^(.*)\/(.*) /)},!T.msedge&&/(apple)?webkit/i.test(t)?(/(apple)?webkit\/537\.36/i.test(t)?(T.name=T.name||"Blink",T.blink=e):(T.name=T.name||"Webkit",T.webkit=e),!T.version&&w&&(T.version=w)):!T.opera&&/gecko\//i.test(t)&&(T.name=T.name||"Gecko",T.gecko=e,T.version=T.version||n(/gecko\/(\d+(\.\d+)?)/i)),!T.windowsphone&&(o||T.silk)?(T.android=e,T.osname="Android"):!T.windowsphone&&i?(T[i]=e,T.ios=e,T.osname="iOS"):g?(T.mac=e,T.osname="macOS"):x?(T.xbox=e,T.osname="Xbox"):m?(T.windows=e,T.osname="Windows"):y&&(T.linux=e,T.osname="Linux");var C="";T.windows?C=N(n(/Windows ((NT|XP)( \d\d?.\d)?)/i)):T.windowsphone?C=n(/windows phone (?:os)?\s?(\d+(\.\d+)*)/i):T.mac?(C=n(/Mac OS X (\d+([_\.\s]\d+)*)/i),C=C.replace(/[_\s]/g,".")):i?(C=n(/os (\d+([_\s]\d+)*) like mac os x/i),C=C.replace(/[_\s]/g,".")):o?C=n(/android[ \/-](\d+(\.\d+)*)/i):T.webos?C=n(/(?:web|hpw)os\/(\d+(\.\d+)*)/i):T.blackberry?C=n(/rim\stablet\sos\s(\d+(\.\d+)*)/i):T.bada?C=n(/bada\/(\d+(\.\d+)*)/i):T.tizen&&(C=n(/tizen[\/\s](\d+(\.\d+)*)/i)),C&&(T.osversion=C);var k=!T.windows&&C.split(".")[0];if(E||a||i=="ipad"||o&&(k==3||k>=4&&!S)||T.silk)T.tablet=e;else if(S||i=="iphone"||i=="ipod"||o||u||T.blackberry||T.webos||T.bada)T.mobile=e;return T.msedge||T.msie&&T.version>=10||T.yandexbrowser&&T.version>=15||T.vivaldi&&T.version>=1||T.chrome&&T.version>=20||T.samsungBrowser&&T.version>=4||T.firefox&&T.version>=20||T.safari&&T.version>=6||T.opera&&T.version>=10||T.ios&&T.osversion&&T.osversion.split(".")[0]>=6||T.blackberry&&T.version>=10.1||T.chromium&&T.version>=20?T.a=e:T.msie&&T.version<10||T.chrome&&T.version<20||T.firefox&&T.version<20||T.safari&&T.version<6||T.opera&&T.version<10||T.ios&&T.osversion&&T.osversion.split(".")[0]<6||T.chromium&&T.version<20?T.c=e:T.x=e,T}function r(e){return e.split(".").length}function i(e,t){var n=[],r;if(Array.prototype.map)return Array.prototype.map.call(e,t);for(r=0;r=0){if(n[0][t]>n[1][t])return 1;if(n[0][t]!==n[1][t])return-1;if(t===0)return 0}}function o(e,r,i){var o=n;typeof r=="string"&&(i=r,r=void 0),r===void 0&&(r=!1),i&&(o=t(i));var u=""+o.version;for(var a in e)if(e.hasOwnProperty(a)&&o[a]){if(typeof e[a]!="string")throw new Error("Browser version in the minVersion map should be a string: "+a+": "+String(e));return s([u,e[a]])<0}return r}function u(e,t,n){return!o(e,t,n)}var e=!0,n=t(typeof navigator!="undefined"?navigator.userAgent||"":"");return n.test=function(e){for(var t=0;tnew Qn(e)),e.katex=t.katex,e.password=t.password}function t(e=document){const t=new Set,n=e.querySelectorAll('d-cite');for(const i of n){const e=i.getAttribute('key').split(',');for(const n of e)t.add(n)}return[...t]}function n(e,t,n,i){if(null==e.author)return'';var a=e.author.split(' and ');let d=a.map((e)=>{if(e=e.trim(),e.match(/\{.+\}/)){var n=/\{([^}]+)\}/,i=n.exec(e);return i[1]}if(-1!=e.indexOf(','))var a=e.split(',')[0].trim(),d=e.split(',')[1];else var a=e.split(' ').slice(-1)[0].trim(),d=e.split(' ').slice(0,-1).join(' ');var r='';return void 0!=d&&(r=d.trim().split(' ').map((e)=>e.trim()[0]),r=r.join('.')+'.'),t.replace('${F}',d).replace('${L}',a).replace('${I}',r)});if(1[${i||'link'}]`}return''}function d(e,t){return'doi'in e?`${t?'
':''} DOI: ${e.doi}`:''}function r(e){return''+e.title+' '}function o(e){if(e){var t=r(e);return t+=a(e)+'
',e.author&&(t+=n(e,'${L}, ${I}',', ',' and '),(e.year||e.date)&&(t+=', ')),t+=e.year||e.date?(e.year||e.date)+'. ':'. ',t+=i(e),t+=d(e),t}return'?'}function l(e){if(e){var t='';t+=''+e.title+'',t+=a(e),t+='
';var r=n(e,'${I} ${L}',', ')+'.',o=i(e).trim()+' '+e.year+'. '+d(e,!0);return t+=(r+o).length'+o,t}return'?'}function s(e){for(let t of e.authors){const e=!!t.affiliation,n=!!t.affiliations;if(e)if(n)console.warn(`Author ${t.author} has both old-style ("affiliation" & "affiliationURL") and new style ("affiliations") affiliation information!`);else{let e={name:t.affiliation};t.affiliationURL&&(e.url=t.affiliationURL),t.affiliations=[e]}}return console.log(e),e}function c(e){const t=e.querySelector('script');if(t){const e=t.getAttribute('type');if('json'==e.split('/')[1]){const e=t.textContent,n=JSON.parse(e);return s(n)}console.error('Distill only supports JSON frontmatter tags anymore; no more YAML.')}else console.error('You added a frontmatter tag but did not provide a script tag with front matter data in it. Please take a look at our templates.');return{}}function u(){return-1!==['interactive','complete'].indexOf(document.readyState)}function p(e){const t='distill-prerendered-styles',n=e.getElementById(t);if(!n){const n=e.createElement('style');n.id=t,n.type='text/css';const i=e.createTextNode(bi);n.appendChild(i);const a=e.head.querySelector('script');e.head.insertBefore(n,a)}}function g(e,t){console.info('Runlevel 0: Polyfill required: '+e.name);const n=document.createElement('script');n.src=e.url,n.async=!1,t&&(n.onload=function(){t(e)}),n.onerror=function(){new Error('Runlevel 0: Polyfills failed to load script '+e.name)},document.head.appendChild(n)}function f(e,t){return t={exports:{}},e(t,t.exports),t.exports}function h(e){return e.replace(/[\t\n ]+/g,' ').replace(/{\\["^`.'acu~Hvs]( )?([a-zA-Z])}/g,(e,t,n)=>n).replace(/{\\([a-zA-Z])}/g,(e,t)=>t)}function b(e){const t=new Map,n=_i.toJSON(e);for(const i of n){for(const[e,t]of Object.entries(i.entryTags))i.entryTags[e.toLowerCase()]=h(t);i.entryTags.type=i.entryType,t.set(i.citationKey,i.entryTags)}return t}function m(e){return`@article{${e.slug}, + author = {${e.bibtexAuthors}}, + title = {${e.title}}, + journal = {${e.journal.title}}, + year = {${e.publishedYear}}, + note = {${e.url}}, + doi = {${e.doi}} +}`}function y(e){return` +
+
+

Authors

+

Affiliations

+ ${e.authors.map((e)=>` +

+ ${e.personalURL?` + ${e.name}`:` + ${e.name}`} +

+

+ ${e.affiliations.map((e)=>e.url?`${e.name}`:`${e.name}`).join(', ')} +

+ `).join('')} +
+
+

Published

+ ${e.publishedDate?` +

${e.publishedMonth} ${e.publishedDay}, ${e.publishedYear}

`:` +

Not published yet.

`} +
+
+

DOI

+ ${e.doi?` +

${e.doi}

`:` +

No DOI yet.

`} +
+
+`}function x(e,t,n=document){if(0 + + d-toc { + contain: layout style; + display: block; + } + + d-toc ul { + padding-left: 0; + } + + d-toc ul > ul { + padding-left: 24px; + } + + d-toc a { + border-bottom: none; + text-decoration: none; + } + + + +

Table of contents

+
    `;for(const i of t){const e='D-TITLE'==i.parentElement.tagName,t=i.getAttribute('no-toc');if(e||t)continue;const a=i.textContent,d='#'+i.getAttribute('id');let r='
  • '+a+'
    • ';'H3'==i.tagName?r='
      '+r+'
    ':r+='
    ',n+=r}n+='
',e.innerHTML=n}function v(e){return function(t,n){return Xi(e(t),n)}}function w(e,t,n){var i=(t-e)/Rn(0,n),a=Fn(jn(i)/Nn),d=i/In(10,a);return 0<=a?(d>=Gi?10:d>=ea?5:d>=ta?2:1)*In(10,a):-In(10,-a)/(d>=Gi?10:d>=ea?5:d>=ta?2:1)}function S(e,t,n){var i=Un(t-e)/Rn(0,n),a=In(10,Fn(jn(i)/Nn)),d=i/a;return d>=Gi?a*=10:d>=ea?a*=5:d>=ta&&(a*=2),t>8|240&t>>4,15&t>>4|240&t,(15&t)<<4|15&t,1)):(t=ca.exec(e))?O(parseInt(t[1],16)):(t=ua.exec(e))?new j(t[1],t[2],t[3],1):(t=pa.exec(e))?new j(255*t[1]/100,255*t[2]/100,255*t[3]/100,1):(t=ga.exec(e))?U(t[1],t[2],t[3],t[4]):(t=fa.exec(e))?U(255*t[1]/100,255*t[2]/100,255*t[3]/100,t[4]):(t=ha.exec(e))?R(t[1],t[2]/100,t[3]/100,1):(t=ba.exec(e))?R(t[1],t[2]/100,t[3]/100,t[4]):ma.hasOwnProperty(e)?O(ma[e]):'transparent'===e?new j(NaN,NaN,NaN,0):null}function O(e){return new j(255&e>>16,255&e>>8,255&e,1)}function U(e,t,n,i){return 0>=i&&(e=t=n=NaN),new j(e,t,n,i)}function I(e){return(e instanceof L||(e=M(e)),!e)?new j:(e=e.rgb(),new j(e.r,e.g,e.b,e.opacity))}function N(e,t,n,i){return 1===arguments.length?I(e):new j(e,t,n,null==i?1:i)}function j(e,t,n,i){this.r=+e,this.g=+t,this.b=+n,this.opacity=+i}function R(e,t,n,i){return 0>=i?e=t=n=NaN:0>=n||1<=n?e=t=NaN:0>=t&&(e=NaN),new F(e,t,n,i)}function q(e){if(e instanceof F)return new F(e.h,e.s,e.l,e.opacity);if(e instanceof L||(e=M(e)),!e)return new F;if(e instanceof F)return e;e=e.rgb();var t=e.r/255,n=e.g/255,i=e.b/255,a=Hn(t,n,i),d=Rn(t,n,i),r=NaN,c=d-a,s=(d+a)/2;return c?(r=t===d?(n-i)/c+6*(ns?d+a:2-d-a,r*=60):c=0s?0:r,new F(r,c,s,e.opacity)}function F(e,t,n,i){this.h=+e,this.s=+t,this.l=+n,this.opacity=+i}function P(e,t,n){return 255*(60>e?t+(n-t)*e/60:180>e?n:240>e?t+(n-t)*(240-e)/60:t)}function H(e){if(e instanceof Y)return new Y(e.l,e.a,e.b,e.opacity);if(e instanceof X){var t=e.h*ya;return new Y(e.l,Mn(t)*e.c,Dn(t)*e.c,e.opacity)}e instanceof j||(e=I(e));var n=$(e.r),i=$(e.g),a=$(e.b),d=W((0.4124564*n+0.3575761*i+0.1804375*a)/Kn),r=W((0.2126729*n+0.7151522*i+0.072175*a)/Xn),o=W((0.0193339*n+0.119192*i+0.9503041*a)/Yn);return new Y(116*r-16,500*(d-r),200*(r-o),e.opacity)}function Y(e,t,n,i){this.l=+e,this.a=+t,this.b=+n,this.opacity=+i}function W(e){return e>Sa?In(e,1/3):e/wa+Zn}function V(e){return e>va?e*e*e:wa*(e-Zn)}function K(e){return 255*(0.0031308>=e?12.92*e:1.055*In(e,1/2.4)-0.055)}function $(e){return 0.04045>=(e/=255)?e/12.92:In((e+0.055)/1.055,2.4)}function z(e){if(e instanceof X)return new X(e.h,e.c,e.l,e.opacity);e instanceof Y||(e=H(e));var t=En(e.b,e.a)*xa;return new X(0>t?t+360:t,An(e.a*e.a+e.b*e.b),e.l,e.opacity)}function X(e,t,n,i){this.h=+e,this.c=+t,this.l=+n,this.opacity=+i}function J(e){if(e instanceof Z)return new Z(e.h,e.s,e.l,e.opacity);e instanceof j||(e=I(e));var t=e.r/255,n=e.g/255,i=e.b/255,a=(_a*i+E*t-Ta*n)/(_a+E-Ta),d=i-a,r=(D*(n-a)-B*d)/C,o=An(r*r+d*d)/(D*a*(1-a)),l=o?En(r,d)*xa-120:NaN;return new Z(0>l?l+360:l,o,a,e.opacity)}function Q(e,t,n,i){return 1===arguments.length?J(e):new Z(e,t,n,null==i?1:i)}function Z(e,t,n,i){this.h=+e,this.s=+t,this.l=+n,this.opacity=+i}function G(e,n){return function(i){return e+i*n}}function ee(e,n,i){return e=In(e,i),n=In(n,i)-e,i=1/i,function(a){return In(e+a*n,i)}}function te(e){return 1==(e=+e)?ne:function(t,n){return n-t?ee(t,n,e):La(isNaN(t)?n:t)}}function ne(e,t){var n=t-e;return n?G(e,n):La(isNaN(e)?t:e)}function ie(e){return function(){return e}}function ae(e){return function(n){return e(n)+''}}function de(e){return function t(n){function i(i,t){var a=e((i=Q(i)).h,(t=Q(t)).h),d=ne(i.s,t.s),r=ne(i.l,t.l),o=ne(i.opacity,t.opacity);return function(e){return i.h=a(e),i.s=d(e),i.l=r(In(e,n)),i.opacity=o(e),i+''}}return n=+n,i.gamma=t,i}(1)}function oe(e,t){return(t-=e=+e)?function(n){return(n-e)/t}:Pa(t)}function le(e){return function(t,n){var i=e(t=+t,n=+n);return function(e){return e<=t?0:e>=n?1:i(e)}}}function se(e){return function(n,i){var d=e(n=+n,i=+i);return function(e){return 0>=e?n:1<=e?i:d(e)}}}function ce(e,t,n,i){var a=e[0],d=e[1],r=t[0],o=t[1];return d',a=t[3]||'-',d=t[4]||'',r=!!t[5],o=t[6]&&+t[6],l=!!t[7],s=t[8]&&+t[8].slice(1),c=t[9]||'';'n'===c?(l=!0,c='g'):!$a[c]&&(c=''),(r||'0'===n&&'='===i)&&(r=!0,n='0',i='='),this.fill=n,this.align=i,this.sign=a,this.symbol=d,this.zero=r,this.width=o,this.comma=l,this.precision=s,this.type=c}function be(e){var t=e.domain;return e.ticks=function(e){var n=t();return na(n[0],n[n.length-1],null==e?10:e)},e.tickFormat=function(e,n){return ad(t(),e,n)},e.nice=function(n){null==n&&(n=10);var i,a=t(),d=0,r=a.length-1,o=a[d],l=a[r];return li&&(o=qn(o*i)/i,l=Fn(l*i)/i,i=w(o,l,n)),0i&&(a[d]=qn(o*i)/i,a[r]=Fn(l*i)/i,t(a)),e},e}function me(){var e=ge(oe,Ma);return e.copy=function(){return pe(e,me())},be(e)}function ye(e,t,n,i){function a(t){return e(t=new Date(+t)),t}return a.floor=a,a.ceil=function(n){return e(n=new Date(n-1)),t(n,1),e(n),n},a.round=function(e){var t=a(e),n=a.ceil(e);return e-t=t)for(;e(t),!n(t);)t.setTime(t-1)},function(e,i){if(e>=e)if(0>i)for(;0>=++i;)for(;t(e,-1),!n(e););else for(;0<=--i;)for(;t(e,1),!n(e););})},n&&(a.count=function(t,i){return dd.setTime(+t),rd.setTime(+i),e(dd),e(rd),Fn(n(dd,rd))},a.every=function(e){return e=Fn(e),isFinite(e)&&0e.y){var t=new Date(-1,e.m,e.d,e.H,e.M,e.S,e.L);return t.setFullYear(e.y),t}return new Date(e.y,e.m,e.d,e.H,e.M,e.S,e.L)}function we(e){if(0<=e.y&&100>e.y){var t=new Date(Date.UTC(-1,e.m,e.d,e.H,e.M,e.S,e.L));return t.setUTCFullYear(e.y),t}return new Date(Date.UTC(e.y,e.m,e.d,e.H,e.M,e.S,e.L))}function Se(e){return{y:e,m:0,d:1,H:0,M:0,S:0,L:0}}function Ce(e){function t(e,t){return function(a){var d,r,o,l=[],s=-1,i=0,c=e.length;for(a instanceof Date||(a=new Date(+a));++s=n)return-1;if(r=t.charCodeAt(l++),37===r){if(r=t.charAt(l++),o=C[r in Hd?t.charAt(l++):r],!o||0>(d=o(e,a,d)))return-1;}else if(r!=a.charCodeAt(d++))return-1}return d}var r=e.dateTime,o=e.date,l=e.time,i=e.periods,s=e.days,c=e.shortDays,u=e.months,p=e.shortMonths,g=Le(i),f=Ae(i),h=Le(s),b=Ae(s),m=Le(c),y=Ae(c),x=Le(u),k=Ae(u),v=Le(p),w=Ae(p),d={a:function(e){return c[e.getDay()]},A:function(e){return s[e.getDay()]},b:function(e){return p[e.getMonth()]},B:function(e){return u[e.getMonth()]},c:null,d:Ye,e:Ye,H:Be,I:We,j:Ve,L:Ke,m:$e,M:Xe,p:function(e){return i[+(12<=e.getHours())]},S:Je,U:Qe,w:Ze,W:Ge,x:null,X:null,y:et,Y:tt,Z:nt,"%":mt},S={a:function(e){return c[e.getUTCDay()]},A:function(e){return s[e.getUTCDay()]},b:function(e){return p[e.getUTCMonth()]},B:function(e){return u[e.getUTCMonth()]},c:null,d:it,e:it,H:at,I:dt,j:rt,L:ot,m:lt,M:st,p:function(e){return i[+(12<=e.getUTCHours())]},S:ct,U:ut,w:pt,W:gt,x:null,X:null,y:ft,Y:ht,Z:bt,"%":mt},C={a:function(e,t,a){var i=m.exec(t.slice(a));return i?(e.w=y[i[0].toLowerCase()],a+i[0].length):-1},A:function(e,t,a){var i=h.exec(t.slice(a));return i?(e.w=b[i[0].toLowerCase()],a+i[0].length):-1},b:function(e,t,a){var i=v.exec(t.slice(a));return i?(e.m=w[i[0].toLowerCase()],a+i[0].length):-1},B:function(e,t,a){var i=x.exec(t.slice(a));return i?(e.m=k[i[0].toLowerCase()],a+i[0].length):-1},c:function(e,t,n){return a(e,r,t,n)},d:je,e:je,H:qe,I:qe,j:Re,L:He,m:Ne,M:Fe,p:function(e,t,a){var i=g.exec(t.slice(a));return i?(e.p=f[i[0].toLowerCase()],a+i[0].length):-1},S:Pe,U:De,w:Ee,W:Me,x:function(e,t,n){return a(e,o,t,n)},X:function(e,t,n){return a(e,l,t,n)},y:Ue,Y:Oe,Z:Ie,"%":ze};return d.x=t(o,d),d.X=t(l,d),d.c=t(r,d),S.x=t(o,S),S.X=t(l,S),S.c=t(r,S),{format:function(e){var n=t(e+='',d);return n.toString=function(){return e},n},parse:function(e){var t=n(e+='',ve);return t.toString=function(){return e},t},utcFormat:function(e){var n=t(e+='',S);return n.toString=function(){return e},n},utcParse:function(e){var t=n(e,we);return t.toString=function(){return e},t}}}function Te(e,t,n){var i=0>e?'-':'',a=(i?-e:e)+'',d=a.length;return i+(dt?1:e>=t?0:NaN}function qt(e){return function(){this.removeAttribute(e)}}function Ft(e){return function(){this.removeAttributeNS(e.space,e.local)}}function Pt(e,t){return function(){this.setAttribute(e,t)}}function Ht(e,t){return function(){this.setAttributeNS(e.space,e.local,t)}}function zt(e,t){return function(){var n=t.apply(this,arguments);null==n?this.removeAttribute(e):this.setAttribute(e,n)}}function Yt(e,t){return function(){var n=t.apply(this,arguments);null==n?this.removeAttributeNS(e.space,e.local):this.setAttributeNS(e.space,e.local,n)}}function Bt(e){return function(){this.style.removeProperty(e)}}function Wt(e,t,n){return function(){this.style.setProperty(e,t,n)}}function Vt(e,t,n){return function(){var i=t.apply(this,arguments);null==i?this.style.removeProperty(e):this.style.setProperty(e,i,n)}}function Kt(e,t){return e.style.getPropertyValue(t)||vr(e).getComputedStyle(e,null).getPropertyValue(t)}function $t(e){return function(){delete this[e]}}function Xt(e,t){return function(){this[e]=t}}function Jt(e,t){return function(){var n=t.apply(this,arguments);null==n?delete this[e]:this[e]=n}}function Qt(e){return e.trim().split(/^|\s+/)}function Zt(e){return e.classList||new Gt(e)}function Gt(e){this._node=e,this._names=Qt(e.getAttribute('class')||'')}function en(e,t){for(var a=Zt(e),d=-1,i=t.length;++dUpdates and Corrections +

`,e.githubCompareUpdatesUrl&&(t+=`View all changes to this article since it was first published.`),t+=` + If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an issue on GitHub.

+ `);const n=e.journal;return'undefined'!=typeof n&&'Distill'===n.title&&(t+=` +

Reuse

+

Diagrams and text are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 with the source available on GitHub, unless noted otherwise. The figures that have been reused from other sources don’t fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: “Figure from …”.

+ `),'undefined'!=typeof e.publishedDate&&(t+=` +

Citation

+

For attribution in academic contexts, please cite this work as

+ 
${e.concatenatedAuthors}, "${e.title}", Distill, ${e.publishedYear}.
+

BibTeX citation

+ 
${m(e)}
+ `),t}var An=Math.sqrt,En=Math.atan2,Dn=Math.sin,Mn=Math.cos,On=Math.PI,Un=Math.abs,In=Math.pow,Nn=Math.LN10,jn=Math.log,Rn=Math.max,qn=Math.ceil,Fn=Math.floor,Pn=Math.round,Hn=Math.min;const zn=['Sunday','Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday','Saturday'],Bn=['Jan.','Feb.','March','April','May','June','July','Aug.','Sept.','Oct.','Nov.','Dec.'],Wn=(e)=>10>e?'0'+e:e,Vn=function(e){const t=zn[e.getDay()].substring(0,3),n=Wn(e.getDate()),i=Bn[e.getMonth()].substring(0,3),a=e.getFullYear().toString(),d=e.getUTCHours().toString(),r=e.getUTCMinutes().toString(),o=e.getUTCSeconds().toString();return`${t}, ${n} ${i} ${a} ${d}:${r}:${o} Z`},$n=function(e){const t=Array.from(e).reduce((e,[t,n])=>Object.assign(e,{[t]:n}),{});return t},Jn=function(e){const t=new Map;for(var n in e)e.hasOwnProperty(n)&&t.set(n,e[n]);return t};class Qn{constructor(e){this.name=e.author,this.personalURL=e.authorURL,this.affiliation=e.affiliation,this.affiliationURL=e.affiliationURL,this.affiliations=e.affiliations||[]}get firstName(){const e=this.name.split(' ');return e.slice(0,e.length-1).join(' ')}get lastName(){const e=this.name.split(' ');return e[e.length-1]}}class Gn{constructor(){this.title='unnamed article',this.description='',this.authors=[],this.bibliography=new Map,this.bibliographyParsed=!1,this.citations=[],this.citationsCollected=!1,this.journal={},this.katex={},this.publishedDate=void 0}set url(e){this._url=e}get url(){if(this._url)return this._url;return this.distillPath&&this.journal.url?this.journal.url+'/'+this.distillPath:this.journal.url?this.journal.url:void 0}get githubUrl(){return this.githubPath?'https://github.com/'+this.githubPath:void 0}set previewURL(e){this._previewURL=e}get previewURL(){return this._previewURL?this._previewURL:this.url+'/thumbnail.jpg'}get publishedDateRFC(){return Vn(this.publishedDate)}get updatedDateRFC(){return Vn(this.updatedDate)}get publishedYear(){return this.publishedDate.getFullYear()}get publishedMonth(){return Bn[this.publishedDate.getMonth()]}get publishedDay(){return this.publishedDate.getDate()}get publishedMonthPadded(){return Wn(this.publishedDate.getMonth()+1)}get publishedDayPadded(){return Wn(this.publishedDate.getDate())}get publishedISODateOnly(){return this.publishedDate.toISOString().split('T')[0]}get volume(){const e=this.publishedYear-2015;if(1>e)throw new Error('Invalid publish date detected during computing volume');return e}get issue(){return this.publishedDate.getMonth()+1}get concatenatedAuthors(){if(2{return e.lastName+', '+e.firstName}).join(' and ')}get slug(){let e='';return this.authors.length&&(e+=this.authors[0].lastName.toLowerCase(),e+=this.publishedYear,e+=this.title.split(' ')[0].toLowerCase()),e||'Untitled'}get bibliographyEntries(){return new Map(this.citations.map((e)=>{const t=this.bibliography.get(e);return[e,t]}))}set bibliography(e){e instanceof Map?this._bibliography=e:'object'==typeof e&&(this._bibliography=Jn(e))}get bibliography(){return this._bibliography}static fromObject(e){const t=new Gn;return Object.assign(t,e),t}assignToObject(e){Object.assign(e,this),e.bibliography=$n(this.bibliographyEntries),e.url=this.url,e.githubUrl=this.githubUrl,e.previewURL=this.previewURL,this.publishedDate&&(e.volume=this.volume,e.issue=this.issue,e.publishedDateRFC=this.publishedDateRFC,e.publishedYear=this.publishedYear,e.publishedMonth=this.publishedMonth,e.publishedDay=this.publishedDay,e.publishedMonthPadded=this.publishedMonthPadded,e.publishedDayPadded=this.publishedDayPadded),this.updatedDate&&(e.updatedDateRFC=this.updatedDateRFC),e.concatenatedAuthors=this.concatenatedAuthors,e.bibtexAuthors=this.bibtexAuthors,e.slug=this.slug}}const ei=(e)=>{return class extends e{constructor(){super();const e={childList:!0,characterData:!0,subtree:!0},t=new MutationObserver(()=>{t.disconnect(),this.renderIfPossible(),t.observe(this,e)});t.observe(this,e)}connectedCallback(){super.connectedCallback(),this.renderIfPossible()}renderIfPossible(){this.textContent&&this.root&&this.renderContent()}renderContent(){console.error(`Your class ${this.constructor.name} must provide a custom renderContent() method!`)}}},ti=(e,t,n=!0)=>{return(i)=>{const a=document.createElement('template');return a.innerHTML=t,n&&'ShadyCSS'in window&&ShadyCSS.prepareTemplate(a,e),class extends i{static get is(){return e}constructor(){super(),this.clone=document.importNode(a.content,!0),n&&(this.attachShadow({mode:'open'}),this.shadowRoot.appendChild(this.clone))}connectedCallback(){n?'ShadyCSS'in window&&ShadyCSS.styleElement(this):this.insertBefore(this.clone,this.firstChild)}get root(){return n?this.shadowRoot:this}$(e){return this.root.querySelector(e)}$$(e){return this.root.querySelectorAll(e)}}}};var ni='/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nspan.katex-display {\n text-align: left;\n padding: 8px 0 8px 0;\n margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;\n}\n\nspan.katex {\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n font-size: 1.18em;\n}\n';const ii=function(e,t,n){let i=n,a=0;for(const d=e.length;i=a&&t.slice(i,i+d)===e)return i;'\\'===n?i++:'{'===n?a++:'}'===n&&a--;i++}return-1},ai=function(e,t,n,i){const a=[];for(let d=0;d',ui=ti('d-math',` +${ci} + + +`);class T extends ei(ui(HTMLElement)){static set katexOptions(e){T._katexOptions=e,T.katexOptions.delimiters&&(T.katexAdded?T.katexLoadedCallback():T.addKatex())}static get katexOptions(){return T._katexOptions||(T._katexOptions={delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:!1}]}),T._katexOptions}static katexLoadedCallback(){const e=document.querySelectorAll('d-math');for(const t of e)t.renderContent();if(T.katexOptions.delimiters){const e=document.querySelector('d-article');si(e,T.katexOptions)}}static addKatex(){document.head.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend',ci);const e=document.createElement('script');e.src='https://distill.pub/third-party/katex/katex.min.js',e.async=!0,e.onload=T.katexLoadedCallback,e.crossorigin='anonymous',document.head.appendChild(e),T.katexAdded=!0}get options(){const e={displayMode:this.hasAttribute('block')};return Object.assign(e,T.katexOptions)}connectedCallback(){super.connectedCallback(),T.katexAdded||T.addKatex()}renderContent(){if('undefined'!=typeof katex){const e=this.root.querySelector('#katex-container');katex.render(this.textContent,e,this.options)}}}T.katexAdded=!1,T.inlineMathRendered=!1,window.DMath=T;class pi extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-front-matter'}constructor(){super();const e=new MutationObserver((e)=>{for(const t of e)if('SCRIPT'===t.target.nodeName||'characterData'===t.type){const e=c(this);this.notify(e)}});e.observe(this,{childList:!0,characterData:!0,subtree:!0})}notify(e){const t=new CustomEvent('onFrontMatterChanged',{detail:e,bubbles:!0});document.dispatchEvent(t)}}var gi=function(e,t){const n=e.body,i=n.querySelector('d-article');if(!i)return void console.warn('No d-article tag found; skipping adding optional components!');let a=e.querySelector('d-byline');a||(t.authors?(a=e.createElement('d-byline'),n.insertBefore(a,i)):console.warn('No authors found in front matter; please add them before submission!'));let d=e.querySelector('d-title');d||(d=e.createElement('d-title'),n.insertBefore(d,a));let r=d.querySelector('h1');r||(r=e.createElement('h1'),r.textContent=t.title,d.insertBefore(r,d.firstChild));const o='undefined'!=typeof t.password;let l=n.querySelector('d-interstitial');if(o&&!l){const i='undefined'!=typeof window,a=i&&window.location.hostname.includes('localhost');i&&a||(l=e.createElement('d-interstitial'),l.password=t.password,n.insertBefore(l,n.firstChild))}else!o&&l&&l.parentElement.removeChild(this);let s=e.querySelector('d-appendix');s||(s=e.createElement('d-appendix'),e.body.appendChild(s));let c=e.querySelector('d-footnote-list');c||(c=e.createElement('d-footnote-list'),s.appendChild(c));let u=e.querySelector('d-citation-list');u||(u=e.createElement('d-citation-list'),s.appendChild(u))};const fi=new Gn,hi={frontMatter:fi,waitingOn:{bibliography:[],citations:[]},listeners:{onCiteKeyCreated(e){const[t,n]=e.detail;if(!fi.citationsCollected)return void hi.waitingOn.citations.push(()=>hi.listeners.onCiteKeyCreated(e));if(!fi.bibliographyParsed)return void hi.waitingOn.bibliography.push(()=>hi.listeners.onCiteKeyCreated(e));const i=n.map((e)=>fi.citations.indexOf(e));t.numbers=i;const a=n.map((e)=>fi.bibliography.get(e));t.entries=a},onCiteKeyChanged(){fi.citations=t(),fi.citationsCollected=!0;for(const e of hi.waitingOn.citations.slice())e();const e=document.querySelector('d-citation-list'),n=new Map(fi.citations.map((e)=>{return[e,fi.bibliography.get(e)]}));e.citations=n;const i=document.querySelectorAll('d-cite');for(const e of i){const t=e.keys,n=t.map((e)=>fi.citations.indexOf(e));e.numbers=n;const i=t.map((e)=>fi.bibliography.get(e));e.entries=i}},onCiteKeyRemoved(e){hi.listeners.onCiteKeyChanged(e)},onBibliographyChanged(e){const t=document.querySelector('d-citation-list'),n=e.detail;fi.bibliography=n,fi.bibliographyParsed=!0;for(const t of hi.waitingOn.bibliography.slice())t();if(!fi.citationsCollected)return void hi.waitingOn.citations.push(function(){hi.listeners.onBibliographyChanged({target:e.target,detail:e.detail})});if(t.hasAttribute('distill-prerendered'))console.info('Citation list was prerendered; not updating it.');else{const e=new Map(fi.citations.map((e)=>{return[e,fi.bibliography.get(e)]}));t.citations=e}},onFootnoteChanged(){const e=document.querySelector('d-footnote-list');if(e){const t=document.querySelectorAll('d-footnote');e.footnotes=t}},onFrontMatterChanged(t){const n=t.detail;e(fi,n);const i=document.querySelector('d-interstitial');i&&('undefined'==typeof fi.password?i.parentElement.removeChild(i):i.password=fi.password);const a=document.body.hasAttribute('distill-prerendered');if(!a&&u()){gi(document,fi);const e=document.querySelector('distill-appendix');e&&(e.frontMatter=fi);const t=document.querySelector('d-byline');t&&(t.frontMatter=fi),n.katex&&(T.katexOptions=n.katex)}},DOMContentLoaded(){if(hi.loaded)return void console.warn('Controller received DOMContentLoaded but was already loaded!');if(!u())return void console.warn('Controller received DOMContentLoaded before appropriate document.readyState!');hi.loaded=!0,console.log('Runlevel 4: Controller running DOMContentLoaded');const e=document.querySelector('d-front-matter'),n=c(e);hi.listeners.onFrontMatterChanged({detail:n}),fi.citations=t(),fi.citationsCollected=!0;for(const e of hi.waitingOn.citations.slice())e();if(fi.bibliographyParsed)for(const e of hi.waitingOn.bibliography.slice())e();const i=document.querySelector('d-footnote-list');if(i){const e=document.querySelectorAll('d-footnote');i.footnotes=e}}}};const bi='/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nhtml {\n font-size: 14px;\n\tline-height: 1.6em;\n /* font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; */\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;\n /*, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";*/\n text-size-adjust: 100%;\n -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;\n -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n html {\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n}\n\nbody {\n margin: 0;\n}\n\na {\n color: #004276;\n}\n\nfigure {\n margin: 0;\n}\n\ntable {\n\tborder-collapse: collapse;\n\tborder-spacing: 0;\n}\n\ntable th {\n\ttext-align: left;\n}\n\ntable thead {\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\n}\n\ntable thead th {\n padding-bottom: 0.5em;\n}\n\ntable tbody :first-child td {\n padding-top: 0.5em;\n}\n\npre {\n overflow: auto;\n max-width: 100%;\n}\n\np {\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n}\n\nsup, sub {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n position: relative;\n top: -0.4em;\n line-height: 1em;\n}\n\nsub {\n top: 0.4em;\n}\n\n.kicker,\n.marker {\n font-size: 15px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);\n}\n\n\n/* Headline */\n\n@media(min-width: 1024px) {\n d-title h1 span {\n display: block;\n }\n}\n\n/* Figure */\n\nfigure {\n position: relative;\n margin-bottom: 2.5em;\n margin-top: 1.5em;\n}\n\nfigcaption+figure {\n\n}\n\nfigure img {\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nfigure svg text,\nfigure svg tspan {\n}\n\nfigcaption,\n.figcaption {\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n font-size: 12px;\n line-height: 1.5em;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1024px) {\nfigcaption,\n.figcaption {\n font-size: 13px;\n }\n}\n\nfigure.external img {\n background: white;\n border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n box-shadow: 0 1px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n padding: 18px;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nfigcaption a {\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n}\n\nfigcaption b,\nfigcaption strong, {\n font-weight: 600;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1.0);\n}\n'+'/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\n@supports not (display: grid) {\n .base-grid,\n distill-header,\n d-title,\n d-abstract,\n d-article,\n d-appendix,\n distill-appendix,\n d-byline,\n d-footnote-list,\n d-citation-list,\n distill-footer {\n display: block;\n padding: 8px;\n }\n}\n\n.base-grid,\ndistill-header,\nd-title,\nd-abstract,\nd-article,\nd-appendix,\ndistill-appendix,\nd-byline,\nd-footnote-list,\nd-citation-list,\ndistill-footer {\n display: grid;\n justify-items: stretch;\n grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 8px [page-start kicker-start text-start gutter-start middle-start] 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr [text-end page-end gutter-end kicker-end middle-end] 8px [screen-end];\n grid-column-gap: 8px;\n}\n\n.grid {\n display: grid;\n grid-column-gap: 8px;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n .base-grid,\n distill-header,\n d-title,\n d-abstract,\n d-article,\n d-appendix,\n distill-appendix,\n d-byline,\n d-footnote-list,\n d-citation-list,\n distill-footer {\n grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 1fr [page-start kicker-start middle-start text-start] 45px 45px 45px 45px 45px 45px 45px 45px [ kicker-end text-end gutter-start] 45px [middle-end] 45px [page-end gutter-end] 1fr [screen-end];\n grid-column-gap: 16px;\n }\n\n .grid {\n grid-column-gap: 16px;\n }\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1000px) {\n .base-grid,\n distill-header,\n d-title,\n d-abstract,\n d-article,\n d-appendix,\n distill-appendix,\n d-byline,\n d-footnote-list,\n d-citation-list,\n distill-footer {\n grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 1fr [page-start kicker-start] 50px [middle-start] 50px [text-start kicker-end] 50px 50px 50px 50px 50px 50px 50px 50px [text-end gutter-start] 50px [middle-end] 50px [page-end gutter-end] 1fr [screen-end];\n grid-column-gap: 16px;\n }\n\n .grid {\n grid-column-gap: 16px;\n }\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1180px) {\n .base-grid,\n distill-header,\n d-title,\n d-abstract,\n d-article,\n d-appendix,\n distill-appendix,\n d-byline,\n d-footnote-list,\n d-citation-list,\n distill-footer {\n grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 1fr [page-start kicker-start] 60px [middle-start] 60px [text-start kicker-end] 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px [text-end gutter-start] 60px [middle-end] 60px [page-end gutter-end] 1fr [screen-end];\n grid-column-gap: 32px;\n }\n\n .grid {\n grid-column-gap: 32px;\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n.base-grid {\n grid-column: screen;\n}\n\n/* .l-body,\nd-article > * {\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\n.l-page,\nd-title > *,\nd-figure {\n grid-column: page;\n} */\n\n.l-gutter {\n grid-column: gutter;\n}\n\n.l-text,\n.l-body {\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\n.l-page {\n grid-column: page;\n}\n\n.l-body-outset {\n grid-column: middle;\n}\n\n.l-page-outset {\n grid-column: page;\n}\n\n.l-screen {\n grid-column: screen;\n}\n\n.l-screen-inset {\n grid-column: screen;\n padding-left: 16px;\n padding-left: 16px;\n}\n\n\n/* Aside */\n\nd-article aside {\n grid-column: gutter;\n font-size: 12px;\n line-height: 1.6em;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n aside {\n grid-column: gutter;\n }\n\n .side {\n grid-column: gutter;\n }\n}\n'+'/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nd-title {\n padding: 2rem 0 1.5rem;\n contain: layout style;\n overflow-x: hidden;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-title {\n padding: 4rem 0 1.5rem;\n }\n}\n\nd-title h1 {\n grid-column: text;\n font-size: 40px;\n font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.1em;\n margin: 0 0 0.5rem;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-title h1 {\n font-size: 50px;\n }\n}\n\nd-title p {\n font-weight: 300;\n font-size: 1.2rem;\n line-height: 1.55em;\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\nd-title .status {\n margin-top: 0px;\n font-size: 12px;\n color: #009688;\n opacity: 0.8;\n grid-column: kicker;\n}\n\nd-title .status span {\n line-height: 1;\n display: inline-block;\n padding: 6px 0;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #80cbc4;\n font-size: 11px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n'+'/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nd-byline {\n contain: content;\n overflow: hidden;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n font-size: 0.8rem;\n line-height: 1.8em;\n padding: 1.5rem 0;\n min-height: 1.8em;\n}\n\n\nd-byline .byline {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-byline .byline {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;\n }\n}\n\nd-byline .authors-affiliations {\n grid-column-end: span 2;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-byline .authors-affiliations {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n}\n\nd-byline h3 {\n font-size: 0.6rem;\n font-weight: 400;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);\n margin: 0;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n\nd-byline p {\n margin: 0;\n}\n\nd-byline a,\nd-article d-byline a {\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n text-decoration: none;\n border-bottom: none;\n}\n\nd-article d-byline a:hover {\n text-decoration: underline;\n border-bottom: none;\n}\n\nd-byline p.author {\n font-weight: 500;\n}\n\nd-byline .affiliations {\n\n}\n'+'/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\nd-article {\n contain: layout style;\n overflow-x: hidden;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n padding-top: 2rem;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n}\n\nd-article > * {\n grid-column: text;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 768px) {\n d-article {\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1024px) {\n d-article {\n font-size: 1.06rem;\n line-height: 1.7em;\n }\n}\n\n\n/* H2 */\n\n\nd-article .marker {\n text-decoration: none;\n border: none;\n counter-reset: section;\n grid-column: kicker;\n line-height: 1.7em;\n}\n\nd-article .marker:hover {\n border: none;\n}\n\nd-article .marker span {\n padding: 0 3px 4px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n position: relative;\n top: 4px;\n}\n\nd-article .marker:hover span {\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);\n}\n\nd-article h2 {\n font-weight: 600;\n font-size: 24px;\n line-height: 1.25em;\n margin: 2rem 0 1.5rem 0;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n padding-bottom: 1rem;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1024px) {\n d-article h2 {\n font-size: 36px;\n }\n}\n\n/* H3 */\n\nd-article h3 {\n font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.4em;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n margin-top: 2em;\n}\n\n@media(min-width: 1024px) {\n d-article h3 {\n font-size: 20px;\n }\n}\n\n/* H4 */\n\nd-article h4 {\n font-weight: 600;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.4em;\n}\n\nd-article a {\n color: inherit;\n}\n\nd-article p,\nd-article ul,\nd-article ol,\nd-article blockquote {\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n margin-left: 0;\n margin-right: 0;\n}\n\nd-article blockquote {\n border-left: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n padding-left: 2em;\n font-style: italic;\n color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n}\n\nd-article a {\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n text-decoration: none;\n}\n\nd-article a:hover {\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n}\n\nd-article .link {\n text-decoration: underline;\n cursor: pointer;\n}\n\nd-article ul,\nd-article ol {\n padding-left: 24px;\n}\n\nd-article li {\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n margin-left: 0;\n padding-left: 0;\n}\n\nd-article li:last-child {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n}\n\nd-article pre {\n font-size: 14px;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n}\n\nd-article hr {\n grid-column: screen;\n width: 100%;\n border: none;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n margin-top: 60px;\n margin-bottom: 60px;\n}\n\nd-article section {\n margin-top: 60px;\n margin-bottom: 60px;\n}\n\nd-article span.equation-mimic {\n font-family: georgia;\n font-size: 115%;\n font-style: italic;\n}\n\nd-article > d-code,\nd-article section > d-code {\n display: block;\n}\n\nd-article > d-math[block],\nd-article section > d-math[block] {\n display: block;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n d-article > d-code,\n d-article section > d-code,\n d-article > d-math[block],\n d-article section > d-math[block] {\n overflow-x: scroll;\n -ms-overflow-style: none; // IE 10+\n overflow: -moz-scrollbars-none; // Firefox\n }\n\n d-article > d-code::-webkit-scrollbar,\n d-article section > d-code::-webkit-scrollbar,\n d-article > d-math[block]::-webkit-scrollbar,\n d-article section > d-math[block]::-webkit-scrollbar {\n display: none; // Safari and Chrome\n }\n}\n\nd-article .citation {\n color: #668;\n cursor: pointer;\n}\n\nd-include {\n width: auto;\n display: block;\n}\n\nd-figure {\n contain: layout style;\n}\n\n/* KaTeX */\n\n.katex, .katex-prerendered {\n contain: style;\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\n/* Tables */\n\nd-article table {\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n}\n\nd-article table th {\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n}\n\nd-article table td {\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\n}\n\nd-article table tr:last-of-type td {\n border-bottom: none;\n}\n\nd-article table th,\nd-article table td {\n font-size: 15px;\n padding: 2px 8px;\n}\n\nd-article table tbody :first-child td {\n padding-top: 2px;\n}\n'+ni+'/*\n * Copyright 2018 The Distill Template Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\n\n@media print {\n\n @page {\n size: 8in 11in;\n @bottom-right {\n content: counter(page) " of " counter(pages);\n }\n }\n\n html {\n /* no general margins -- CSS Grid takes care of those */\n }\n\n p, code {\n page-break-inside: avoid;\n }\n\n h2, h3 {\n page-break-after: avoid;\n }\n\n d-header {\n visibility: hidden;\n }\n\n d-footer {\n display: none!important;\n }\n\n}\n',mi=[{name:'WebComponents',support:function(){return'customElements'in window&&'attachShadow'in Element.prototype&&'getRootNode'in Element.prototype&&'content'in document.createElement('template')&&'Promise'in window&&'from'in Array},url:'https://distill.pub/third-party/polyfills/webcomponents-lite.js'},{name:'IntersectionObserver',support:function(){return'IntersectionObserver'in window&&'IntersectionObserverEntry'in window},url:'https://distill.pub/third-party/polyfills/intersection-observer.js'}];class yi{static browserSupportsAllFeatures(){return mi.every((e)=>e.support())}static load(e){const t=function(t){t.loaded=!0,console.info('Runlevel 0: Polyfill has finished loading: '+t.name),yi.neededPolyfills.every((e)=>e.loaded)&&(console.info('Runlevel 0: All required polyfills have finished loading.'),console.info('Runlevel 0->1.'),window.distillRunlevel=1,e())};for(const n of yi.neededPolyfills)g(n,t)}static get neededPolyfills(){return yi._neededPolyfills||(yi._neededPolyfills=mi.filter((e)=>!e.support())),yi._neededPolyfills}}const xi=ti('d-abstract',` + + + +`);class ki extends xi(HTMLElement){}const vi=ti('d-appendix',` + + +`,!1);class wi extends vi(HTMLElement){}const Si=/^\s*$/;class Ci extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-article'}constructor(){super(),new MutationObserver((e)=>{for(const t of e)for(const e of t.addedNodes)switch(e.nodeName){case'#text':{const t=e.nodeValue;if(!Si.test(t)){console.warn('Use of unwrapped text in distill articles is discouraged as it breaks layout! Please wrap any text in a or

tag. We found the following text: '+t);const n=document.createElement('span');n.innerHTML=e.nodeValue,e.parentNode.insertBefore(n,e),e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}}}}).observe(this,{childList:!0})}}var Ti='undefined'==typeof window?'undefined'==typeof global?'undefined'==typeof self?{}:self:global:window,_i=f(function(e,t){(function(e){function t(){this.months=['jan','feb','mar','apr','may','jun','jul','aug','sep','oct','nov','dec'],this.notKey=[',','{','}',' ','='],this.pos=0,this.input='',this.entries=[],this.currentEntry='',this.setInput=function(e){this.input=e},this.getEntries=function(){return this.entries},this.isWhitespace=function(e){return' '==e||'\r'==e||'\t'==e||'\n'==e},this.match=function(e,t){if((void 0==t||null==t)&&(t=!0),this.skipWhitespace(t),this.input.substring(this.pos,this.pos+e.length)==e)this.pos+=e.length;else throw'Token mismatch, expected '+e+', found '+this.input.substring(this.pos);this.skipWhitespace(t)},this.tryMatch=function(e,t){return(void 0==t||null==t)&&(t=!0),this.skipWhitespace(t),this.input.substring(this.pos,this.pos+e.length)==e},this.matchAt=function(){for(;this.input.length>this.pos&&'@'!=this.input[this.pos];)this.pos++;return!('@'!=this.input[this.pos])},this.skipWhitespace=function(e){for(;this.isWhitespace(this.input[this.pos]);)this.pos++;if('%'==this.input[this.pos]&&!0==e){for(;'\n'!=this.input[this.pos];)this.pos++;this.skipWhitespace(e)}},this.value_braces=function(){var e=0;this.match('{',!1);for(var t=this.pos,n=!1;;){if(!n)if('}'==this.input[this.pos]){if(0=this.input.length-1)throw'Unterminated value';n='\\'==this.input[this.pos]&&!1==n,this.pos++}},this.value_comment=function(){for(var e='',t=0;!(this.tryMatch('}',!1)&&0==t);){if(e+=this.input[this.pos],'{'==this.input[this.pos]&&t++,'}'==this.input[this.pos]&&t--,this.pos>=this.input.length-1)throw'Unterminated value:'+this.input.substring(start);this.pos++}return e},this.value_quotes=function(){this.match('"',!1);for(var e=this.pos,t=!1;;){if(!t){if('"'==this.input[this.pos]){var n=this.pos;return this.match('"',!1),this.input.substring(e,n)}if(this.pos>=this.input.length-1)throw'Unterminated value:'+this.input.substring(e)}t='\\'==this.input[this.pos]&&!1==t,this.pos++}},this.single_value=function(){var e=this.pos;if(this.tryMatch('{'))return this.value_braces();if(this.tryMatch('"'))return this.value_quotes();var t=this.key();if(t.match('^[0-9]+$'))return t;if(0<=this.months.indexOf(t.toLowerCase()))return t.toLowerCase();throw'Value expected:'+this.input.substring(e)+' for key: '+t},this.value=function(){for(var e=[this.single_value()];this.tryMatch('#');)this.match('#'),e.push(this.single_value());return e.join('')},this.key=function(){for(var e=this.pos;;){if(this.pos>=this.input.length)throw'Runaway key';if(0<=this.notKey.indexOf(this.input[this.pos]))return this.input.substring(e,this.pos);this.pos++}},this.key_equals_value=function(){var e=this.key();if(this.tryMatch('=')){this.match('=');var t=this.value();return[e,t]}throw'... = value expected, equals sign missing:'+this.input.substring(this.pos)},this.key_value_list=function(){var e=this.key_equals_value();for(this.currentEntry.entryTags={},this.currentEntry.entryTags[e[0]]=e[1];this.tryMatch(',')&&(this.match(','),!this.tryMatch('}'));)e=this.key_equals_value(),this.currentEntry.entryTags[e[0]]=e[1]},this.entry_body=function(e){this.currentEntry={},this.currentEntry.citationKey=this.key(),this.currentEntry.entryType=e.substring(1),this.match(','),this.key_value_list(),this.entries.push(this.currentEntry)},this.directive=function(){return this.match('@'),'@'+this.key()},this.preamble=function(){this.currentEntry={},this.currentEntry.entryType='PREAMBLE',this.currentEntry.entry=this.value_comment(),this.entries.push(this.currentEntry)},this.comment=function(){this.currentEntry={},this.currentEntry.entryType='COMMENT',this.currentEntry.entry=this.value_comment(),this.entries.push(this.currentEntry)},this.entry=function(e){this.entry_body(e)},this.bibtex=function(){for(;this.matchAt();){var e=this.directive();this.match('{'),'@STRING'==e?this.string():'@PREAMBLE'==e?this.preamble():'@COMMENT'==e?this.comment():this.entry(e),this.match('}')}}}e.toJSON=function(e){var n=new t;return n.setInput(e),n.bibtex(),n.entries},e.toBibtex=function(e){var t='';for(var n in e){if(t+='@'+e[n].entryType,t+='{',e[n].citationKey&&(t+=e[n].citationKey+', '),e[n].entry&&(t+=e[n].entry),e[n].entryTags){var i='';for(var a in e[n].entryTags)0!=i.length&&(i+=', '),i+=a+'= {'+e[n].entryTags[a]+'}';t+=i}t+='}\n\n'}return t}})(t)});class Li extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-bibliography'}constructor(){super();const e=new MutationObserver((e)=>{for(const t of e)('SCRIPT'===t.target.nodeName||'characterData'===t.type)&&this.parseIfPossible()});e.observe(this,{childList:!0,characterData:!0,subtree:!0})}connectedCallback(){requestAnimationFrame(()=>{this.parseIfPossible()})}parseIfPossible(){const e=this.querySelector('script');if(e)if('text/bibtex'==e.type){const t=e.textContent;if(this.bibtex!==t){this.bibtex=t;const e=b(this.bibtex);this.notify(e)}}else if('text/json'==e.type){const t=new Map(JSON.parse(e.textContent));this.notify(t)}else console.warn('Unsupported bibliography script tag type: '+e.type)}notify(e){const t=new CustomEvent('onBibliographyChanged',{detail:e,bubbles:!0});this.dispatchEvent(t)}static get observedAttributes(){return['src']}receivedBibtex(e){const t=b(e.target.response);this.notify(t)}attributeChangedCallback(e,t,n){var i=new XMLHttpRequest;i.onload=(t)=>this.receivedBibtex(t),i.onerror=()=>console.warn(`Could not load Bibtex! (tried ${n})`),i.responseType='text',i.open('GET',n,!0),i.send()}}class Ai extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-byline'}set frontMatter(e){this.innerHTML=y(e)}}const Ei=ti('d-cite',` + + + + +

+ + +
+`);class Di extends Ei(HTMLElement){connectedCallback(){this.outerSpan=this.root.querySelector('#citation-'),this.innerSpan=this.root.querySelector('.citation-number'),this.hoverBox=this.root.querySelector('d-hover-box'),window.customElements.whenDefined('d-hover-box').then(()=>{this.hoverBox.listen(this)})}static get observedAttributes(){return['key']}attributeChangedCallback(e,t,n){const i=t?'onCiteKeyChanged':'onCiteKeyCreated',a=n.split(','),d={detail:[this,a],bubbles:!0},r=new CustomEvent(i,d);document.dispatchEvent(r)}set key(e){this.setAttribute('key',e)}get key(){return this.getAttribute('key')}get keys(){return this.getAttribute('key').split(',')}set numbers(e){const t=e.map((e)=>{return-1==e?'?':e+1+''}),n='['+t.join(', ')+']';this.innerSpan&&(this.innerSpan.textContent=n)}set entries(e){this.hoverBox&&(this.hoverBox.innerHTML=`
    + ${e.map(l).map((e)=>`
  • ${e}
    • `).join('\n')} +
`)}}const Mi=` +d-citation-list { + contain: layout style; +} + +d-citation-list .references { + grid-column: text; +} + +d-citation-list .references .title { + font-weight: 500; +} +`;class Oi extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-citation-list'}connectedCallback(){this.hasAttribute('distill-prerendered')||(this.style.display='none')}set citations(e){x(this,e)}}var Ui=f(function(e){var t='undefined'==typeof window?'undefined'!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?self:{}:window,n=function(){var e=/\blang(?:uage)?-(\w+)\b/i,n=0,a=t.Prism={util:{encode:function(e){return e instanceof i?new i(e.type,a.util.encode(e.content),e.alias):'Array'===a.util.type(e)?e.map(a.util.encode):e.replace(/&/g,'&').replace(/e.length)break tokenloop;if(!(y instanceof n)){c.lastIndex=0;var v=c.exec(y),w=1;if(!v&&f&&x!=d.length-1){if(c.lastIndex=i,v=c.exec(e),!v)break;for(var S=v.index+(g?v[1].length:0),C=v.index+v[0].length,T=x,k=i,p=d.length;T=k&&(++x,i=k);if(d[x]instanceof n||d[T-1].greedy)continue;w=T-x,y=e.slice(i,k),v.index-=i}if(v){g&&(h=v[1].length);var S=v.index+h,v=v[0].slice(h),C=S+v.length,_=y.slice(0,S),L=y.slice(C),A=[x,w];_&&A.push(_);var E=new n(o,u?a.tokenize(v,u):v,b,v,f);A.push(E),L&&A.push(L),Array.prototype.splice.apply(d,A)}}}}}return d},hooks:{all:{},add:function(e,t){var n=a.hooks.all;n[e]=n[e]||[],n[e].push(t)},run:function(e,t){var n=a.hooks.all[e];if(n&&n.length)for(var d,r=0;d=n[r++];)d(t)}}},i=a.Token=function(e,t,n,i,a){this.type=e,this.content=t,this.alias=n,this.length=0|(i||'').length,this.greedy=!!a};if(i.stringify=function(e,t,n){if('string'==typeof e)return e;if('Array'===a.util.type(e))return e.map(function(n){return i.stringify(n,t,e)}).join('');var d={type:e.type,content:i.stringify(e.content,t,n),tag:'span',classes:['token',e.type],attributes:{},language:t,parent:n};if('comment'==d.type&&(d.attributes.spellcheck='true'),e.alias){var r='Array'===a.util.type(e.alias)?e.alias:[e.alias];Array.prototype.push.apply(d.classes,r)}a.hooks.run('wrap',d);var l=Object.keys(d.attributes).map(function(e){return e+'="'+(d.attributes[e]||'').replace(/"/g,'"')+'"'}).join(' ');return'<'+d.tag+' class="'+d.classes.join(' ')+'"'+(l?' '+l:'')+'>'+d.content+''},!t.document)return t.addEventListener?(t.addEventListener('message',function(e){var n=JSON.parse(e.data),i=n.language,d=n.code,r=n.immediateClose;t.postMessage(a.highlight(d,a.languages[i],i)),r&&t.close()},!1),t.Prism):t.Prism;var d=document.currentScript||[].slice.call(document.getElementsByTagName('script')).pop();return d&&(a.filename=d.src,document.addEventListener&&!d.hasAttribute('data-manual')&&('loading'===document.readyState?document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',a.highlightAll):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(a.highlightAll):window.setTimeout(a.highlightAll,16))),t.Prism}();e.exports&&(e.exports=n),'undefined'!=typeof Ti&&(Ti.Prism=n),n.languages.markup={comment://,prolog:/<\?[\w\W]+?\?>/,doctype://i,cdata://i,tag:{pattern:/<\/?(?!\d)[^\s>\/=$<]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\\1|\\?(?!\1)[\w\W])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/i,inside:{tag:{pattern:/^<\/?[^\s>\/]+/i,inside:{punctuation:/^<\/?/,namespace:/^[^\s>\/:]+:/}},"attr-value":{pattern:/=(?:('|")[\w\W]*?(\1)|[^\s>]+)/i,inside:{punctuation:/[=>"']/}},punctuation:/\/?>/,"attr-name":{pattern:/[^\s>\/]+/,inside:{namespace:/^[^\s>\/:]+:/}}}},entity:/&#?[\da-z]{1,8};/i},n.hooks.add('wrap',function(e){'entity'===e.type&&(e.attributes.title=e.content.replace(/&/,'&'))}),n.languages.xml=n.languages.markup,n.languages.html=n.languages.markup,n.languages.mathml=n.languages.markup,n.languages.svg=n.languages.markup,n.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\w\W]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:/@[\w-]+?.*?(;|(?=\s*\{))/i,inside:{rule:/@[\w-]+/}},url:/url\((?:(["'])(\\(?:\r\n|[\w\W])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1|.*?)\)/i,selector:/[^\{\}\s][^\{\};]*?(?=\s*\{)/,string:{pattern:/("|')(\\(?:\r\n|[\w\W])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},property:/(\b|\B)[\w-]+(?=\s*:)/i,important:/\B!important\b/i,function:/[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,punctuation:/[(){};:]/},n.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=n.util.clone(n.languages.css),n.languages.markup&&(n.languages.insertBefore('markup','tag',{style:{pattern:/()[\w\W]*?(?=<\/style>)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:n.languages.css,alias:'language-css'}}),n.languages.insertBefore('inside','attr-value',{"style-attr":{pattern:/\s*style=("|').*?\1/i,inside:{"attr-name":{pattern:/^\s*style/i,inside:n.languages.markup.tag.inside},punctuation:/^\s*=\s*['"]|['"]\s*$/,"attr-value":{pattern:/.+/i,inside:n.languages.css}},alias:'language-css'}},n.languages.markup.tag)),n.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\w\W]*?\*\//,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0}],string:{pattern:/(["'])(\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/((?:\b(?:class|interface|extends|implements|trait|instanceof|new)\s+)|(?:catch\s+\())[a-z0-9_\.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/(\.|\\)/}},keyword:/\b(if|else|while|do|for|return|in|instanceof|function|new|try|throw|catch|finally|null|break|continue)\b/,boolean:/\b(true|false)\b/,function:/[a-z\.0-9_]+(?=\()/i,number:/\b-?(?:0x[\da-f]+|\d*\.?\d+(?:e[+-]?\d+)?)\b/i,operator:/--?|\+\+?|!=?=?|<=?|>=?|==?=?|&&?|\|\|?|\?|\*|\/|~|\^|%/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/},n.languages.javascript=n.languages.extend('clike',{keyword:/\b(as|async|await|break|case|catch|class|const|continue|debugger|default|delete|do|else|enum|export|extends|finally|for|from|function|get|if|implements|import|in|instanceof|interface|let|new|null|of|package|private|protected|public|return|set|static|super|switch|this|throw|try|typeof|var|void|while|with|yield)\b/,number:/\b-?(0x[\dA-Fa-f]+|0b[01]+|0o[0-7]+|\d*\.?\d+([Ee][+-]?\d+)?|NaN|Infinity)\b/,function:/[_$a-zA-Z\xA0-\uFFFF][_$a-zA-Z0-9\xA0-\uFFFF]*(?=\()/i,operator:/--?|\+\+?|!=?=?|<=?|>=?|==?=?|&&?|\|\|?|\?|\*\*?|\/|~|\^|%|\.{3}/}),n.languages.insertBefore('javascript','keyword',{regex:{pattern:/(^|[^/])\/(?!\/)(\[.+?]|\\.|[^/\\\r\n])+\/[gimyu]{0,5}(?=\s*($|[\r\n,.;})]))/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0}}),n.languages.insertBefore('javascript','string',{"template-string":{pattern:/`(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\])*?`/,greedy:!0,inside:{interpolation:{pattern:/\$\{[^}]+\}/,inside:{"interpolation-punctuation":{pattern:/^\$\{|\}$/,alias:'punctuation'},rest:n.languages.javascript}},string:/[\s\S]+/}}}),n.languages.markup&&n.languages.insertBefore('markup','tag',{script:{pattern:/()[\w\W]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:n.languages.javascript,alias:'language-javascript'}}),n.languages.js=n.languages.javascript,function(){'undefined'!=typeof self&&self.Prism&&self.document&&document.querySelector&&(self.Prism.fileHighlight=function(){var e={js:'javascript',py:'python',rb:'ruby',ps1:'powershell',psm1:'powershell',sh:'bash',bat:'batch',h:'c',tex:'latex'};Array.prototype.forEach&&Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('pre[data-src]')).forEach(function(t){for(var i,a=t.getAttribute('data-src'),d=t,r=/\blang(?:uage)?-(?!\*)(\w+)\b/i;d&&!r.test(d.className);)d=d.parentNode;if(d&&(i=(t.className.match(r)||[,''])[1]),!i){var o=(a.match(/\.(\w+)$/)||[,''])[1];i=e[o]||o}var l=document.createElement('code');l.className='language-'+i,t.textContent='',l.textContent='Loading\u2026',t.appendChild(l);var s=new XMLHttpRequest;s.open('GET',a,!0),s.onreadystatechange=function(){4==s.readyState&&(400>s.status&&s.responseText?(l.textContent=s.responseText,n.highlightElement(l)):400<=s.status?l.textContent='\u2716 Error '+s.status+' while fetching file: '+s.statusText:l.textContent='\u2716 Error: File does not exist or is empty')},s.send(null)})},document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',self.Prism.fileHighlight))}()});Prism.languages.python={"triple-quoted-string":{pattern:/"""[\s\S]+?"""|'''[\s\S]+?'''/,alias:'string'},comment:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:/("|')(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\\r\n])*?\1/,greedy:!0},function:{pattern:/((?:^|\s)def[ \t]+)[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*(?=\()/g,lookbehind:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\bclass\s+)[a-z0-9_]+/i,lookbehind:!0},keyword:/\b(?:as|assert|async|await|break|class|continue|def|del|elif|else|except|exec|finally|for|from|global|if|import|in|is|lambda|pass|print|raise|return|try|while|with|yield)\b/,boolean:/\b(?:True|False)\b/,number:/\b-?(?:0[bo])?(?:(?:\d|0x[\da-f])[\da-f]*\.?\d*|\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?j?\b/i,operator:/[-+%=]=?|!=|\*\*?=?|\/\/?=?|<[<=>]?|>[=>]?|[&|^~]|\b(?:or|and|not)\b/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/},Prism.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\w\W]*?\*\//,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0}],string:{pattern:/(["'])(\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/((?:\b(?:class|interface|extends|implements|trait|instanceof|new)\s+)|(?:catch\s+\())[a-z0-9_\.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/(\.|\\)/}},keyword:/\b(if|else|while|do|for|return|in|instanceof|function|new|try|throw|catch|finally|null|break|continue)\b/,boolean:/\b(true|false)\b/,function:/[a-z\.0-9_]+(?=\()/i,number:/\b-?(?:0x[\da-f]+|\d*\.?\d+(?:e[+-]?\d+)?)\b/i,operator:/--?|\+\+?|!=?=?|<=?|>=?|==?=?|&&?|\|\|?|\?|\*|\/|~|\^|%/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/},Prism.languages.lua={comment:/^#!.+|--(?:\[(=*)\[[\s\S]*?\]\1\]|.*)/m,string:{pattern:/(["'])(?:(?!\1)[^\\\r\n]|\\z(?:\r\n|\s)|\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S]))*\1|\[(=*)\[[\s\S]*?\]\2\]/,greedy:!0},number:/\b0x[a-f\d]+\.?[a-f\d]*(?:p[+-]?\d+)?\b|\b\d+(?:\.\B|\.?\d*(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b)|\B\.\d+(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,keyword:/\b(?:and|break|do|else|elseif|end|false|for|function|goto|if|in|local|nil|not|or|repeat|return|then|true|until|while)\b/,function:/(?!\d)\w+(?=\s*(?:[({]))/,operator:[/[-+*%^&|#]|\/\/?|<[<=]?|>[>=]?|[=~]=?/,{pattern:/(^|[^.])\.\.(?!\.)/,lookbehind:!0}],punctuation:/[\[\](){},;]|\.+|:+/},function(e){var t={variable:[{pattern:/\$?\(\([\w\W]+?\)\)/,inside:{variable:[{pattern:/(^\$\(\([\w\W]+)\)\)/,lookbehind:!0},/^\$\(\(/],number:/\b-?(?:0x[\dA-Fa-f]+|\d*\.?\d+(?:[Ee]-?\d+)?)\b/,operator:/--?|-=|\+\+?|\+=|!=?|~|\*\*?|\*=|\/=?|%=?|<<=?|>>=?|<=?|>=?|==?|&&?|&=|\^=?|\|\|?|\|=|\?|:/,punctuation:/\(\(?|\)\)?|,|;/}},{pattern:/\$\([^)]+\)|`[^`]+`/,inside:{variable:/^\$\(|^`|\)$|`$/}},/\$(?:[a-z0-9_#\?\*!@]+|\{[^}]+\})/i]};e.languages.bash={shebang:{pattern:/^#!\s*\/bin\/bash|^#!\s*\/bin\/sh/,alias:'important'},comment:{pattern:/(^|[^"{\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:[{pattern:/((?:^|[^<])<<\s*)(?:"|')?(\w+?)(?:"|')?\s*\r?\n(?:[\s\S])*?\r?\n\2/g,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:t},{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\])*?\1/g,greedy:!0,inside:t}],variable:t.variable,function:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:alias|apropos|apt-get|aptitude|aspell|awk|basename|bash|bc|bg|builtin|bzip2|cal|cat|cd|cfdisk|chgrp|chmod|chown|chroot|chkconfig|cksum|clear|cmp|comm|command|cp|cron|crontab|csplit|cut|date|dc|dd|ddrescue|df|diff|diff3|dig|dir|dircolors|dirname|dirs|dmesg|du|egrep|eject|enable|env|ethtool|eval|exec|expand|expect|export|expr|fdformat|fdisk|fg|fgrep|file|find|fmt|fold|format|free|fsck|ftp|fuser|gawk|getopts|git|grep|groupadd|groupdel|groupmod|groups|gzip|hash|head|help|hg|history|hostname|htop|iconv|id|ifconfig|ifdown|ifup|import|install|jobs|join|kill|killall|less|link|ln|locate|logname|logout|look|lpc|lpr|lprint|lprintd|lprintq|lprm|ls|lsof|make|man|mkdir|mkfifo|mkisofs|mknod|more|most|mount|mtools|mtr|mv|mmv|nano|netstat|nice|nl|nohup|notify-send|npm|nslookup|open|op|passwd|paste|pathchk|ping|pkill|popd|pr|printcap|printenv|printf|ps|pushd|pv|pwd|quota|quotacheck|quotactl|ram|rar|rcp|read|readarray|readonly|reboot|rename|renice|remsync|rev|rm|rmdir|rsync|screen|scp|sdiff|sed|seq|service|sftp|shift|shopt|shutdown|sleep|slocate|sort|source|split|ssh|stat|strace|su|sudo|sum|suspend|sync|tail|tar|tee|test|time|timeout|times|touch|top|traceroute|trap|tr|tsort|tty|type|ulimit|umask|umount|unalias|uname|unexpand|uniq|units|unrar|unshar|uptime|useradd|userdel|usermod|users|uuencode|uudecode|v|vdir|vi|vmstat|wait|watch|wc|wget|whereis|which|who|whoami|write|xargs|xdg-open|yes|zip)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},keyword:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:let|:|\.|if|then|else|elif|fi|for|break|continue|while|in|case|function|select|do|done|until|echo|exit|return|set|declare)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},boolean:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:true|false)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},operator:/&&?|\|\|?|==?|!=?|<<>|<=?|>=?|=~/,punctuation:/\$?\(\(?|\)\)?|\.\.|[{}[\];]/};var n=t.variable[1].inside;n['function']=e.languages.bash['function'],n.keyword=e.languages.bash.keyword,n.boolean=e.languages.bash.boolean,n.operator=e.languages.bash.operator,n.punctuation=e.languages.bash.punctuation}(Prism),Prism.languages.go=Prism.languages.extend('clike',{keyword:/\b(break|case|chan|const|continue|default|defer|else|fallthrough|for|func|go(to)?|if|import|interface|map|package|range|return|select|struct|switch|type|var)\b/,builtin:/\b(bool|byte|complex(64|128)|error|float(32|64)|rune|string|u?int(8|16|32|64|)|uintptr|append|cap|close|complex|copy|delete|imag|len|make|new|panic|print(ln)?|real|recover)\b/,boolean:/\b(_|iota|nil|true|false)\b/,operator:/[*\/%^!=]=?|\+[=+]?|-[=-]?|\|[=|]?|&(?:=|&|\^=?)?|>(?:>=?|=)?|<(?:<=?|=|-)?|:=|\.\.\./,number:/\b(-?(0x[a-f\d]+|(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(e[-+]?\d+)?)i?)\b/i,string:/("|'|`)(\\?.|\r|\n)*?\1/}),delete Prism.languages.go['class-name'],Prism.languages.markdown=Prism.languages.extend('markup',{}),Prism.languages.insertBefore('markdown','prolog',{blockquote:{pattern:/^>(?:[\t ]*>)*/m,alias:'punctuation'},code:[{pattern:/^(?: {4}|\t).+/m,alias:'keyword'},{pattern:/``.+?``|`[^`\n]+`/,alias:'keyword'}],title:[{pattern:/\w+.*(?:\r?\n|\r)(?:==+|--+)/,alias:'important',inside:{punctuation:/==+$|--+$/}},{pattern:/(^\s*)#+.+/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'important',inside:{punctuation:/^#+|#+$/}}],hr:{pattern:/(^\s*)([*-])([\t ]*\2){2,}(?=\s*$)/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'punctuation'},list:{pattern:/(^\s*)(?:[*+-]|\d+\.)(?=[\t ].)/m,lookbehind:!0,alias:'punctuation'},"url-reference":{pattern:/!?\[[^\]]+\]:[\t ]+(?:\S+|<(?:\\.|[^>\\])+>)(?:[\t ]+(?:"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"|'(?:\\.|[^'\\])*'|\((?:\\.|[^)\\])*\)))?/,inside:{variable:{pattern:/^(!?\[)[^\]]+/,lookbehind:!0},string:/(?:"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"|'(?:\\.|[^'\\])*'|\((?:\\.|[^)\\])*\))$/,punctuation:/^[\[\]!:]|[<>]/},alias:'url'},bold:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])(\*\*|__)(?:(?:\r?\n|\r)(?!\r?\n|\r)|.)+?\2/,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/^\*\*|^__|\*\*$|__$/}},italic:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])([*_])(?:(?:\r?\n|\r)(?!\r?\n|\r)|.)+?\2/,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/^[*_]|[*_]$/}},url:{pattern:/!?\[[^\]]+\](?:\([^\s)]+(?:[\t ]+"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*")?\)| ?\[[^\]\n]*\])/,inside:{variable:{pattern:/(!?\[)[^\]]+(?=\]$)/,lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:/"(?:\\.|[^"\\])*"(?=\)$)/}}}}),Prism.languages.markdown.bold.inside.url=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.url),Prism.languages.markdown.italic.inside.url=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.url),Prism.languages.markdown.bold.inside.italic=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.italic),Prism.languages.markdown.italic.inside.bold=Prism.util.clone(Prism.languages.markdown.bold),Prism.languages.julia={comment:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:/"""[\s\S]+?"""|'''[\s\S]+?'''|("|')(\\?.)*?\1/,keyword:/\b(abstract|baremodule|begin|bitstype|break|catch|ccall|const|continue|do|else|elseif|end|export|finally|for|function|global|if|immutable|import|importall|let|local|macro|module|print|println|quote|return|try|type|typealias|using|while)\b/,boolean:/\b(true|false)\b/,number:/\b-?(0[box])?(?:[\da-f]+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(?:[efp][+-]?\d+)?j?\b/i,operator:/\+=?|-=?|\*=?|\/[\/=]?|\\=?|\^=?|%=?|÷=?|!=?=?|&=?|\|[=>]?|\$=?|<(?:<=?|[=:])?|>(?:=|>>?=?)?|==?=?|[~≠≤≥]/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/};const Ii=ti('d-code',` + + + + +`);class Ni extends ei(Ii(HTMLElement)){renderContent(){if(this.languageName=this.getAttribute('language'),!this.languageName)return void console.warn('You need to provide a language attribute to your block to let us know how to highlight your code; e.g.:\n zeros = np.zeros(shape).');const e=Ui.languages[this.languageName];if(void 0==e)return void console.warn(`Distill does not yet support highlighting your code block in "${this.languageName}'.`);let t=this.textContent;const n=this.shadowRoot.querySelector('#code-container');if(this.hasAttribute('block')){t=t.replace(/\n/,'');const e=t.match(/\s*/);if(t=t.replace(new RegExp('\n'+e,'g'),'\n'),t=t.trim(),n.parentNode instanceof ShadowRoot){const e=document.createElement('pre');this.shadowRoot.removeChild(n),e.appendChild(n),this.shadowRoot.appendChild(e)}}n.className=`language-${this.languageName}`,n.innerHTML=Ui.highlight(t,e)}}const ji=ti('d-footnote',` + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +`);class Ri extends ji(HTMLElement){constructor(){super();const e=new MutationObserver(this.notify);e.observe(this,{childList:!0,characterData:!0,subtree:!0})}notify(){const e={detail:this,bubbles:!0},t=new CustomEvent('onFootnoteChanged',e);document.dispatchEvent(t)}connectedCallback(){this.hoverBox=this.root.querySelector('d-hover-box'),window.customElements.whenDefined('d-hover-box').then(()=>{this.hoverBox.listen(this)}),Ri.currentFootnoteId+=1;const e=Ri.currentFootnoteId.toString();this.root.host.id='d-footnote-'+e;const t='dt-fn-hover-box-'+e;this.hoverBox.id=t;const n=this.root.querySelector('#fn-');n.setAttribute('id','fn-'+e),n.setAttribute('data-hover-ref',t),n.textContent=e}}Ri.currentFootnoteId=0;const qi=ti('d-footnote-list',` + + +

Footnotes

+
    +`,!1);class Fi extends qi(HTMLElement){connectedCallback(){super.connectedCallback(),this.list=this.root.querySelector('ol'),this.root.style.display='none'}set footnotes(e){if(this.list.innerHTML='',e.length){this.root.style.display='';for(const t of e){const e=document.createElement('li');e.id=t.id+'-listing',e.innerHTML=t.innerHTML;const n=document.createElement('a');n.setAttribute('class','footnote-backlink'),n.textContent='[\u21A9]',n.href='#'+t.id,e.appendChild(n),this.list.appendChild(e)}}else this.root.style.display='none'}}const Pi=ti('d-hover-box',` + + +
    +
    + +
    +
    +`);class Hi extends Pi(HTMLElement){constructor(){super()}connectedCallback(){}listen(e){this.bindDivEvents(this),this.bindTriggerEvents(e)}bindDivEvents(e){e.addEventListener('mouseover',()=>{this.visible||this.showAtNode(e),this.stopTimeout()}),e.addEventListener('mouseout',()=>{this.extendTimeout(500)}),e.addEventListener('touchstart',(e)=>{e.stopPropagation()},{passive:!0}),document.body.addEventListener('touchstart',()=>{this.hide()},{passive:!0})}bindTriggerEvents(e){e.addEventListener('mouseover',()=>{this.visible||this.showAtNode(e),this.stopTimeout()}),e.addEventListener('mouseout',()=>{this.extendTimeout(300)}),e.addEventListener('touchstart',(t)=>{this.visible?this.hide():this.showAtNode(e),t.stopPropagation()},{passive:!0})}show(e){this.visible=!0,this.style.display='block',this.style.top=Pn(e[1]+10)+'px'}showAtNode(e){const t=e.getBoundingClientRect();this.show([e.offsetLeft+t.width,e.offsetTop+t.height])}hide(){this.visible=!1,this.style.display='none',this.stopTimeout()}stopTimeout(){this.timeout&&clearTimeout(this.timeout)}extendTimeout(e){this.stopTimeout(),this.timeout=setTimeout(()=>{this.hide()},e)}}class zi extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-title'}}const Yi=ti('d-references',` + +`,!1);class Bi extends Yi(HTMLElement){}class Wi extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-toc'}connectedCallback(){this.getAttribute('prerendered')||(window.onload=()=>{const e=document.querySelector('d-article'),t=e.querySelectorAll('h2, h3');k(this,t)})}}class Vi extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'd-figure'}static get readyQueue(){return Vi._readyQueue||(Vi._readyQueue=[]),Vi._readyQueue}static addToReadyQueue(e){-1===Vi.readyQueue.indexOf(e)&&(Vi.readyQueue.push(e),Vi.runReadyQueue())}static runReadyQueue(){const e=Vi.readyQueue.sort((e,t)=>e._seenOnScreen-t._seenOnScreen).filter((e)=>!e._ready).pop();e&&(e.ready(),requestAnimationFrame(Vi.runReadyQueue))}constructor(){super(),this._ready=!1,this._onscreen=!1,this._offscreen=!0}connectedCallback(){this.loadsWhileScrolling=this.hasAttribute('loadsWhileScrolling'),Vi.marginObserver.observe(this),Vi.directObserver.observe(this)}disconnectedCallback(){Vi.marginObserver.unobserve(this),Vi.directObserver.unobserve(this)}static get marginObserver(){if(!Vi._marginObserver){const e=window.innerHeight,t=Fn(2*e),n=Vi.didObserveMarginIntersection,i=new IntersectionObserver(n,{rootMargin:t+'px 0px '+t+'px 0px',threshold:0.01});Vi._marginObserver=i}return Vi._marginObserver}static didObserveMarginIntersection(e){for(const t of e){const e=t.target;t.isIntersecting&&!e._ready&&Vi.addToReadyQueue(e)}}static get directObserver(){return Vi._directObserver||(Vi._directObserver=new IntersectionObserver(Vi.didObserveDirectIntersection,{rootMargin:'0px',threshold:[0,1]})),Vi._directObserver}static didObserveDirectIntersection(e){for(const t of e){const e=t.target;t.isIntersecting?(e._seenOnScreen=new Date,e._offscreen&&e.onscreen()):e._onscreen&&e.offscreen()}}addEventListener(e,t){super.addEventListener(e,t),'ready'===e&&-1!==Vi.readyQueue.indexOf(this)&&(this._ready=!1,Vi.runReadyQueue()),'onscreen'===e&&this.onscreen()}ready(){this._ready=!0,Vi.marginObserver.unobserve(this);const e=new CustomEvent('ready');this.dispatchEvent(e)}onscreen(){this._onscreen=!0,this._offscreen=!1;const e=new CustomEvent('onscreen');this.dispatchEvent(e)}offscreen(){this._onscreen=!1,this._offscreen=!0;const e=new CustomEvent('offscreen');this.dispatchEvent(e)}}if('undefined'!=typeof window){Vi.isScrolling=!1;let e;window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{Vi.isScrolling=!0,clearTimeout(e),e=setTimeout(()=>{Vi.isScrolling=!1,Vi.runReadyQueue()},500)},!0)}const Ki=ti('d-interstitial',` + + +
    +
    +

    This article is in review.

    +

    Do not share this URL or the contents of this article. Thank you!

    + +

    Enter the password we shared with you as part of the review process to view the article.

    +
    +
    +`);class $i extends Ki(HTMLElement){connectedCallback(){if(this.shouldRemoveSelf())this.parentElement.removeChild(this);else{const e=this.root.querySelector('#interstitial-password-input');e.oninput=(e)=>this.passwordChanged(e)}}passwordChanged(e){const t=e.target.value;t===this.password&&(console.log('Correct password entered.'),this.parentElement.removeChild(this),'undefined'!=typeof Storage&&(console.log('Saved that correct password was entered.'),localStorage.setItem(this.localStorageIdentifier(),'true')))}shouldRemoveSelf(){return window&&window.location.hostname==='distill.pub'?(console.warn('Interstitial found on production, hiding it.'),!0):'undefined'!=typeof Storage&&'true'===localStorage.getItem(this.localStorageIdentifier())&&(console.log('Loaded that correct password was entered before; skipping interstitial.'),!0)}localStorageIdentifier(){return'distill-drafts'+(window?window.location.pathname:'-')+'interstitial-password-correct'}}var Xi=function(e,t){return et?1:e>=t?0:NaN},Ji=function(e){return 1===e.length&&(e=v(e)),{left:function(t,n,i,a){for(null==i&&(i=0),null==a&&(a=t.length);i>>1;0>e(t[d],n)?i=d+1:a=d}return i},right:function(t,n,i,a){for(null==i&&(i=0),null==a&&(a=t.length);i>>1;0(i=arguments.length)?(t=e,e=0,1):3>i?1:+a;for(var d=-1,i=0|Rn(0,qn((t-e)/a)),n=Array(i);++d=this.r&&0<=this.g&&255>=this.g&&0<=this.b&&255>=this.b&&0<=this.opacity&&1>=this.opacity},toString:function(){var e=this.opacity;return e=isNaN(e)?1:Rn(0,Hn(1,e)),(1===e?'rgb(':'rgba(')+Rn(0,Hn(255,Pn(this.r)||0))+', '+Rn(0,Hn(255,Pn(this.g)||0))+', '+Rn(0,Hn(255,Pn(this.b)||0))+(1===e?')':', '+e+')')}})),ra(F,function(e,t,n,i){return 1===arguments.length?q(e):new F(e,t,n,null==i?1:i)},_(L,{brighter:function(e){return e=null==e?la:In(la,e),new F(this.h,this.s,this.l*e,this.opacity)},darker:function(e){return e=null==e?oa:In(oa,e),new F(this.h,this.s,this.l*e,this.opacity)},rgb:function(){var e=this.h%360+360*(0>this.h),t=isNaN(e)||isNaN(this.s)?0:this.s,n=this.l,i=n+(0.5>n?n:1-n)*t,a=2*n-i;return new j(P(240<=e?e-240:e+120,a,i),P(e,a,i),P(120>e?e+240:e-120,a,i),this.opacity)},displayable:function(){return(0<=this.s&&1>=this.s||isNaN(this.s))&&0<=this.l&&1>=this.l&&0<=this.opacity&&1>=this.opacity}}));var ya=On/180,xa=180/On,ka=18,Kn=0.95047,Xn=1,Yn=1.08883,Zn=4/29,va=6/29,wa=3*va*va,Sa=va*va*va;ra(Y,function(e,t,n,i){return 1===arguments.length?H(e):new Y(e,t,n,null==i?1:i)},_(L,{brighter:function(e){return new Y(this.l+ka*(null==e?1:e),this.a,this.b,this.opacity)},darker:function(e){return new Y(this.l-ka*(null==e?1:e),this.a,this.b,this.opacity)},rgb:function(){var e=(this.l+16)/116,t=isNaN(this.a)?e:e+this.a/500,n=isNaN(this.b)?e:e-this.b/200;return e=Xn*V(e),t=Kn*V(t),n=Yn*V(n),new j(K(3.2404542*t-1.5371385*e-0.4985314*n),K(-0.969266*t+1.8760108*e+0.041556*n),K(0.0556434*t-0.2040259*e+1.0572252*n),this.opacity)}})),ra(X,function(e,t,n,i){return 1===arguments.length?z(e):new X(e,t,n,null==i?1:i)},_(L,{brighter:function(e){return new X(this.h,this.c,this.l+ka*(null==e?1:e),this.opacity)},darker:function(e){return new X(this.h,this.c,this.l-ka*(null==e?1:e),this.opacity)},rgb:function(){return H(this).rgb()}}));var Ca=-0.14861,A=+1.78277,B=-0.29227,C=-0.90649,D=+1.97294,E=D*C,Ta=D*A,_a=A*B-C*Ca;ra(Z,Q,_(L,{brighter:function(e){return e=null==e?la:In(la,e),new Z(this.h,this.s,this.l*e,this.opacity)},darker:function(e){return e=null==e?oa:In(oa,e),new Z(this.h,this.s,this.l*e,this.opacity)},rgb:function(){var e=isNaN(this.h)?0:(this.h+120)*ya,t=+this.l,n=isNaN(this.s)?0:this.s*t*(1-t),i=Mn(e),a=Dn(e);return new j(255*(t+n*(Ca*i+A*a)),255*(t+n*(B*i+C*a)),255*(t+n*(D*i)),this.opacity)}}));var La=function(e){return function(){return e}},Aa=function e(t){function n(e,t){var n=i((e=N(e)).r,(t=N(t)).r),a=i(e.g,t.g),d=i(e.b,t.b),r=ne(e.opacity,t.opacity);return function(i){return e.r=n(i),e.g=a(i),e.b=d(i),e.opacity=r(i),e+''}}var i=te(t);return n.gamma=e,n}(1),Ea=function(e,t){var n,i=t?t.length:0,a=e?Hn(i,e.length):0,d=Array(i),r=Array(i);for(n=0;nr&&(d=n.slice(r,d),l[o]?l[o]+=d:l[++o]=d),(t=t[0])===(a=a[0])?l[o]?l[o]+=a:l[++o]=a:(l[++o]=null,s.push({i:o,x:Ma(t,a)})),r=Ia.lastIndex;return rl.length?s[0]?ae(s[0].x):ie(n):(n=s.length,function(e){for(var t,a=0;an?n-360*Pn(n/360):n):La(isNaN(e)?t:e)});var qa,Fa=de(ne),Pa=function(e){return function(){return e}},Ha=function(e){return+e},za=[0,1],Ya=function(e,t){if(0>(n=(e=t?e.toExponential(t-1):e.toExponential()).indexOf('e')))return null;var n,i=e.slice(0,n);return[1d&&(o=Rn(1,d-l)),i.push(a.substring(r-=o,r+o)),!((l+=o+1)>d));)o=e[t=(t+1)%e.length];return i.reverse().join(n)}},Va=function(e){return function(t){return t.replace(/[0-9]/g,function(t){return e[+t]})}},Ka=function(e,t){var n=Ya(e,t);if(!n)return e+'';var i=n[0],a=n[1];return 0>a?'0.'+Array(-a).join('0')+i:i.length>a+1?i.slice(0,a+1)+'.'+i.slice(a+1):i+Array(a-i.length+2).join('0')},$a={"":function(e,t){e=e.toPrecision(t);out:for(var a,d=e.length,n=1,i=-1;ni?r+Array(l-i+1).join('0'):0=^]))?([+\-\( ])?([$#])?(0)?(\d+)?(,)?(\.\d+)?([a-z%])?$/i;fe.prototype=he.prototype,he.prototype.toString=function(){return this.fill+this.align+this.sign+this.symbol+(this.zero?'0':'')+(null==this.width?'':Rn(1,0|this.width))+(this.comma?',':'')+(null==this.precision?'':'.'+Rn(0,0|this.precision))+this.type};var re,Ja,Qa,Za=function(e){return e},Ga=['y','z','a','f','p','n','\xB5','m','','k','M','G','T','P','E','Z','Y'],ed=function(e){function t(e){function t(e){var t,i,n,c=b,k=m;if('c'===h)k=y(e)+k,e='';else{e=+e;var v=0>e;if(e=y(Un(e),f),v&&0==+e&&(v=!1),c=(v?'('===s?s:'-':'-'===s||'('===s?'':s)+c,k=k+('s'===h?Ga[8+qa/3]:'')+(v&&'('===s?')':''),x)for(t=-1,i=e.length;++tn||57>1)+c+e+k+S.slice(w);break;default:e=S+c+e+k;}return r(e)}e=fe(e);var o=e.fill,l=e.align,s=e.sign,c=e.symbol,u=e.zero,p=e.width,g=e.comma,f=e.precision,h=e.type,b='$'===c?n[0]:'#'===c&&/[boxX]/.test(h)?'0'+h.toLowerCase():'',m='$'===c?n[1]:/[%p]/.test(h)?i:'',y=$a[h],x=!h||/[defgprs%]/.test(h);return f=null==f?h?6:12:/[gprs]/.test(h)?Rn(1,Hn(21,f)):Rn(0,Hn(20,f)),t.toString=function(){return e+''},t}var a=e.grouping&&e.thousands?Wa(e.grouping,e.thousands):Za,n=e.currency,d=e.decimal,r=e.numerals?Va(e.numerals):Za,i=e.percent||'%';return{format:t,formatPrefix:function(n,i){var a=t((n=fe(n),n.type='f',n)),d=3*Rn(-8,Hn(8,Fn(Ba(i)/3))),r=In(10,-d),o=Ga[8+d/3];return function(e){return a(r*e)+o}}}};(function(e){return re=ed(e),Ja=re.format,Qa=re.formatPrefix,re})({decimal:'.',thousands:',',grouping:[3],currency:['$','']});var td=function(e){return Rn(0,-Ba(Un(e)))},nd=function(e,t){return Rn(0,3*Rn(-8,Hn(8,Fn(Ba(t)/3)))-Ba(Un(e)))},id=function(e,t){return e=Un(e),t=Un(t)-e,Rn(0,Ba(t)-Ba(e))+1},ad=function(e,t,n){var i,a=e[0],d=e[e.length-1],r=S(a,d,null==t?10:t);switch(n=fe(null==n?',f':n),n.type){case's':{var o=Rn(Un(a),Un(d));return null!=n.precision||isNaN(i=nd(r,o))||(n.precision=i),Qa(n,o)}case'':case'e':case'g':case'p':case'r':{null!=n.precision||isNaN(i=id(r,Rn(Un(a),Un(d))))||(n.precision=i-('e'===n.type));break}case'f':case'%':{null!=n.precision||isNaN(i=td(r))||(n.precision=i-2*('%'===n.type));break}}return Ja(n)},dd=new Date,rd=new Date,od=ye(function(){},function(e,t){e.setTime(+e+t)},function(e,t){return t-e});od.every=function(e){return e=Fn(e),isFinite(e)&&0t&&(t+=cd),e.setTime(Fn((+e-t)/cd)*cd+t)},function(e,t){e.setTime(+e+t*cd)},function(e,t){return(t-e)/cd},function(e){return e.getHours()}),bd=ye(function(e){e.setHours(0,0,0,0)},function(e,t){e.setDate(e.getDate()+t)},function(e,t){return(t-e-(t.getTimezoneOffset()-e.getTimezoneOffset())*sd)/ud},function(e){return e.getDate()-1}),md=xe(0),yd=xe(1),xd=xe(2),kd=xe(3),vd=xe(4),wd=xe(5),Sd=xe(6),Cd=ye(function(e){e.setDate(1),e.setHours(0,0,0,0)},function(e,t){e.setMonth(e.getMonth()+t)},function(e,t){return t.getMonth()-e.getMonth()+12*(t.getFullYear()-e.getFullYear())},function(e){return e.getMonth()}),Td=ye(function(e){e.setMonth(0,1),e.setHours(0,0,0,0)},function(e,t){e.setFullYear(e.getFullYear()+t)},function(e,t){return t.getFullYear()-e.getFullYear()},function(e){return e.getFullYear()});Td.every=function(e){return isFinite(e=Fn(e))&&0arguments.length){for(;++ot&&(this._names.push(e),this._node.setAttribute('class',this._names.join(' ')))},remove:function(e){var t=this._names.indexOf(e);0<=t&&(this._names.splice(t,1),this._node.setAttribute('class',this._names.join(' ')))},contains:function(e){return 0<=this._names.indexOf(e)}};var wr=[null];xn.prototype=function(){return new xn([[document.documentElement]],wr)}.prototype={constructor:xn,select:function(e){'function'!=typeof e&&(e=br(e));for(var t=this._groups,a=t.length,d=Array(a),r=0;r=v&&(v=k+1);!(x=b[v])&&++varguments.length){var i=this.node();return n.local?i.getAttributeNS(n.space,n.local):i.getAttribute(n)}return this.each((null==t?n.local?Ft:qt:'function'==typeof t?n.local?Yt:zt:n.local?Ht:Pt)(n,t))},style:function(e,t,n){return 1arguments.length){for(var d=Zt(this.node()),r=-1,i=a.length;++rarguments.length){var n=this.node().__on;if(n)for(var s,o=0,c=n.length;oarguments.length&&(a=t,t=gr().changedTouches);for(var d,r=0,i=t?t.length:0;rx}b.mouse('drag')}function i(){Sr(ur.view).on('mousemove.drag mouseup.drag',null),vn(ur.view,c),Tr(),b.mouse('end')}function a(){if(p.apply(this,arguments)){var e,t,i=ur.changedTouches,a=g.apply(this,arguments),d=i.length;for(e=0;e + :host { + position: relative; + display: inline-block; + } + + :host(:focus) { + outline: none; + } + + .background { + padding: 9px 0; + color: white; + position: relative; + } + + .track { + height: 3px; + width: 100%; + border-radius: 2px; + background-color: hsla(0, 0%, 0%, 0.2); + } + + .track-fill { + position: absolute; + top: 9px; + height: 3px; + border-radius: 4px; + background-color: hsl(24, 100%, 50%); + } + + .knob-container { + position: absolute; + top: 10px; + } + + .knob { + position: absolute; + top: -6px; + left: -6px; + width: 13px; + height: 13px; + background-color: hsl(24, 100%, 50%); + border-radius: 50%; + transition-property: transform; + transition-duration: 0.18s; + transition-timing-function: ease; + } + .mousedown .knob { + transform: scale(1.5); + } + + .knob-highlight { + position: absolute; + top: -6px; + left: -6px; + width: 13px; + height: 13px; + background-color: hsla(0, 0%, 0%, 0.1); + border-radius: 50%; + transition-property: transform; + transition-duration: 0.18s; + transition-timing-function: ease; + } + + .focus .knob-highlight { + transform: scale(2); + } + + .ticks { + position: absolute; + top: 16px; + height: 4px; + width: 100%; + z-index: -1; + } + + .ticks .tick { + position: absolute; + height: 100%; + border-left: 1px solid hsla(0, 0%, 0%, 0.2); + } + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +`),Dr={left:37,up:38,right:39,down:40,pageUp:33,pageDown:34,end:35,home:36};class Mr extends Er(HTMLElement){connectedCallback(){this.connected=!0,this.setAttribute('role','slider'),this.hasAttribute('tabindex')||this.setAttribute('tabindex',0),this.mouseEvent=!1,this.knob=this.root.querySelector('.knob-container'),this.background=this.root.querySelector('.background'),this.trackFill=this.root.querySelector('.track-fill'),this.track=this.root.querySelector('.track'),this.min=this.min?this.min:0,this.max=this.max?this.max:100,this.scale=me().domain([this.min,this.max]).range([0,1]).clamp(!0),this.origin=this.origin===void 0?this.min:this.origin,this.step=this.step?this.step:1,this.update(this.value?this.value:0),this.ticks=!!this.ticks&&this.ticks,this.renderTicks(),this.drag=Ar().container(this.background).on('start',()=>{this.mouseEvent=!0,this.background.classList.add('mousedown'),this.changeValue=this.value,this.dragUpdate()}).on('drag',()=>{this.dragUpdate()}).on('end',()=>{this.mouseEvent=!1,this.background.classList.remove('mousedown'),this.dragUpdate(),this.changeValue!==this.value&&this.dispatchChange(),this.changeValue=this.value}),this.drag(Sr(this.background)),this.addEventListener('focusin',()=>{this.mouseEvent||this.background.classList.add('focus')}),this.addEventListener('focusout',()=>{this.background.classList.remove('focus')}),this.addEventListener('keydown',this.onKeyDown)}static get observedAttributes(){return['min','max','value','step','ticks','origin','tickValues','tickLabels']}attributeChangedCallback(e,t,n){isNaN(n)||void 0===n||null===n||('min'==e&&(this.min=+n,this.setAttribute('aria-valuemin',this.min)),'max'==e&&(this.max=+n,this.setAttribute('aria-valuemax',this.max)),'value'==e&&this.update(+n),'origin'==e&&(this.origin=+n),'step'==e&&0{const n=document.createElement('div');n.classList.add('tick'),n.style.left=100*this.scale(t)+'%',e.appendChild(n)})}else e.style.display='none'}}var Or='\n \n\n';const Ur=ti('distill-header',` + +
    + + +
    +`,!1);class Ir extends Ur(HTMLElement){}const Nr=` + +`;class jr extends HTMLElement{static get is(){return'distill-appendix'}set frontMatter(e){this.innerHTML=Ln(e)}}const Rr=ti('distill-footer',` + + +
    + + is dedicated to clear explanations of machine learning + +
    + About + Submit + Prize + Archive + RSS + GitHub + Twitter +      ISSN 2476-0757 +
    + +
    + +`);class qr extends Rr(HTMLElement){}const Fr=function(){if(1>window.distillRunlevel)throw new Error('Insufficient Runlevel for Distill Template!');if('distillTemplateIsLoading'in window&&window.distillTemplateIsLoading)throw new Error('Runlevel 1: Distill Template is getting loaded more than once, aborting!');else window.distillTemplateIsLoading=!0,console.info('Runlevel 1: Distill Template has started loading.');p(document),console.info('Runlevel 1: Static Distill styles have been added.'),console.info('Runlevel 1->2.'),window.distillRunlevel+=1;for(const[e,t]of Object.entries(hi.listeners))'function'==typeof t?document.addEventListener(e,t):console.error('Runlevel 2: Controller listeners need to be functions!');console.info('Runlevel 2: We can now listen to controller events.'),console.info('Runlevel 2->3.'),window.distillRunlevel+=1;if(2>window.distillRunlevel)throw new Error('Insufficient Runlevel for adding custom elements!');const e=[ki,wi,Ci,Li,Ai,Di,Oi,Ni,Ri,Fi,pi,Hi,zi,T,Bi,Wi,Vi,Mr,$i].concat([Ir,jr,qr]);for(const t of e)console.info('Runlevel 2: Registering custom element: '+t.is),customElements.define(t.is,t);console.info('Runlevel 3: Distill Template finished registering custom elements.'),console.info('Runlevel 3->4.'),window.distillRunlevel+=1,hi.listeners.DOMContentLoaded(),console.info('Runlevel 4: Distill Template initialisation complete.')};window.distillRunlevel=0,yi.browserSupportsAllFeatures()?(console.info('Runlevel 0: No need for polyfills.'),console.info('Runlevel 0->1.'),window.distillRunlevel+=1,Fr()):(console.info('Runlevel 0: Distill Template is loading polyfills.'),yi.load(Fr))}); +//# sourceMappingURL=template.v2.js.map +} diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/imp-print-1.png b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/imp-print-1.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ab65ac18 Binary files /dev/null and b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/imp-print-1.png differ diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/print-rec-1.png b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/print-rec-1.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..05fbeab5 Binary files /dev/null and b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/figure-html5/print-rec-1.png differ diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/header-attrs-2.29/header-attrs.js b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/header-attrs-2.29/header-attrs.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dd57d92e --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/header-attrs-2.29/header-attrs.js @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Pandoc 2.9 adds attributes on both header and div. We remove the former (to +// be compatible with the behavior of Pandoc < 2.8). +document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(e) { + var hs = document.querySelectorAll("div.section[class*='level'] > :first-child"); + var i, h, a; + for (i = 0; i < hs.length; i++) { + h = hs[i]; + if (!/^h[1-6]$/i.test(h.tagName)) continue; // it should be a header h1-h6 + a = h.attributes; + while (a.length > 0) h.removeAttribute(a[0].name); + } +}); diff --git a/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fc6c299b --- /dev/null +++ b/_projects/2025/100570651/100570651_files/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.js @@ -0,0 +1,10881 @@ +/*! + * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.6.0 + * https://jquery.com/ + * + * Includes Sizzle.js + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright OpenJS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://jquery.org/license + * + * Date: 2021-03-02T17:08Z + */ +( function( global, factory ) { + + "use strict"; + + if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) { + + // For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window` + // is present, execute the factory and get jQuery. + // For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document` + // (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports. + // This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`. + // e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window); + // See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + // Support: QtWeb <=3.8.5, WebKit <=534.34, wkhtmltopdf tool <=0.12.5 + // Plus for old WebKit, typeof returns "function" for HTML collections + // (e.g., `typeof document.getElementsByTagName("div") === "function"`). (gh-4756) + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number" && + typeof obj.item !== "function"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.6.0", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), + function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); + } ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.6 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2021-02-16 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem && elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = elem && ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +} +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the primary Deferred + primary = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + primary.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, primary.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, primary.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( primary.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return primary.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), primary.reject ); + } + + return primary.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
    " ], + col: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
    " ], + td: [ 3, "", "
    " ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // In Chrome, if an element having a focusout handler is blurred by + // clicking outside of it, it invokes the handler synchronously. If + // that handler calls `.remove()` on the element, the data is cleared, + // leaving `result` undefined. We need to guard against this. + return result && result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + which: true +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // Suppress native focus or blur as it's already being fired + // in leverageNative. + _default: function() { + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + // + // Support: Firefox 70+ + // Only Firefox includes border widths + // in computed dimensions. (gh-4529) + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;border-collapse:separate"; + tr.style.cssText = "border:1px solid"; + + // Support: Chrome 86+ + // Height set through cssText does not get applied. + // Computed height then comes back as 0. + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + // Support: Android 8 Chrome 86+ + // In our bodyBackground.html iframe, + // display for all div elements is set to "inline", + // which causes a problem only in Android 8 Chrome 86. + // Ensuring the div is display: block + // gets around this issue. + trChild.style.display = "block"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = ( parseInt( trStyle.height, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderTopWidth, 10 ) + + parseInt( trStyle.borderBottomWidth, 10 ) ) === tr.offsetHeight; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml, parserErrorElem; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + parserErrorElem = xml && xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" )[ 0 ]; + if ( !xml || parserErrorElem ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + ( + parserErrorElem ? + jQuery.map( parserErrorElem.childNodes, function( el ) { + return el.textContent; + } ).join( "\n" ) : + data + ) ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ).filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ).map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + +originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script but not if jsonp + if ( !isSuccess && + jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 && + jQuery.inArray( "json", s.dataTypes ) < 0 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html ); + } ); + }, + + unwrap: function( selector ) { + this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() { + jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes ); + } ); + return this; + } +} ); + + +jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) { + return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem ); +}; +jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) { + return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length ); +}; + + + + +jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() { + try { + return new window.XMLHttpRequest(); + } catch ( e ) {} +}; + +var xhrSuccessStatus = { + + // File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200 + 0: 200, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204 + 1223: 204 + }, + xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr(); + +support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported ); +support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported; + +jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) { + var callback, errorCallback; + + // Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest + if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) { + return { + send: function( headers, complete ) { + var i, + xhr = options.xhr(); + + xhr.open( + options.type, + options.url, + options.async, + options.username, + options.password + ); + + // Apply custom fields if provided + if ( options.xhrFields ) { + for ( i in options.xhrFields ) { + xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ]; + } + } + + // Override mime type if needed + if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) { + xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType ); + } + + // X-Requested-With header + // For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are + // akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure. + // (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup) + // For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided. + if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) { + headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest"; + } + + // Set headers + for ( i in headers ) { + xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Callback + callback = function( type ) { + return function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload = + xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.ontimeout = + xhr.onreadystatechange = null; + + if ( type === "abort" ) { + xhr.abort(); + } else if ( type === "error" ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // On a manual native abort, IE9 throws + // errors on any property access that is not readyState + if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) { + complete( 0, "error" ); + } else { + complete( + + // File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207 + xhr.status, + xhr.statusText + ); + } + } else { + complete( + xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status, + xhr.statusText, + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426) + // For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498) + ( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text" || + typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ? + { binary: xhr.response } : + { text: xhr.responseText }, + xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() + ); + } + } + }; + }; + + // Listen to events + xhr.onload = callback(); + errorCallback = xhr.onerror = xhr.ontimeout = callback( "error" ); + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort + // to handle uncaught aborts + if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) { + xhr.onabort = errorCallback; + } else { + xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { + + // Check readyState before timeout as it changes + if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) { + + // Allow onerror to be called first, + // but that will not handle a native abort + // Also, save errorCallback to a variable + // as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed + window.setTimeout( function() { + if ( callback ) { + errorCallback(); + } + } ); + } + }; + } + + // Create the abort callback + callback = callback( "abort" ); + + try { + + // Do send the request (this may raise an exception) + xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet + if ( callback ) { + throw e; + } + } + }, + + abort: function() { + if ( callback ) { + callback(); + } + } + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432) +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.contents.script = false; + } +} ); + +// Install script dataType +jQuery.ajaxSetup( { + accepts: { + script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " + + "application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript" + }, + contents: { + script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/ + }, + converters: { + "text script": function( text ) { + jQuery.globalEval( text ); + return text; + } + } +} ); + +// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) { + if ( s.cache === undefined ) { + s.cache = false; + } + if ( s.crossDomain ) { + s.type = "GET"; + } +} ); + +// Bind script tag hack transport +jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) { + + // This transport only deals with cross domain or forced-by-attrs requests + if ( s.crossDomain || s.scriptAttrs ) { + var script, callback; + return { + send: function( _, complete ) { + script = jQuery( "