diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 34f7290d..fec763a1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@ jobs:
           uv sync
           pnpm install
 
-      - name: Check Python formatting (black)
-        run: uv run black --check webapp/ tests/
+      - name: Check Python formatting & linting (ruff)
+        run: |
+          uv run ruff check webapp/ tests/
+          uv run ruff format --check webapp/ tests/
 
       - name: Check TypeScript formatting (prettier)
         run: pnpm format:check
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95c9fafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+    rev: v0.15.6
+    hooks:
+      - id: ruff
+        args: [--fix]
+      - id: ruff-format
+
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
+    rev: v3.5.3
+    hooks:
+      - id: prettier
+        types_or: [javascript, ts, json, vue]
+        additional_dependencies:
+          - prettier@3.8.1
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 860f24e6..0591f541 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -77,10 +77,11 @@ pnpm dev           # Starts both Flask server + Vite watcher
 
 ### Before Committing
 ```bash
-pnpm format            # Format TypeScript
-uv run black webapp/ tests/  # Format Python
-pnpm test              # Run TS tests
-uv run pytest tests/   # Run Python tests
+pnpm format                          # Format TypeScript
+uv run ruff format webapp/ tests/    # Format Python
+uv run ruff check webapp/ tests/     # Lint Python
+pnpm test                            # Run TS tests
+uv run pytest tests/                 # Run Python tests
 ```
 
 ## Important Notes
@@ -107,8 +108,9 @@ These are tracked by pytest but not blocking - they're data issues, not code iss
 
 ### Python
 
-- Black formatter, 100 char line length
-- Run `uv run black webapp/ tests/` before committing
+- Ruff formatter + linter, 100 char line length
+- Run `uv run ruff format webapp/ tests/` and `uv run ruff check webapp/ tests/` before committing
+- Pre-commit hooks run both automatically
 
 ## Don't
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index e7360a0d..66e047b4 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "flask>=3.1.0",
     "flask-cors>=6.0.0",
     "gunicorn>=24.0.0",
-    "Flask-FlatPages>=0.9.0",
     "openai>=2.21.0",
     "pillow>=12.1.1",
 ]
@@ -15,20 +14,36 @@ dependencies = [
 [dependency-groups]
 dev = [
     "pytest>=8.0.0",
-    "black>=24.0.0",
+    "ruff>=0.11.0",
     "wordfreq>=3.1.1",
 ]
 
-[tool.black]
+[tool.ruff]
 line-length = 100
-target-version = ['py314']
-include = '\.pyi?$'
-extend-exclude = '''
-/(
-    \.git
-    | \.venv
-    | venv
-    | node_modules
-    | webapp/static/dist
-)/
-'''
+target-version = "py311"
+exclude = [
+    ".git",
+    ".venv",
+    "venv",
+    "node_modules",
+    "webapp/static/dist",
+    "webapp/deprecated",
+    "tests/deprecated",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+select = [
+    "E",   # pycodestyle errors
+    "W",   # pycodestyle warnings
+    "F",   # pyflakes
+    "I",   # isort
+    "UP",  # pyupgrade
+    "B",   # flake8-bugbear
+    "SIM", # flake8-simplify
+]
+ignore = [
+    "E501", # line too long (formatter handles this)
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+known-first-party = ["webapp"]
diff --git a/scripts/analyze_word_quality.py b/scripts/analyze_word_quality.py
index 6c5a21b2..d34b55cd 100644
--- a/scripts/analyze_word_quality.py
+++ b/scripts/analyze_word_quality.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import argparse
 import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
-from math import log
 from pathlib import Path
 
 SCRIPT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ def cmd_char_freq(args):
     for char, freq in sorted_chars:
         count = int(freq * len(words))
         bar = "#" * int(freq * 100)
-        print(f"  {char}    {count:>6} {freq*100:>7.1f}%  {bar}")
+        print(f"  {char}    {count:>6} {freq * 100:>7.1f}%  {bar}")
 
     # Threshold analysis
     print(f"\n{'Threshold analysis':}")
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ def cmd_char_freq(args):
         filtered = [w for w in words if any(c in rare_chars for c in w)]
         remaining = len(words) - len(filtered)
         print(
-            f"    {threshold*100:>4.0f}%    {len(rare_chars):>6}       {len(filtered):>8}          {remaining:>6}"
+            f"    {threshold * 100:>4.0f}%    {len(rare_chars):>6}       {len(filtered):>8}          {remaining:>6}"
         )
 
 
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ def cmd_difficult_words(args):
     # Filter by threshold if specified
     if threshold is not None:
         scored = [(w, f, c) for w, f, c in scored if f < threshold]
-        print(f"Words in {lang} daily list with rarest character below {threshold*100:.0f}%:")
+        print(f"Words in {lang} daily list with rarest character below {threshold * 100:.0f}%:")
     else:
         print(f"All words in {lang} daily list sorted by difficulty (hardest first):")
 
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ def cmd_difficult_words(args):
     print(f"{'Word':<12} {'Rarest Char':>12} {'Char Freq %':>12}")
     print("-" * 38)
     for word, freq, char in scored:
-        print(f"  {word:<10} {char:>8}      {freq*100:>7.1f}%")
+        print(f"  {word:<10} {char:>8}      {freq * 100:>7.1f}%")
 
     print(f"\nTotal: {len(scored)} words")
 
@@ -267,10 +266,10 @@ def cmd_hebrew_suffixes(args):
         print(f"  → Keep: {keep}, blocklist: {to_block}")
         print()
 
-    print(f"{'='*50}")
+    print(f"{'=' * 50}")
     print(f"Total groups: {len(groups)}")
     print(f"Total words to blocklist: {total_to_blocklist}")
-    print(f"\nBlocklist additions (copy-paste ready):")
+    print("\nBlocklist additions (copy-paste ready):")
     for w in sorted(blocklist_words):
         print(w)
 
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ def cmd_hebrew_quality(args):
         sys.exit(1)
 
     print(f"Hebrew daily word quality analysis ({len(words)} words)")
-    print(f"Cross-referencing with wordfreq (Wikipedia, Reddit, Google Books, etc.)\n")
+    print("Cross-referencing with wordfreq (Wikipedia, Reddit, Google Books, etc.)\n")
 
     # Score each word
     not_in_wordfreq = []
@@ -313,16 +312,16 @@ def cmd_hebrew_quality(args):
             normal.append((word, zf))
 
     # Report
-    print(f"Category breakdown:")
+    print("Category breakdown:")
     print(f"  Normal (zipf >= 2.0):      {len(normal):>5} words")
     print(f"  Low frequency (zipf < 2.0): {len(low_wordfreq):>5} words")
     print(f"  Not in wordfreq at all:     {len(not_in_wordfreq):>5} words")
 
     if not_in_wordfreq:
-        print(f"\n{'='*50}")
+        print(f"\n{'=' * 50}")
         print(f"Words NOT found in wordfreq ({len(not_in_wordfreq)} words)")
-        print(f"These may be proper nouns, obscure, or malformed:")
-        print(f"{'='*50}")
+        print("These may be proper nouns, obscure, or malformed:")
+        print(f"{'=' * 50}")
         # Show first N
         limit = args.limit or 100
         for word, zf in sorted(not_in_wordfreq)[:limit]:
@@ -331,10 +330,10 @@ def cmd_hebrew_quality(args):
             print(f"  ... and {len(not_in_wordfreq) - limit} more")
 
     if low_wordfreq:
-        print(f"\n{'='*50}")
+        print(f"\n{'=' * 50}")
         print(f"Low-frequency words (zipf < 2.0, {len(low_wordfreq)} words)")
-        print(f"These may be uncommon or domain-specific:")
-        print(f"{'='*50}")
+        print("These may be uncommon or domain-specific:")
+        print(f"{'=' * 50}")
         low_wordfreq.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
         limit = args.limit or 50
         for word, zf in low_wordfreq[:limit]:
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@ def cmd_hebrew_quality(args):
     if has_freq:
         avg = sum(has_freq) / len(has_freq)
         print(
-            f"\nWordfreq coverage: {len(has_freq)}/{len(words)} words ({100*len(has_freq)/len(words):.1f}%)"
+            f"\nWordfreq coverage: {len(has_freq)}/{len(words)} words ({100 * len(has_freq) / len(words):.1f}%)"
         )
         print(f"Average zipf frequency (of found words): {avg:.2f}")
 
diff --git a/scripts/configs.ipynb b/scripts/configs.ipynb
index 2aa67a19..a9f68a1c 100644
--- a/scripts/configs.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/configs.ipynb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     "data_dir = \"../webapp/data/\"\n",
     "language_codes = [f.split(\"/\")[-1] for f in glob.glob(f\"{data_dir}/languages/*\")]\n",
     "\n",
-    "with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages.json\") as f:\n",
     "    languages = json.load(f)\n",
     "\n",
     "print(languages[\"en\"])"
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
    ],
    "source": [
     "# load english language config\n",
-    "with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/en/language_config.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/en/language_config.json\") as f:\n",
     "    en_config = json.load(f)\n",
     "\n",
     "f\"{data_dir}/languages/en/language_config.json\""
@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@
     "    # load from_language config\n",
     "    with open(\n",
     "        f\"{data_dir}languages/{from_language}/language_config.json\",\n",
-    "        \"r\",\n",
     "        encoding=\"utf-8\",\n",
     "    ) as f:\n",
     "        from_language_config = json.load(f)\n",
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@
     "    if os.path.exists(f\"{data_dir}languages/{to_language}/language_config.json\"):\n",
     "        with open(\n",
     "            f\"{data_dir}languages/{to_language}/language_config.json\",\n",
-    "            \"r\",\n",
     "            encoding=\"utf-8\",\n",
     "        ) as f:\n",
     "            to_language_config = json.load(f)\n",
@@ -158,9 +156,7 @@
     "        language_config[\"meta\"] = {}\n",
     "        language_config[\"meta\"][\"locale\"] = to_language\n",
     "        language_config[\"text\"] = {}\n",
-    "        language_config[\"text\"][\"subheader\"] = languages[to_language][\n",
-    "            \"language_name_native\"\n",
-    "        ]\n",
+    "        language_config[\"text\"][\"subheader\"] = languages[to_language][\"language_name_native\"]\n",
     "\n",
     "        # defaults\n",
     "        language_config[\"language_code_3\"] = \"\"\n",
@@ -202,9 +198,7 @@
     "\n",
     "        language_config[\"help\"] = {}\n",
     "        for key in from_language_config[\"help\"]:\n",
-    "            translated_text = translate_text(\n",
-    "                from_language_config[\"help\"][key], to_language\n",
-    "            )\n",
+    "            translated_text = translate_text(from_language_config[\"help\"][key], to_language)\n",
     "            if key in [\n",
     "                \"text_2_1\",\n",
     "                \"text_2_2\",\n",
@@ -553,14 +547,13 @@
     "\n",
     "import glob\n",
     "import json\n",
-    "import os\n",
     "\n",
     "data_dir = \"../webapp/data/\"\n",
     "\n",
     "for lang in glob.glob(f\"{data_dir}languages/*\"):\n",
     "    lang = lang.split(\"/\")[-1]\n",
     "    try:\n",
-    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/language_config.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/language_config.json\") as f:\n",
     "            language_config = json.load(f)\n",
     "\n",
     "        with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/keyboard.json\", \"w\") as f:\n",
@@ -601,7 +594,7 @@
     "for lang in glob.glob(f\"{data_dir}languages/*\"):\n",
     "    lang = lang.split(\"/\")[-1]\n",
     "    try:\n",
-    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/{lang}_keyboard.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/{lang}_keyboard.json\") as f:\n",
     "            keyboard = json.load(f)\n",
     "\n",
     "        keyboard = []\n",
diff --git a/scripts/curate_words.py b/scripts/curate_words.py
index b7781746..3e096845 100755
--- a/scripts/curate_words.py
+++ b/scripts/curate_words.py
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 
 import argparse
 import datetime
-import os
-import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
 # Paths
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ def extract_next_words(lang: str, num_days: int = 365) -> None:
             f.write(f"{start_idx + i}: {word}\n")
 
     print(f"Wrote {num_days} words to {output_file}")
-    print(f"Review the file and identify words to remove.")
+    print("Review the file and identify words to remove.")
 
 
 def remove_words(lang: str, words_to_remove: list[str]) -> None:
diff --git a/scripts/deprecated/capture_wiktionary_fixtures.py b/scripts/deprecated/capture_wiktionary_fixtures.py
index ffa6dbf6..64eab0ea 100644
--- a/scripts/deprecated/capture_wiktionary_fixtures.py
+++ b/scripts/deprecated/capture_wiktionary_fixtures.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 """
 
 import json
-import os
 import sys
 import time
 import urllib.parse
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@
 PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
 sys.path.insert(0, str(PROJECT_ROOT / "webapp"))
 
-from wiktionary import parse_wikt_definition, WIKT_LANG_MAP
+from wiktionary import WIKT_LANG_MAP, parse_wikt_definition
 
 LANGUAGES_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "webapp" / "data" / "languages"
 FIXTURES_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "tests" / "fixtures" / "wiktionary"
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def load_word_list(lang_code):
     word_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_5words.txt"
     if not word_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(word_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(word_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
 
 
diff --git a/scripts/hunspellToJSON.py b/scripts/hunspellToJSON.py
index b83e34d5..f449cc66 100644
--- a/scripts/hunspellToJSON.py
+++ b/scripts/hunspellToJSON.py
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python3.3
-import re, argparse, os, gzip, json
+import argparse
+import gzip
+import json
+import os
+import re
 
 
 def file_to_list(in_file):
@@ -393,15 +397,15 @@ def main():
 
         # Open AFF file
         try:
-            aff_file = open(aff_path, "r", encoding="ISO8859-1")
+            aff_file = open(aff_path, encoding="ISO8859-1")
             aff_rules = AFF(aff_file)
             aff_file.close()
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             print(aff_path + " not found")
 
         # Open DIC file
         try:
-            dict_file = open(dict_path, "r", encoding="ISO8859-1")
+            dict_file = open(dict_path, encoding="ISO8859-1")
             dictionary = DICT(
                 dict_file,
                 aff_rules,
@@ -414,7 +418,6 @@ def main():
 
             # Open output file
             if args.output:
-
                 if args.gzip:
                     out_file = gzip.open(args.output, "wb")
                 else:
@@ -433,7 +436,7 @@ def main():
             out_file.close()
 
             dict_file.close()
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             print(dict_path + " not found")
 
 
diff --git a/scripts/improve_word_lists.py b/scripts/improve_word_lists.py
index d5a00ca2..06b4154c 100644
--- a/scripts/improve_word_lists.py
+++ b/scripts/improve_word_lists.py
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ def process_language(
         result["reason"] = f"excluded ({lang})"
         return result
 
-    print(f"\n{'='*60}")
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
     print(f"Processing: {lang} ({LANG_NAMES.get(lang, lang)})")
-    print(f"{'='*60}")
+    print(f"{'=' * 60}")
 
     # Load existing data
     existing_words = load_word_list(lang)
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def process_language(
             daily_words = [w for w in daily_words if not any(c in rare_chars for c in w)]
             removed = pre_filter - len(daily_words)
             print(
-                f"  Character difficulty filter ({threshold*100:.0f}%): "
+                f"  Character difficulty filter ({threshold * 100:.0f}%): "
                 f"removed {removed} words with rare chars {rare_chars}"
             )
 
@@ -728,9 +728,9 @@ def batch_process(daily_count: int, dry_run: bool, overwrite: bool):
         results.append(result)
 
     # Summary table
-    print(f"\n{'='*80}")
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 80}")
     print(f"{'SUMMARY':^80}")
-    print(f"{'='*80}")
+    print(f"{'=' * 80}")
     print(
         f"{'Lang':<6} {'Status':<12} {'Daily':<8} {'Supplement':<12} {'Freq Match':<12} {'Notes'}"
     )
diff --git a/scripts/languages.ipynb b/scripts/languages.ipynb
index 84fd86b4..1163e200 100644
--- a/scripts/languages.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/languages.ipynb
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
     "# for every folder in raw/ (except en), create a folder in webapp/data/\n",
     "\n",
     "import os\n",
-    "import glob\n",
     "import random\n",
     "\n",
     "# problematic: tlh, vi, sr, ne, el, rw\n",
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
     "    filters a word dictionary to 5-letter words and saves them to a file\n",
     "    \"\"\"\n",
     "    words = []\n",
-    "    with open(raw_dir + lang + \"/index.dic\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "    with open(raw_dir + lang + \"/index.dic\") as f:\n",
     "        i = 0\n",
     "        for line in f:\n",
     "            i += 1\n",
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@
     "\n",
     "    # if '_characters.txt' file exists in out_dir, load it and filter by it\n",
     "    try:\n",
-    "        with open(out_dir + lang + \"/\" + lang + \"_characters.txt\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "        with open(out_dir + lang + \"/\" + lang + \"_characters.txt\") as f:\n",
     "            characters = [line.strip() for line in f]\n",
     "    except FileNotFoundError:\n",
     "        characters = []\n",
@@ -391,9 +390,7 @@
     "# Custom arabic word source\n",
     "import pandas as pd\n",
     "\n",
-    "df = pd.read_excel(\n",
-    "    raw_dir + \"ar/Top-50000-Arabic-Words-Masterlist_ModernStandardArabic.com_.xlsx\"\n",
-    ")"
+    "df = pd.read_excel(raw_dir + \"ar/Top-50000-Arabic-Words-Masterlist_ModernStandardArabic.com_.xlsx\")"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -451,7 +448,6 @@
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "# Let's do a more reusable version of all this\n",
-    "import random\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
     "def process_wordlist(\n",
@@ -501,12 +497,7 @@
     "            f.write(word + \"\\n\")\n",
     "\n",
     "    with open(\n",
-    "        out_dir\n",
-    "        + \"languages/\"\n",
-    "        + language_code\n",
-    "        + \"/\"\n",
-    "        + language_code\n",
-    "        + \"_characters.txt\",\n",
+    "        out_dir + \"languages/\" + language_code + \"/\" + language_code + \"_characters.txt\",\n",
     "        \"w\",\n",
     "    ) as f:\n",
     "        for char in characters:\n",
@@ -634,20 +625,16 @@
     "# let's try a better arabic wordlist\n",
     "# using file: '../raw/ar/hans-wehr.wordlist.txt' and acceptable characters: '../webapp/data/languages/ar/ar_characters.txt'\n",
     "\n",
-    "with open(\"../raw/ar/hans-wehr.wordlist.txt\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(\"../raw/ar/hans-wehr.wordlist.txt\") as f:\n",
     "    words = f.read().split(\"\\n\")\n",
     "\n",
-    "with open(out_dir + \"ar/ar_characters.txt\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(out_dir + \"ar/ar_characters.txt\") as f:\n",
     "    characters = f.read().split(\"\\n\")\n",
     "\n",
     "print(f\"Arabic 5 words: {len(words)}\")\n",
     "words_clean = []\n",
     "for word in words:\n",
-    "    if (\n",
-    "        len(word) == 5\n",
-    "        and word not in words_clean\n",
-    "        and all(char in characters for char in word)\n",
-    "    ):\n",
+    "    if len(word) == 5 and word not in words_clean and all(char in characters for char in word):\n",
     "        words_clean.append(word)\n",
     "\n",
     "print(len(words_clean))\n",
@@ -924,7 +911,7 @@
     "# load '../webapp/data/other_wordles.json'\n",
     "import json\n",
     "\n",
-    "with open(\"../webapp/data/other_wordles.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(\"../webapp/data/other_wordles.json\") as f:\n",
     "    other_wordles = json.load(f)\n",
     "\n",
     "# append wordles to '../webapp/data/other_wordles.json'\n",
diff --git a/scripts/languages_characters.ipynb b/scripts/languages_characters.ipynb
index f0d92e7d..8f0cb99e 100644
--- a/scripts/languages_characters.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/languages_characters.ipynb
@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
-    "import requests\n",
-    "import json\n",
-    "import re\n",
     "import glob\n",
+    "import json\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import requests\n",
+    "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
     "\n",
     "base_url = \"https://unicode-org.github.io/cldr-staging/charts/latest/summary/\"\n",
     "\n",
@@ -161,13 +161,9 @@
     "        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, \"html.parser\")\n",
     "\n",
     "        # get the table\n",
-    "        table = soup.find(\n",
-    "            \"table\", {\"border\": \"1\", \"cellpadding\": \"2\", \"cellspacing\": \"0\"}\n",
-    "        )\n",
+    "        table = soup.find(\"table\", {\"border\": \"1\", \"cellpadding\": \"2\", \"cellspacing\": \"0\"})\n",
     "        # find index of table header with text \"Native\"\n",
-    "        header_index = [\n",
-    "            i for i, th in enumerate(table.find_all(\"th\")) if \"Native\" in th.text\n",
-    "        ][0]\n",
+    "        header_index = [i for i, th in enumerate(table.find_all(\"th\")) if \"Native\" in th.text][0]\n",
     "        text = table.find_all(\"td\")[header_index].text\n",
     "\n",
     "        # remove [ and ]\n",
@@ -189,7 +185,7 @@
     "\n",
     "\n",
     "# store to json in /out/\n",
-    "with open(f\"out/languages_characters.json\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(\"out/languages_characters.json\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as f:\n",
     "    json.dump(language_characters, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4)"
    ]
   },
diff --git a/scripts/playground.ipynb b/scripts/playground.ipynb
index 1c09ddc0..d4a43cdb 100644
--- a/scripts/playground.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/playground.ipynb
@@ -485,9 +485,7 @@
     "    # column '639-1' is the language code\n",
     "    language_code = row[1][\"639-1\"]\n",
     "    language_name = row[1][\"ISO language name\"].split(\",\")[0].split(\"(\")[0].strip()\n",
-    "    language_name_native = (\n",
-    "        row[1][\"Native name (endonym)\"].split(\",\")[0].split(\"(\")[0].strip()\n",
-    "    )\n",
+    "    language_name_native = row[1][\"Native name (endonym)\"].split(\",\")[0].split(\"(\")[0].strip()\n",
     "    language_emoji = ascii2lang[language_code[0]] + ascii2lang[language_code[1]]\n",
     "\n",
     "    languages[language_code] = {\n",
@@ -529,7 +527,7 @@
     "# load arabic.json\n",
     "import json\n",
     "\n",
-    "with open(\"arabic.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "with open(\"arabic.json\") as f:\n",
     "    arabic = json.load(f)\n",
     "arabic"
    ]
diff --git a/scripts/solver.ipynb b/scripts/solver.ipynb
index cec42a4e..17825509 100644
--- a/scripts/solver.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/solver.ipynb
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@
     "bad_letters = [c for c in \"rtuiopsdfghcnl\"]\n",
     "for word in five_letter_words:\n",
     "    if not any(letter in word for letter in bad_letters):\n",
-    "        if \"a\" == word[0] and \"e\" == word[3]:\n",
+    "        if word[0] == \"a\" and word[3] == \"e\":\n",
     "            second_list.append(word)\n",
     "print(len(second_list))"
    ]
diff --git a/scripts/status.ipynb b/scripts/status.ipynb
index 2deffeb9..5ed79062 100644
--- a/scripts/status.ipynb
+++ b/scripts/status.ipynb
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@
     "\n",
     "import glob\n",
     "import json\n",
+    "\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
     "\n",
     "data_dir = \"../webapp/data/\"\n",
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@
     "    languages = {}\n",
     "    # for each language folder, get the language config.name and config.name_natove\n",
     "    for lang in language_codes:\n",
-    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/language_config.json\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/language_config.json\") as f:\n",
     "            language_config = json.load(f)\n",
     "        languages[lang] = {\n",
     "            \"language_name\": language_config[\"name\"],\n",
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@
     "\n",
     "def load_supplemental_words(lang):\n",
     "    try:\n",
-    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words_supplement.txt\", \"r\") as f:\n",
+    "        with open(f\"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words_supplement.txt\") as f:\n",
     "            supplemental_words = [line.strip() for line in f]\n",
     "    except FileNotFoundError:\n",
     "        supplemental_words = []\n",
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@
     "\n",
     "            language_name = languages[code][\"language_name\"]\n",
     "            f.write(\n",
-    "                f\"  - {language_name} ({code}): {' '*(25-(len(language_name)+len(code)))} {status_emoji} ({len(words) + len(words_supplement)} words)\\n\"\n",
+    "                f\"  - {language_name} ({code}): {' ' * (25 - (len(language_name) + len(code)))} {status_emoji} ({len(words) + len(words_supplement)} words)\\n\"\n",
     "            )"
    ]
   },
diff --git a/scripts/utils/google_trans_new.py b/scripts/utils/google_trans_new.py
index f4f59cfa..0b5202ad 100644
--- a/scripts/utils/google_trans_new.py
+++ b/scripts/utils/google_trans_new.py
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
-# coding:utf-8
 # author LuShan
 # from Hugo: thanks LuShan!
 # version : 1.1.9
 
-import json, requests, random, re
+import json
+import logging
+import random
+import re
 from urllib.parse import quote
+
+import requests
 import urllib3
-import logging
-from .constant import LANGUAGES, DEFAULT_SERVICE_URLS
+
+from .constant import DEFAULT_SERVICE_URLS, LANGUAGES
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 log.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ def __init__(self, msg=None, **kwargs):
             self.msg = self.infer_msg(self.tts, self.rsp)
         else:
             self.msg = None
-        super(google_new_transError, self).__init__(self.msg)
+        super().__init__(self.msg)
 
     def infer_msg(self, tts, rsp=None):
         cause = "Unknown"
@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ def infer_msg(self, tts, rsp=None):
             status = rsp.status_code
             reason = rsp.reason
 
-            premise = "{:d} ({}) from TTS API".format(status, reason)
+            premise = f"{status:d} ({reason}) from TTS API"
 
             if status == 403:
                 cause = "Bad token or upstream API changes"
@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ def infer_msg(self, tts, rsp=None):
             elif status >= 500:
                 cause = "Uptream API error. Try again later."
 
-        return "{}. Probable cause: {}".format(premise, cause)
+        return f"{premise}. Probable cause: {cause}"
 
 
 class google_translator:
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@ def __init__(self, url_suffix="cn", timeout=5, proxies=None):
             self.url_suffix = URL_SUFFIX_DEFAULT
         else:
             self.url_suffix = url_suffix
-        url_base = "https://translate.google.{}".format(self.url_suffix)
+        url_base = f"https://translate.google.{self.url_suffix}"
         self.url = url_base + "/_/TranslateWebserverUi/data/batchexecute"
         self.timeout = timeout
 
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ def _package_rpc(self, text, lang_src="auto", lang_tgt="auto"):
         rpc = [[[random.choice(GOOGLE_TTS_RPC), escaped_parameter, None, "generic"]]]
         espaced_rpc = json.dumps(rpc, separators=(",", ":"))
         # text_urldecode = quote(text.strip())
-        freq_initial = "f.req={}&".format(quote(espaced_rpc))
+        freq_initial = f"f.req={quote(espaced_rpc)}&"
         freq = freq_initial
         return freq
 
@@ -127,7 +131,7 @@ def translate(self, text, lang_tgt="auto", lang_src="auto", pronounce=False):
         if len(text) == 0:
             return ""
         headers = {
-            "Referer": "http://translate.google.{}/".format(self.url_suffix),
+            "Referer": f"http://translate.google.{self.url_suffix}/",
             "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) "
             "AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "
             "Chrome/47.0.2526.106 Safari/537.36",
@@ -192,10 +196,10 @@ def translate(self, text, lang_tgt="auto", lang_src="auto", pronounce=False):
             r.raise_for_status()
         except requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout as e:
             raise e
-        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
+        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
             # Request successful, bad response
             raise google_new_transError(tts=self, response=r)
-        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+        except requests.exceptions.RequestException:
             # Request failed
             raise google_new_transError(tts=self)
 
@@ -206,7 +210,7 @@ def detect(self, text):
         if len(text) == 0:
             return ""
         headers = {
-            "Referer": "http://translate.google.{}/".format(self.url_suffix),
+            "Referer": f"http://translate.google.{self.url_suffix}/",
             "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) "
             "AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "
             "Chrome/47.0.2526.106 Safari/537.36",
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 76230b32..71f1fc08 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 Pytest configuration and shared fixtures for Wordle Global tests.
 """
 
-import pytest
-import os
 import json
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import pytest
+
 # Exclude deprecated tests from collection
 collect_ignore_glob = ["deprecated/*"]
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def load_word_list(lang_code: str) -> list[str]:
     word_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_5words.txt"
     if not word_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(word_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(word_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
 
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def load_supplement_words(lang_code: str) -> list[str]:
     word_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_5words_supplement.txt"
     if not word_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(word_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(word_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
 
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def load_daily_words(lang_code: str) -> list[str]:
     word_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_daily_words.txt"
     if not word_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(word_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(word_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [
             line.strip().lower() for line in f if line.strip() and not line.strip().startswith("#")
         ]
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def load_blocklist(lang_code: str) -> set[str]:
     blocklist_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_blocklist.txt"
     if not blocklist_file.exists():
         return set()
-    with open(blocklist_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(blocklist_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return {
             line.strip().lower() for line in f if line.strip() and not line.strip().startswith("#")
         }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def load_characters(lang_code: str) -> list[str]:
     char_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_characters.txt"
     if not char_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(char_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(char_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
 
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def load_language_config(lang_code: str) -> dict | None:
     config_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / "language_config.json"
     if not config_file.exists():
         return None
-    with open(config_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(config_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return json.load(f)
 
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def load_keyboard(lang_code: str) -> list | None:
     keyboard_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_keyboard.json"
     if not keyboard_file.exists():
         return None
-    with open(keyboard_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(keyboard_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         data = json.load(f)
 
     # New multi-layout format
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary.py b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary.py
index 55b9eef4..993d64ef 100644
--- a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary.py
+++ b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary.py
@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@
     pytest tests/test_wiktionary.py --run-network # all tests
 """
 
-import io
 import json
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -20,17 +19,14 @@
 sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "webapp"))
 
 from wiktionary import (
-    parse_wikt_definition,
-    _fallback_extract_definition,
     _build_candidates,
+    _fallback_extract_definition,
     _follow_form_of,
-    fetch_native_wiktionary,
+    fetch_definition,
     fetch_english_definition,
     fetch_llm_definition,
-    fetch_definition,
-    strip_html,
-    LEMMA_STRIP_RULES,
-    LEMMA_SUFFIXES,
+    fetch_native_wiktionary,
+    parse_wikt_definition,
 )
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_definitions.py b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_definitions.py
index a35bb648..045d2ada 100644
--- a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_definitions.py
+++ b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_definitions.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def load_word_list(lang_code):
     word_file = LANGUAGES_DIR / lang_code / f"{lang_code}_5words.txt"
     if not word_file.exists():
         return []
-    with open(word_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    with open(word_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         return [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
 
 
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_parser.py b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_parser.py
index f52033d6..be62a6d7 100644
--- a/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_parser.py
+++ b/tests/deprecated/test_wiktionary_parser.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 sys.path.insert(0, str(PROJECT_ROOT / "tests"))
 
-from wiktionary import parse_wikt_definition, WIKT_LANG_MAP
+from wiktionary import WIKT_LANG_MAP, parse_wikt_definition
 from wiktionary_test_utils import is_quality_definition
 
 FIXTURES_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "tests" / "fixtures" / "wiktionary"
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def load_all_fixtures():
     fixtures = {}
     for f in sorted(FIXTURES_DIR.glob("*.json")):
         lang = f.stem
-        with open(f, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        with open(f, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             fixtures[lang] = json.load(fh)
     return fixtures
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def generate_golden_test_cases():
     cases = []
     for f in sorted(FIXTURES_DIR.glob("*.json")):
         lang = f.stem
-        with open(f, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        with open(f, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             data = json.load(fh)
         for word, info in data.items():
             extract = info.get("extract")
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def generate_quality_test_cases():
     cases = []
     for f in sorted(FIXTURES_DIR.glob("*.json")):
         lang = f.stem
-        with open(f, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        with open(f, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             data = json.load(fh)
         for word, info in data.items():
             parsed = info.get("parsed")
diff --git a/tests/test_daily_word.py b/tests/test_daily_word.py
index 8fddc41b..7e7664ab 100644
--- a/tests/test_daily_word.py
+++ b/tests/test_daily_word.py
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
 - Days > 1681: Consistent hashing algorithm (blocklist-friendly)
 """
 
-import pytest
 import datetime
-import random
 import hashlib
+import random
 from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
 from tests.conftest import ALL_LANGUAGES, load_word_list
 
 # Migration cutoff - must match webapp/app.py
@@ -164,9 +166,9 @@ def test_no_repeat_in_word_list_length_days(self, lang):
 
         unique_words = set(selected_words)
         # All selected words should be unique within the period
-        assert len(unique_words) == len(
-            selected_words
-        ), f"{lang}: Found duplicate words within {num_days} days"
+        assert len(unique_words) == len(selected_words), (
+            f"{lang}: Found duplicate words within {num_days} days"
+        )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
     def test_cycles_through_all_words(self, lang):
diff --git a/tests/test_definitions.py b/tests/test_definitions.py
index cabf2606..1ec32ca0 100644
--- a/tests/test_definitions.py
+++ b/tests/test_definitions.py
@@ -5,15 +5,11 @@
 """
 
 import json
-import os
 import sys
-import tempfile
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
-import pytest
-
 # Allow imports from webapp/ directory
 sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "webapp"))
 
@@ -25,8 +21,6 @@
     _call_llm_definition,
     _wiktionary_url,
     fetch_definition,
-    lookup_kaikki_english,
-    lookup_kaikki_native,
 )
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -330,9 +324,11 @@ def test_kaikki_fallback_when_llm_returns_none(self):
             "source": "kaikki",
             "url": None,
         }
-        with patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None):
-            with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=kaikki_result):
-                result = fetch_definition("word", "nl", cache_dir=None)
+        with (
+            patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=kaikki_result),
+        ):
+            result = fetch_definition("word", "nl", cache_dir=None)
 
         assert result is not None
         assert result["source"] == "kaikki"
@@ -346,10 +342,12 @@ def test_kaikki_english_fallback_when_native_missing(self):
             "source": "kaikki-en",
             "url": None,
         }
-        with patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None):
-            with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=None):
-                with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_english", return_value=kaikki_en_result):
-                    result = fetch_definition("word", "ro", cache_dir=None)
+        with (
+            patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_english", return_value=kaikki_en_result),
+        ):
+            result = fetch_definition("word", "ro", cache_dir=None)
 
         assert result is not None
         assert result["source"] == "kaikki-en"
@@ -363,9 +361,11 @@ def test_kaikki_fallback_is_cached(self, tmp_path):
             "source": "kaikki",
             "url": None,
         }
-        with patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None):
-            with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=kaikki_result):
-                fetch_definition("word", "nl", cache_dir=cache_dir)
+        with (
+            patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=kaikki_result),
+        ):
+            fetch_definition("word", "nl", cache_dir=cache_dir)
 
         cache_file = tmp_path / "nl" / "word.json"
         assert cache_file.exists()
@@ -375,10 +375,12 @@ def test_kaikki_fallback_is_cached(self, tmp_path):
     def test_negative_cache_only_when_all_tiers_fail(self, tmp_path):
         """Negative cache is written only when LLM AND kaikki both fail."""
         cache_dir = str(tmp_path)
-        with patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None):
-            with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=None):
-                with patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_english", return_value=None):
-                    fetch_definition("xyzzy", "zz", cache_dir=cache_dir)
+        with (
+            patch("definitions._call_llm_definition", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_native", return_value=None),
+            patch("definitions.lookup_kaikki_english", return_value=None),
+        ):
+            fetch_definition("xyzzy", "zz", cache_dir=cache_dir)
 
         cache_file = tmp_path / "zz" / "xyzzy.json"
         assert cache_file.exists()
diff --git a/tests/test_language_config.py b/tests/test_language_config.py
index 6321112e..9312024d 100644
--- a/tests/test_language_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_language_config.py
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
 """
 
 import pytest
+
 from tests.conftest import (
     ALL_LANGUAGES,
-    load_language_config,
+    get_diacritic_base_chars,
     load_keyboard,
+    load_language_config,
     load_word_list,
-    load_characters,
-    get_diacritic_base_chars,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_word_lists.py b/tests/test_word_lists.py
index fb698780..2f43a514 100644
--- a/tests/test_word_lists.py
+++ b/tests/test_word_lists.py
@@ -9,17 +9,18 @@
 """
 
 import pytest
+
+from scripts.improve_word_lists import is_roman_numeral
 from tests.conftest import (
     ALL_LANGUAGES,
-    load_word_list,
-    load_supplement_words,
-    load_daily_words,
+    get_diacritic_base_chars,
     load_blocklist,
     load_characters,
+    load_daily_words,
     load_keyboard,
-    get_diacritic_base_chars,
+    load_supplement_words,
+    load_word_list,
 )
-from scripts.improve_word_lists import is_roman_numeral
 
 
 class TestWordListBasics:
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ def test_all_words_are_5_letters(self, lang):
         words = load_word_list(lang)
         invalid = [(w, len(w)) for w in words if len(w) != 5]
         assert not invalid, (
-            f"{lang}: Found {len(invalid)} words with wrong length. " f"Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
+            f"{lang}: Found {len(invalid)} words with wrong length. Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def test_no_duplicate_words(self, lang):
                 duplicates.append(w)
             seen.add(w)
         assert not duplicates, (
-            f"{lang}: Found {len(duplicates)} duplicate words. " f"Examples: {duplicates[:10]}"
+            f"{lang}: Found {len(duplicates)} duplicate words. Examples: {duplicates[:10]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ def test_words_are_lowercase(self, lang):
         words = load_word_list(lang)
         uppercase = [w for w in words if w != w.lower()]
         assert not uppercase, (
-            f"{lang}: Found {len(uppercase)} words with uppercase. " f"Examples: {uppercase[:5]}"
+            f"{lang}: Found {len(uppercase)} words with uppercase. Examples: {uppercase[:5]}"
         )
 
 
@@ -114,9 +115,9 @@ def test_all_word_chars_in_character_set(self, lang):
             word_chars.update(word)
 
         missing = word_chars - chars
-        assert (
-            not missing
-        ), f"{lang}: Characters used in words but missing from character set: {missing}"
+        assert not missing, (
+            f"{lang}: Characters used in words but missing from character set: {missing}"
+        )
 
 
 class TestKeyboardCoverage:
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ def test_daily_words_subset_of_main(self, lang):
         main = set(load_word_list(lang))
         invalid = [w for w in daily if w not in main]
         assert not invalid, (
-            f"{lang}: {len(invalid)} daily words not in main list. " f"Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
+            f"{lang}: {len(invalid)} daily words not in main list. Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ def test_daily_words_no_duplicates(self, lang):
                 duplicates.append(w)
             seen.add(w)
         assert not duplicates, (
-            f"{lang}: {len(duplicates)} duplicate daily words. " f"Examples: {duplicates[:10]}"
+            f"{lang}: {len(duplicates)} duplicate daily words. Examples: {duplicates[:10]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ def test_daily_words_are_5_letters(self, lang):
             pytest.skip(f"{lang}: No daily words file")
         invalid = [(w, len(w)) for w in daily if len(w) != 5]
         assert not invalid, (
-            f"{lang}: {len(invalid)} daily words with wrong length. " f"Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
+            f"{lang}: {len(invalid)} daily words with wrong length. Examples: {invalid[:5]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -267,8 +268,7 @@ def test_supplement_disjoint_from_main(self, lang):
         main = set(load_word_list(lang))
         overlap = [w for w in supplement if w in main]
         assert not overlap, (
-            f"{lang}: {len(overlap)} supplement words also in main list. "
-            f"Examples: {overlap[:5]}"
+            f"{lang}: {len(overlap)} supplement words also in main list. Examples: {overlap[:5]}"
         )
 
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def test_daily_words_not_in_blocklist(self, lang):
             pytest.skip(f"{lang}: No blocklist")
         overlap = set(daily) & blocklist
         assert not overlap, (
-            f"{lang}: {len(overlap)} daily words in blocklist. " f"Examples: {sorted(overlap)[:10]}"
+            f"{lang}: {len(overlap)} daily words in blocklist. Examples: {sorted(overlap)[:10]}"
         )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("lang", ALL_LANGUAGES)
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ def test_arabic_no_rare_characters_in_daily_words(self):
         bad_words = [w for w in daily if any(c in rare_chars for c in w)]
         assert not bad_words, (
             f"Arabic: {len(bad_words)} daily words contain characters below "
-            f"{threshold*100:.0f}% frequency. Rare chars: {rare_chars}. "
+            f"{threshold * 100:.0f}% frequency. Rare chars: {rare_chars}. "
             f"Examples: {bad_words[:5]}"
         )
 
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 6eb9b206..20bf7e59 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7f/d0/578c47dd68152ddddddf31cd7fc67dc30b7cdf639a86275fda821b0d9d98/ruff-0.15.6-py3-none-win_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:c34de3dd0b0ba203be50ae70f5910b17188556630e2178fd7d79fc030eb0d837", size = 11060497, upload-time = "2026-03-12T23:05:25.968Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sniffio"
 version = "1.3.1"
@@ -1060,7 +908,6 @@ source = { virtual = "." }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "flask" },
     { name = "flask-cors" },
-    { name = "flask-flatpages" },
     { name = "gunicorn" },
     { name = "openai" },
     { name = "pillow" },
@@ -1068,8 +915,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [package.dev-dependencies]
 dev = [
-    { name = "black" },
     { name = "pytest" },
+    { name = "ruff" },
     { name = "wordfreq" },
 ]
 
@@ -1077,7 +924,6 @@ dev = [
 requires-dist = [
     { name = "flask", specifier = ">=3.1.0" },
     { name = "flask-cors", specifier = ">=6.0.0" },
-    { name = "flask-flatpages", specifier = ">=0.9.0" },
     { name = "gunicorn", specifier = ">=24.0.0" },
     { name = "openai", specifier = ">=2.21.0" },
     { name = "pillow", specifier = ">=12.1.1" },
@@ -1085,7 +931,7 @@ requires-dist = [
 
 [package.metadata.requires-dev]
 dev = [
-    { name = "black", specifier = ">=24.0.0" },
     { name = "pytest", specifier = ">=8.0.0" },
+    { name = "ruff", specifier = ">=0.11.0" },
     { name = "wordfreq", specifier = ">=3.1.1" },
 ]
diff --git a/webapp/app.py b/webapp/app.py
index 8c5678a1..1d9dd0bd 100644
--- a/webapp/app.py
+++ b/webapp/app.py
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
-from flask import (
-    Flask,
-    render_template,
-    make_response,
-    redirect,
-    request,
-    send_from_directory,
-    jsonify,
-    abort,
-)
-import json
-import os
 import datetime
 import glob
-import random
-from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
 import hashlib
-import re
-import urllib.parse
-import urllib.request as urlreq
+import json
 import logging
+import os
+import random
+import urllib.request as urlreq
 from pathlib import Path
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
 from definitions import (
     fetch_definition as _fetch_definition_impl,
 )
+from flask import (
+    Flask,
+    abort,
+    jsonify,
+    make_response,
+    redirect,
+    render_template,
+    request,
+    send_from_directory,
+)
 
 # Load .env file if it exists (for local development)
 _env_path = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / ".env"
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ def load_vite_manifest():
             f"Vite manifest not found at {manifest_path}. "
             "Run 'pnpm build' first to build frontend assets."
         )
-    with open(manifest_path, "r") as f:
+    with open(manifest_path) as f:
         return json.load(f)
 
 
@@ -121,14 +120,14 @@ def inject_hreflang():
 
 
 # load other_wordles.json file
-with open(f"{data_dir}other_wordles.json", "r") as f:
+with open(f"{data_dir}other_wordles.json") as f:
     other_wordles = json.load(f)
 
 
 def load_characters(lang):
     if not glob.glob(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_characters.txt"):
         characters = set()
-        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words.txt", "r") as f:
+        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words.txt") as f:
             for line in f:
                 characters.update(line.strip())
         with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_characters.txt", "w") as f:
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ def load_characters(lang):
             for char in characters:
                 f.write(char + "\n")
 
-    with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_characters.txt", "r") as f:
+    with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_characters.txt") as f:
         characters = [line.strip() for line in f]
     return characters
 
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def load_characters(lang):
 def load_words(lang):
     """loads the words and does some basic QA"""
     _5words = []
-    with open(f"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words.txt", "r") as f:
+    with open(f"{data_dir}/languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words.txt") as f:
         for line in f:
             _5words.append(line.strip())
     # QA
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ def load_words(lang):
 def load_supplemental_words(lang):
     """loads the supplemental words file if it exists"""
     try:
-        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words_supplement.txt", "r") as f:
+        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_5words_supplement.txt") as f:
             supplemental_words = [line.strip() for line in f]
         supplemental_words = [
             word
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ def load_blocklist(lang):
     """
     blocklist_path = f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_blocklist.txt"
     try:
-        with open(blocklist_path, "r") as f:
+        with open(blocklist_path) as f:
             blocklist = set()
             for line in f:
                 line = line.strip()
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ def load_daily_words(lang):
     """
     daily_path = f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_daily_words.txt"
     try:
-        with open(daily_path, "r") as f:
+        with open(daily_path) as f:
             daily_words = []
             for line in f:
                 line = line.strip()
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ def load_curated_schedule(lang):
     """
     schedule_path = f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_curated_schedule.txt"
     try:
-        with open(schedule_path, "r") as f:
+        with open(schedule_path) as f:
             schedule = []
             for line in f:
                 line = line.strip()
@@ -264,11 +263,11 @@ def load_curated_schedule(lang):
 def load_language_config(lang):
     """Load language config, merging with default to ensure all keys exist."""
     # Load default config first
-    with open(f"{data_dir}default_language_config.json", "r") as f:
+    with open(f"{data_dir}default_language_config.json") as f:
         default_config = json.load(f)
 
     try:
-        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/language_config.json", "r") as f:
+        with open(f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/language_config.json") as f:
             language_config = json.load(f)
 
         # Merge: language-specific values override defaults
@@ -294,7 +293,7 @@ def load_keyboard(lang):
     """
     keyboard_path = f"{data_dir}languages/{lang}/{lang}_keyboard.json"
     try:
-        with open(keyboard_path, "r") as f:
+        with open(keyboard_path) as f:
             keyboard_data = json.load(f)
     except FileNotFoundError:
         return {"default": None, "layouts": {}}
@@ -451,7 +450,7 @@ def idx_to_date(day_idx):
 language_configs = {l_code: load_language_config(l_code) for l_code in language_codes}
 
 # Load default language config for UI translations on homepage
-with open(f"{data_dir}default_language_config.json", "r") as f:
+with open(f"{data_dir}default_language_config.json") as f:
     default_language_config = json.load(f)
 
 keyboards = {k: load_keyboard(k) for k in language_codes}
@@ -485,7 +484,7 @@ def get_word_for_day(lang_code, day_idx):
     cache_path = os.path.join(WORD_HISTORY_DIR, lang_code, f"{day_idx}.txt")
     if os.path.exists(cache_path):
         try:
-            with open(cache_path, "r") as f:
+            with open(cache_path) as f:
                 cached = f.read().strip()
                 if cached:
                     return cached
@@ -606,25 +605,41 @@ def load_languages():
 
 # print stats about how many languages we have
 print("\n***********************************************")
-print(f"                    STATS")
+print("                    STATS")
 print(f"- {len(languages)} languages")
 print(
-    f"- {len([k for (k, v) in language_codes_5words_supplements.items() if v !=[]])} languages with supplemental words"
+    f"- {len([k for (k, v) in language_codes_5words_supplements.items() if v != []])} languages with supplemental words"
 )
 print(
-    f"- The language with least words is {min(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))}, with {len(language_codes_5words[min(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))])} words"
+    f"- The language with least words is {
+        min(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))
+    }, with {
+        len(
+            language_codes_5words[
+                min(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))
+            ]
+        )
+    } words"
 )
 print(
-    f"- The language with most words is {max(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))}, with {len(language_codes_5words[max(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))])} words"
+    f"- The language with most words is {
+        max(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))
+    }, with {
+        len(
+            language_codes_5words[
+                max(language_codes_5words, key=lambda k: len(language_codes_5words[k]))
+            ]
+        )
+    } words"
 )
 print(
-    f"- Average number of words per language is {sum(len(language_codes_5words[l_code]) for l_code in language_codes)/len(language_codes):.2f}"
+    f"- Average number of words per language is {sum(len(language_codes_5words[l_code]) for l_code in language_codes) / len(language_codes):.2f}"
 )
 print(
-    f"- Average length of supplemental words per language is {sum(len(language_codes_5words_supplements[l_code]) for l_code in language_codes)/len(language_codes):.2f}"
+    f"- Average length of supplemental words per language is {sum(len(language_codes_5words_supplements[l_code]) for l_code in language_codes) / len(language_codes):.2f}"
 )
 print(f"- There are {len(other_wordles)} other wordles")
-print(f"***********************************************\n")
+print("***********************************************\n")
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -818,7 +833,7 @@ def _load_word_stats(lang_code, day_idx):
     stats_path = os.path.join(WORD_STATS_DIR, lang_code, f"{day_idx}.json")
     if os.path.exists(stats_path):
         try:
-            with open(stats_path, "r") as f:
+            with open(stats_path) as f:
                 return json.load(f)
         except Exception:
             pass
@@ -844,7 +859,7 @@ def _update_word_stats(lang_code, day_idx, won, attempts):
         stats = None
         if os.path.exists(stats_path):
             try:
-                with open(stats_path, "r") as f:
+                with open(stats_path) as f:
                     stats = json.load(f)
             except Exception:
                 pass
@@ -880,8 +895,8 @@ def _update_word_stats(lang_code, day_idx, won, attempts):
 def before_request():
     if (
         request.url.startswith("http://")
-        and not "localhost" in request.url
-        and not "127.0.0" in request.url
+        and "localhost" not in request.url
+        and "127.0.0" not in request.url
     ):
         url = request.url.replace("http://", "https://", 1)
         code = 301
@@ -958,7 +973,7 @@ def _build_stats_data():
                 except ValueError:
                     continue  # skip non-numeric filenames
                 try:
-                    with open(os.path.join(lang_dir, fname), "r") as f:
+                    with open(os.path.join(lang_dir, fname)) as f:
                         s = json.load(f)
                         lang_total_plays += s.get("total", 0)
                         lang_total_wins += s.get("wins", 0)
@@ -1275,7 +1290,7 @@ def generate_word_image(word, definition_hint, api_key, cache_dir, cache_path):
                 os.unlink(tmp_path)
 
         return "ok"
-    except (openai.OpenAIError, urlreq.URLError, IOError, OSError) as e:
+    except (openai.OpenAIError, urlreq.URLError, OSError) as e:
         logging.error(f"Image generation failed for {word}: {e}")
         return "error"
 
diff --git a/webapp/definitions.py b/webapp/definitions.py
index a06e9bf7..da1873b2 100644
--- a/webapp/definitions.py
+++ b/webapp/definitions.py
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def _call_llm_definition(word, lang_code):
                 return None
 
             def_en = definition_en[:300]
-            def_native = ((definition_native or definition_en))[:300]
+            def_native = (definition_native or definition_en)[:300]
             wikt_url = _wiktionary_url(word, lang_code)
             return {
                 "definition_native": def_native,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def fetch_definition(word, lang_code, cache_dir=None, skip_negative_cache=False)
 
         if os.path.exists(cache_path):
             try:
-                with open(cache_path, "r") as f:
+                with open(cache_path) as f:
                     loaded = json.load(f)
                     if loaded.get("not_found"):
                         if skip_negative_cache:
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ def fetch_definition(word, lang_code, cache_dir=None, skip_negative_cache=False)
             os.makedirs(lang_cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
             with open(cache_path, "w") as f:
                 json.dump(result or {"not_found": True, "ts": int(time.time())}, f)
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             pass
 
     return result