Hello Eximius,
Your en_US.lang files are showing a git merge conflict. Cauldron servers identify this conflict and put a prefix in chat that cannot be removed (See: https://i.imgur.com/UWkvEpE.png). Resolving the conflict or deleting the offending lines fixes the issue.
http://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging#Basic-Merge-Conflicts
Offending line:
https://github.com/Eximius88/ModularPowersuitsAddons/blob/1.7.10/src/main/resources/assets/powersuitaddons/lang/en_US.lang#L11