Components with certain properties/methods were no longer rendering because the handlebars templates had references to restricted properties/methods. An error message from handlebars pointed to this reference page. There doesn't appear to be a way to pass a second parameter (the runtime options) in the component this.template(data) call in order to override the default values for handlebars allowedProtoMethods and allowedProtoProperties.
For reference:
From version 4.6.0 on, Handlebars forbids accessing prototype properties and methods of the context object by default.