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‎content/posts/0906.md‎

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date = '2025-09-07T23:32:42+08:00'
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draft = false
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title = '0906学习日志'
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categories="log"
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tags=["计算机组成原理","指令系统","RISC","CISC","程序的机器级代码表示","汇编语言","常用指令"]
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## 计算机组成原理-死去的RISC-V突然攻击我
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### 程序的机器级代码表示
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1. 常用汇编指令介绍
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1. 相关寄存器
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| 16bit | 32bit | 说明 |
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| ----- | ----- | --------------------------- |
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| AX | EAX | 累加器（Accumulator） |
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| BX | EBX | 基地址寄存器(Base Register) |
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| CX | ECX | 计数寄存器(Count Register) |
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| DX | EDX | 数据寄存器(Data Register) |
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| | ESI | 变址寄存器(Index Register) |
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| | EDI | 变址寄存器(Index Register) |
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| | EBP | 堆栈基指针(Base Pointer) |
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| | ESP | 堆栈顶指针(Stack Pointer) |
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2. 汇编指令格式
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1. AT&T 格式简介
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- 主要用于 **GNU Assembler (GAS)**，即 `gcc` 默认输出。
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- 语法较“繁琐”，但严格、明确，容易让编译器处理。
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- 特点：寄存器有 `%` 前缀，立即数 `$` 前缀，操作数顺序是 `源, 目的`。
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示例：
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```asm
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movl $5, %eax # 把立即数 5 移动到 eax
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addl %eax, %ebx # ebx = ebx + eax
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movl 8(%ebp), %ecx # 从 [ebp+8] 取数到 ecx
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```
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2. Intel 格式简介
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- 常见于 **MASM / NASM / Windows 平台**。
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- 更接近高级语言风格，简洁直观，广泛用于手写汇编和逆向分析。
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- 特点：操作数顺序 `目的, 源`，寄存器无 `%`，立即数直接写，内存寻址用 `[]`。
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示例：
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```asm
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mov eax, 5 ; 把立即数 5 移动到 eax
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add ebx, eax ; ebx = ebx + eax
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mov ecx, [ebp+8] ; 从 [ebp+8] 取数到 ecx
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```
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3. 对比表：AT&T vs Intel 汇编格式
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| 特点 | **AT&T 格式** | **Intel 格式** |
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| -------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **操作数顺序** | 源, 目的 | 目的, 源 |
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| **寄存器** | `%eax`、`%ebx` | `eax`、`ebx` |
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| **立即数** | `$5` | `5` |
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| **内存寻址** | `disp(base, index, scale)` → `8(%ebp, %ecx, 4)` | `[base + index*scale + disp]` → `[ebp + ecx*4 + 8]` |
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| **操作数大小** | 指令后缀：`b`=8位, `w`=16位, `l`=32位, `q`=64位 | `byte ptr`, `word ptr`, `dword ptr`, `qword ptr` |
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| **符号/变量** | `movl $var, %eax` (取地址) `movl var, %eax` (取值) | `mov eax, offset var` (取地址) `mov eax, [var]` (取值) |
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| **汇编器** | GNU Assembler (`gas`) | MASM, NASM, FASM 等 |
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| **常见平台** | Linux/Unix 系统 | Windows、逆向工程 |
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3. 常用指令
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* <reg>
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* <mem>
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* <con>,<con32>
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1. 数据传送指令
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1. mov
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2. push
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3. pop
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2. 算术和逻辑运算指令
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1. add/sub
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2. inc/dec
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3. imul
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4. idiv
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5. and/or/xor
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6. not
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7. neg
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8. shl/shr
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3. 控制流指令
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1. jmp
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2. jcondition: je,jz,jne,jg,jge,jl,jle
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3. cmp/test
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4. call/ret
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2. 选择语句的机器级表示
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```pseudocode
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if(test_expr)
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then_statement
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else
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else_statement
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```
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```pseudocode
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t=test_expr
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if(!t)
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goto false;
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then_statement
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goto done;
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false:
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else_statement
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done;
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```
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3. 循环语句的机器级表示
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1. do-while
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```pseudocode
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do
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body_statement
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while(test_expr);
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```
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```pseudocode
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loop:
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body_statement
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t=test_expr;
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if(t)
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goto loop;
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```
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2. while
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```pseudocode
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while(test_expr)
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body_statement
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```
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```pseudocode
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t=test_expr;
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if(!t)
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goto done;
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loop:
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body_statement;
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t=test_expr;
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if(t)
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goto loop;
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done:
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```
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3. for
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```pseudocode
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for(init_expr;test_expr;update_expr)
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body_statement
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```
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```pseudocode
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init_expr;
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t=test_expr;
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if(!t)
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goto done;
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loop:
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body_statement
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update_expr;
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t=test_expr;
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if(t)
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goto loop;
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done:
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```
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4. 过程调用的机器级表示
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------
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### CISC和RISC的基本概念
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1. 复杂指令系统计算机(CISC)
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- 特点：指令集复杂，每条指令可以完成较复杂的操作，指令长度不固定。
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- 设计理念：**软件简单化，把更多功能交给硬件来完成**。
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- 常见架构：x86、VAX、68000。
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2. 精简指令系统计算机(RISC)
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- 特点：指令集简单，每条指令长度固定，执行时间大多相同。
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- 设计理念：**硬件简单化，指令执行快，依靠编译器优化来实现复杂功能**。
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- 常见架构：ARM、MIPS、RISC-V、SPARC。
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3. CISC和RISC的比较
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| 特点 | **RISC**（精简指令集） | **CISC**（复杂指令集） |
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| ---------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------- |
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| **指令数量** | 少，指令集精简 | 多，指令功能复杂 |
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| **指令长度** | 固定（常见 32 位） | 不固定（8～120 字节不等） |
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| **指令执行时间** | 大多数指令 1 个时钟周期 | 指令执行时间差别大 |
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| **寻址方式** | 少（常 3～5 种） | 多（十几种甚至几十种） |
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| **硬件复杂度** | 控制器一般为硬布线（简单） | 控制器常为微程序（复杂） |
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| **编译器依赖性** | 高，复杂操作要由编译器分解 | 低，硬件可直接完成复杂操作 |
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| **性能优化方式** | 通过流水线、寄存器优化 | 通过复杂指令减少代码长度 |
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| **代表架构** | ARM、MIPS、RISC-V | x86、Intel 8086、VAX |
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| **代码密度** | 代码长（指令多） | 代码短（指令少，但复杂） |
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‎content/posts/0907.md‎

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date = '2025-09-07T23:32:48+08:00'
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draft = true
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title = '0907'
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‎public/404.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh-cn" dir="ltr">
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<head><script src="/npee_learning_log.github.io/livereload.js?mindelay=10&amp;v=2&amp;port=1313&amp;path=npee_learning_log.github.io/livereload" data-no-instant defer></script><meta charset='utf-8'>
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<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1'><meta name='description' content="無職受験生 ～408に挑んだら本気だす～">
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<link rel='canonical' href='http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/404.html'>
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<link rel='canonical' href='https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/404.html'>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/scss/style.min.cfa5b1b0e78d61c00a14173992a1f3fa3b5c1b9fa34d023de959af564e7b19dd.css"><meta property='og:title' content="404 Page not found">
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<meta property='og:description' content="無職受験生 ～408に挑んだら本気だす～">
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<meta property='og:url' content='https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/404.html'>
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<meta property='og:site_name' content='shyの考研日志'>
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="無職受験生 ～408に挑んだら本気だす～">
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</div><form action="/npee_learning_log.github.io/page/search/" class="search-form widget" data-json="https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/page/search/index.json">
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<p>
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src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/node-vibrant@3.1.6/dist/vibrant.min.js"integrity="sha256-awcR2jno4kI5X0zL8ex0vi2z&#43;KMkF24hUW8WePSA9HM="crossorigin="anonymous"
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>
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</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/npee_learning_log.github.io/ts/main.d3ce7388ef5941233a2fd0541c1324f59fa8d8764f59d9721e2c172354121bcf.js" defer></script>
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</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/npee_learning_log.github.io/ts/main.1e9a3bafd846ced4c345d084b355fb8c7bae75701c338f8a1f8a82c780137826.js" defer></script>
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‎public/categories/diary/index.html‎

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh-cn" dir="ltr">
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<head><script src="/npee_learning_log.github.io/livereload.js?mindelay=10&amp;v=2&amp;port=1313&amp;path=npee_learning_log.github.io/livereload" data-no-instant defer></script><meta charset='utf-8'>
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<head><meta charset='utf-8'>
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<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1'><meta name='description' content="無職受験生 ～408に挑んだら本気だす～">
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<title>Category: Diary - shyの考研日志</title>
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<link rel='canonical' href='http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/'>
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<link rel='canonical' href='https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/'>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/scss/style.min.cfa5b1b0e78d61c00a14173992a1f3fa3b5c1b9fa34d023de959af564e7b19dd.css"><meta property='og:title' content="Category: Diary - shyの考研日志">
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<meta property='og:url' content='http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/'>
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<meta property='og:url' content='https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/'>
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<meta property='og:site_name' content='shyの考研日志'>
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<a href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/page/archives/#2025-09">
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<span class="year">2025-09</span>
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<span class="count">5</span>
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<span class="count">6</span>
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数据结构
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</a>
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<a href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/tags/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD/" class="font_size_7">
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英语
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<a href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/tags/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86/" class="font_size_8">
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计算机组成原理
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<a href="/npee_learning_log.github.io/tags/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86/" class="font_size_7">
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英语
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</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/npee_learning_log.github.io/ts/main.d3ce7388ef5941233a2fd0541c1324f59fa8d8764f59d9721e2c172354121bcf.js" defer></script>
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‎public/categories/diary/index.xml‎

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<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
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<channel>
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<title>Diary on shyの考研日志</title>
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<link>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/</link>
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<link>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/</link>
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<description>Recent content in Diary on shyの考研日志</description>
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<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
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<language>zh-cn</language>
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<lastBuildDate>Sat, 06 Sep 2025 12:18:02 +0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
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<lastBuildDate>Sat, 06 Sep 2025 12:18:02 +0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/categories/diary/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
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<title>晴子の誕生日</title>
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<link>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/0905/</link>
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<link>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/0905/</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 06 Sep 2025 12:18:02 +0800</pubDate>
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<guid>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/0905/</guid>
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<guid>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/0905/</guid>
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<description>&lt;h1 id=&#34;彼女の誕生日&#34;&gt;彼女の誕生日
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&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h2 id=&#34;手作り晩ご飯&#34;&gt;手作り晩ご飯
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&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;今日はまだ平日だから、彼女が働いている間に僕は晩ご飯の食材を買いに行ってきた。
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<title>暴雨西湖</title>
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<link>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/</link>
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<link>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jul 2025 22:27:55 +0800</pubDate>
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<guid>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/</guid>
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<description>&lt;img src="http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/westlake_in_strom.jpg" alt="Featured image of post 暴雨西湖" /&gt;&lt;p&gt;今天带刚来杭州的&lt;strong&gt;太阳&lt;/strong&gt;(应当事人的要求使用该昵称)去西湖游玩。其实天气预报有雨，但东坡先生有诗为证：&lt;/p&gt;
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<guid>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/</guid>
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<description>&lt;img src="https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/westlake-with-haruko/westlake_in_strom.jpg" alt="Featured image of post 暴雨西湖" /&gt;&lt;p&gt;今天带刚来杭州的&lt;strong&gt;太阳&lt;/strong&gt;(应当事人的要求使用该昵称)去西湖游玩。其实天气预报有雨，但东坡先生有诗为证：&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;blockquote&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;水光潋滟晴方好，山色空蒙雨亦奇。
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欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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<title>Intro-全部の始まり</title>
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<link>http://localhost:1313/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/intro/</link>
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<link>https://auroraemiya.github.io/npee_learning_log.github.io/diary/intro/</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2025 16:35:21 +0800</pubDate>
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<description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;写在一切的前面&#34;&gt;写在一切的前面
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&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;欢迎来到我的博客，这是我 （笔者自称小shy)为了记录参加2026考研全过程而开始的新栏目。&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;我准备参加今年年底的2026NPEE(The national entrance examination for postgraduate)，科目是11408。&lt;/p&gt;

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