From 1d86390be7284bb55fcda64c15a23d455066bd65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stefano Furi <stefano.furi@jetbrains.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 12:40:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] feat!: add a reactive engine (#5066)

---
 .github/workflows/build-and-deploy.yml        |   50 +-
 .github/workflows/update-ancillary-files.yml  |    7 +-
 .gitignore                                    |    1 +
 .idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml  |    4 +
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   92 +
 alchemist-api/build.gradle.kts                |    1 +
 .../it/unibo/alchemist/model/Condition.java   |   24 +-
 .../it/unibo/alchemist/model/Actionable.kt    |   15 +
 .../it/unibo/alchemist/model/Environment.kt   |   34 +
 .../kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Node.kt   |   31 +
 .../model/observation/DerivedObservable.kt    |   98 +
 .../alchemist/model/observation/Disposable.kt |   21 +
 .../model/observation/EventObservable.kt      |   35 +
 .../alchemist/model/observation/Observable.kt |  227 +++
 .../model/observation/ObservableExtensions.kt |  343 ++++
 .../model/observation/ObservableList.kt       |  267 +++
 .../model/observation/ObservableMap.kt        |  252 +++
 .../model/observation/ObservableSet.kt        |  232 +++
 .../model/observation/ObservableListTest.kt   |  247 +++
 .../model/observation/ObservableMapTest.kt    |  129 ++
 .../model/observation/ObservableSetTest.kt    |  181 ++
 .../model/observation/ObservableTest.kt       |  541 ++++++
 .../it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngine.kt |  371 ++++
 .../kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/Engine.kt  |  337 +---
 .../it/unibo/alchemist/core/ReactiveEngine.kt |  116 ++
 .../alchemist/core/AbstractDependencyTest.kt  |   85 +
 .../alchemist/core/AbstractEngineTest.kt      |   75 +
 .../alchemist/core/TestDependencyGraph.kt     |  114 +-
 .../alchemist/core/TestEngineComparison.kt    |  146 ++
 .../core/TestEngineImplementation.kt          |   12 +
 .../core/TestReactiveDependencies.kt          |   46 +
 .../core/TestReactiveEngineImplementation.kt  |   12 +
 .../alchemist/core/util/DependencyUtils.kt    |   94 +
 .../model/conditions/AbstractCondition.java   |  107 +-
 .../conditions/ConcentrationChanged.java      |   46 +-
 .../conditions/MoleculeHasConcentration.java  |   13 +-
 .../model/linkingrules/AdaptiveRange.java     |    3 +-
 .../model/linkingrules/ClosestN.java          |    2 +-
 .../model/reactions/AbstractReaction.java     |  179 +-
 .../model/reactions/ChemicalReaction.java     |    2 +-
 ...tractNonPropensityContributingCondition.kt |    4 +-
 .../model/conditions/ContainsMolecule.kt      |   11 +-
 .../conditions/NeighborHasConcentration.kt    |   54 +
 .../conditions/NoOtherReactionCanExecute.kt   |   17 +-
 .../model/environments/AbstractEnvironment.kt |  167 +-
 .../alchemist/model/nodes/GenericNode.kt      |   32 +-
 .../conditions/AbstractNeighborCondition.java |   64 +-
 .../conditions/BiomolPresentInEnv.java        |   74 +-
 .../conditions/BiomolPresentInNeighbor.java   |   60 +-
 .../biochemistry/conditions/EnvPresent.java   |   18 +-
 .../conditions/GenericMoleculePresent.java    |   52 +-
 .../conditions/GenericMoleculeUnderLevel.java |   41 +-
 .../conditions/JunctionPresentInCell.java     |   38 +-
 .../conditions/NeighborhoodPresent.java       |   20 +-
 .../conditions/TensionPresent.java            |  101 +-
 .../environments/BioRect2DEnvironment.java    |    2 +-
 .../model/biochemistry/CellProperty.kt        |   91 +-
 .../model/biochemistry/properties/Cell.kt     |    4 +-
 .../biochemistry/properties/CircularCell.kt   |    4 +-
 .../properties/CircularDeformableCell.kt      |    4 +-
 .../TestNeighborhoodReactionsPropensities.kt  |    6 +-
 .../ComputationalRoundComplete.java           |   26 +-
 .../model/protelis/ProtelisIncarnation.kt     |   11 +
 .../protelis/actions/RunProtelisProgram.kt    |   18 +-
 .../alchemist/model/sapere/ILsaNode.java      |    6 +
 .../conditions/LsaNeighborhoodCondition.java  |   48 +-
 .../conditions/LsaStandardCondition.java      |   23 +-
 .../alchemist/model/sapere/nodes/LsaNode.java |  103 +-
 .../sapere/reactions/SAPEREGradient.java      |   31 +-
 .../sapere/reactions/SAPEREReaction.java      |    8 +-
 .../actions/RunScafiProgram.scala             |   11 +-
 .../ScafiComputationalRoundComplete.scala     |    1 +
 alchemist-loading/build.gradle.kts            |    1 -
 .../boundary/loader/LoadingSystem.kt          |    8 +-
 .../test/TestReactiveEngineLoading.kt         |   41 +
 .../LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange.java          |    3 +-
 .../model/physics/reactions/PhysicsUpdate.kt  |   48 +-
 .../alchemist/test/GlobalTestReaction.kt      |   18 +
 build.gradle.kts                              |    3 +
 .../{1.5.21.list => 1.5.22.list}              |    0
 .../caffeine/3.2.3.list                       |    3 -
 .../{4.21.0.list => 4.22.0.list}              |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 .../{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list}            |    0
 dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json                   |  772 --------
 ...20913-r.list => 7.5.0.202512021534-r.list} |    0
 dokka-cache/org.jooq/jool/0.9.15.list         |    9 -
 .../mockito-core/{5.20.0.list => 5.21.0.list} |    0
 .../{5.6.1.list => 5.6.2.list}                |    0
 .../{18.5.0.list => 18.5.2.list}              |    0
 .../{18.5.0.list => 18.5.2.list}              |    0
 gradle/libs.versions.toml                     |   28 +-
 kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock                     |   16 +-
 package-lock.json                             | 1644 +++++------------
 package.json                                  |    2 +-
 run_all_tests_reactive.sh                     |    2 +
 settings.gradle.kts                           |    4 +-
 117 files changed, 5407 insertions(+), 2937 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/DerivedObservable.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Disposable.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/EventObservable.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Observable.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableExtensions.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableList.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMap.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSet.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableListTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMapTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSetTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngine.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/ReactiveEngine.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractDependencyTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngineTest.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineComparison.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineImplementation.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveDependencies.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveEngineImplementation.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/util/DependencyUtils.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NeighborHasConcentration.kt
 create mode 100644 alchemist-loading/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/TestReactiveEngineLoading.kt
 rename dokka-cache/ch.qos.logback/logback-classic/{1.5.21.list => 1.5.22.list} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 dokka-cache/com.github.ben-manes.caffeine/caffeine/3.2.3.list
 rename dokka-cache/de.flapdoodle.embed/de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo/{4.21.0.list => 4.22.0.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-api/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-cognitive-agents/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-composeui/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-engine/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-euclidean-geometry/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-full/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql-surrogates/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-implementationbase/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-loading/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maintenance-tooling/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maps/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-physics/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-sapere-mathexp/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-smartcam/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-swingui/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-test/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-ui-tooling/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-web-renderer/{42.3.18.list => 42.3.22.list} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json
 rename dokka-cache/org.eclipse.jgit/org.eclipse.jgit/{7.4.0.202509020913-r.list => 7.5.0.202512021534-r.list} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 dokka-cache/org.jooq/jool/0.9.15.list
 rename dokka-cache/org.mockito/mockito-core/{5.20.0.list => 5.21.0.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/org.mongodb/mongodb-driver-sync/{5.6.1.list => 5.6.2.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-interpreter/{18.5.0.list => 18.5.2.list} (100%)
 rename dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-lang/{18.5.0.list => 18.5.2.list} (100%)
 create mode 100755 run_all_tests_reactive.sh

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-and-deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/build-and-deploy.yml
index fee409487f..b521ac8252 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-and-deploy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-and-deploy.yml
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ jobs:
         id: ci-preparation
         run: echo "build-ref=${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.number || github.ref }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@1af3b93b6815bc44a9784bd300feb67ff0d1eeb3 # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Compute the Java version
         id: java-version
         run: ruby -e 'puts("java-version=#{/^minJavaVersion\s*=\s*(\d+)$/.match(File.read("gradle.properties"))[1]}")' >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Install Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6.1.0
         with:
           node-version-file: package.json
       - name: Compute the next release version
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 180
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.0
-      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@3a800c3b221073eeae25f5fb98687e3a40aa1712 # 4.0.12
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.1
+      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@810719541546fff1db1edd1fb858e12654dc1d95 # 4.0.17
         with:
           pre-build-command: ./gradlew kotlinUpgradeYarnLock
           build-command: true
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: danysk/action-checkout@733b8984412e3cc1ea66fcd20281710dc2118187 # 0.2.26
-      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@3a800c3b221073eeae25f5fb98687e3a40aa1712 # 4.0.12
+        uses: danysk/action-checkout@7f6ee3cd5bd670cdb3e162894776736254afff1e # 0.2.27
+      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@810719541546fff1db1edd1fb858e12654dc1d95 # 4.0.17
         with:
           retries-on-failure: 5
           wait-between-retries: 120
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Tar files
         run: tar -cvf website.tar build/website
       - name: Upload website
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6.0.0
         with:
           name: website-${{ github.sha }}
           path: website.tar
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 120
     steps:
       - name: Checkout with full history
-        uses: danysk/action-checkout@733b8984412e3cc1ea66fcd20281710dc2118187 # 0.2.26
-      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@3a800c3b221073eeae25f5fb98687e3a40aa1712 # 4.0.12
+        uses: danysk/action-checkout@7f6ee3cd5bd670cdb3e162894776736254afff1e # 0.2.27
+      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@810719541546fff1db1edd1fb858e12654dc1d95 # 4.0.17
         with:
           signing-key: ${{ secrets.SIGNING_KEY }}
           signing-password: ${{ secrets.SIGNING_PASSWORD }}
@@ -151,20 +151,20 @@ jobs:
             fi
       - name: Upload fatjars built on Linux
         if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6.0.0
         with:
           name: fat-jars-${{ github.sha }}
           path: build/shadow/*
           if-no-files-found: error
       - name: Upload the PKGBUILD
         if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6.0.0
         with:
           name: pkgbuild-${{ github.sha }}
           path: build/pkgbuild/PKGBUILD
           if-no-files-found: error
       - name: Upload platform-specific packages
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6.0.0
         with:
           name: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}-${{ runner.os }}
           path: build/package/*
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ jobs:
       always() && needs.assemble-and-upload.result == 'success'
     steps:
       - name: Download packages
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           name: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}-${{ runner.os }}
       - name: Install packages
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ jobs:
       always() && needs.assemble-and-upload.result == 'success'
     steps:
       - name: Download packages
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           name: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}-${{ runner.os }}
       - name: Work around xdg bug https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/33316
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ jobs:
       image: fedora:44
     steps:
       - name: Download packages
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           name: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}-${{ runner.os }}
       - name: Install packages
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ jobs:
           # Work around https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/1169
           # sudo git config --system --add safe.directory /__w/Alchemist/Alchemist
       - name: Download the PKGBUILD
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           pattern: pkgbuild-${{ github.sha }}
           merge-multiple: true
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ jobs:
           namcap PKGBUILD 2>&1
           namcap PKGBUILD 2>&1 | awk 'END { exit (NR > 0 ? NR : 0) }'
       - name: Download the RPM
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           pattern: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}-${{ runner.os }}
           merge-multiple: true
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ jobs:
       )
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
           fetch-tags: 'true'
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ jobs:
           token: ${{ secrets.DEPLOYMENT_TOKEN }}
       - name: Checkout the docs
         if: contains(github.repository, 'AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist')
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6.0.0
+        uses: DanySK/checkout-classic@f55ca46048a09d13b47f0e80db6b546977327791 # 1.0.0
         with:
           path: website
           fetch-depth: 0
@@ -369,32 +369,32 @@ jobs:
           repository: AlchemistSimulator/alchemistsimulator.github.io
           token: ${{ secrets.DEPLOYMENT_TOKEN }}
       - name: Download website artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           name: website-${{ github.sha }}
       - name: Download packages
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           pattern: installer-package-${{ github.sha }}*
           path: build/package/
           merge-multiple: true
       - name: Download fatJars
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           name: fat-jars-${{ github.sha }}
           path: build/shadow/
           merge-multiple: true
       - name: Download the PKGBUILD
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v7.0.0
         with:
           pattern: pkgbuild-${{ github.sha }}
           path: pkgbuild/
           merge-multiple: true
       - name: Install Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6.1.0
         with:
           node-version-file: package.json
-      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@3a800c3b221073eeae25f5fb98687e3a40aa1712 # 4.0.12
+      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@810719541546fff1db1edd1fb858e12654dc1d95 # 4.0.17
         env:
           MAKEPKG_IMAGE: ${{ needs.ci-preparation.outputs.makepkg-image }}
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/update-ancillary-files.yml b/.github/workflows/update-ancillary-files.yml
index 853475c9d2..293751a82c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/update-ancillary-files.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-ancillary-files.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - master
+    paths:
+      - gradle/libs.versions.toml
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
@@ -12,14 +14,13 @@ jobs:
       group: javadoc-io-${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.number || github.ref }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: danysk/action-checkout@733b8984412e3cc1ea66fcd20281710dc2118187 # 0.2.26
+        uses: danysk/action-checkout@7f6ee3cd5bd670cdb3e162894776736254afff1e # 0.2.27
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.DEPLOYMENT_TOKEN }}
-      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@3a800c3b221073eeae25f5fb98687e3a40aa1712 # 4.0.12
+      - uses: DanySK/build-check-deploy-gradle-action@810719541546fff1db1edd1fb858e12654dc1d95 # 4.0.17
         with:
           pre-build-command: rm -rf dokka-cache
           build-command: |
-            ./gradlew dokkaGenerateModuleHtml dokkaGeneratePublicationHtml --dry-run
             for i in {1..3}; do
                 rm dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json || true
                 ./gradlew dokkaGenerateModuleHtml dokkaGeneratePublicationHtml --dry-run
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index fc3b089b4e..4257e9f0d8 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ buildProfile/
 .DS_Store
 
 # Other
+dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json
 node_modules/
 .kotlintest/
 **/*.kotlintest*/*
diff --git a/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml b/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
index 7bee31df84..8dce9e5fbf 100644
--- a/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
+++ b/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
       <option name="METHOD_MATCHER_CONFIG" value="java.util.Formatter,format,java.io.Writer,append,com.google.common.base.Preconditions,checkNotNull,org.hibernate.Session,close,java.io.PrintWriter,printf,java.io.PrintStream,printf,java.lang.foreign.Arena,ofAuto,java.lang.foreign.Arena,global,java.util.concurrent.Executors,newFixedThreadPool" />
     </inspection_tool>
     <inspection_tool class="CollectionsFieldAccessReplaceableByMethodCall" enabled="true" level="WARNING" enabled_by_default="true" />
+    <inspection_tool class="DataFlowIssue" enabled="false" level="WARNING" enabled_by_default="false">
+      <option name="SUGGEST_NULLABLE_ANNOTATIONS" value="false" />
+      <option name="DONT_REPORT_TRUE_ASSERT_STATEMENTS" value="false" />
+    </inspection_tool>
     <inspection_tool class="LocalCanBeFinal" enabled="true" level="WARNING" enabled_by_default="true">
       <option name="REPORT_VARIABLES" value="false" />
       <option name="REPORT_PARAMETERS" value="true" />
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9f197fe25d..841cf65a4b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,95 @@
+## [42.3.22](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/compare/42.3.21...42.3.22) (2025-12-16)
+
+### Dependency updates
+
+* **core-deps:** update protelis to v18.5.2 (patch) ([#5030](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5030)) ([e0503ea](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/e0503eac9be54f347b84c759582babded1e69479))
+* **deps:** update plugin gitsemver to v7.0.8 ([#5032](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5032)) ([ca38999](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/ca3899992be523ff963d1e1e6309dd23ad897b0f))
+
+### General maintenance
+
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([809caf9](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/809caf9365dd1d7e03dae2fdf42eba0a58a17fb2))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([8e82263](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/8e822638eaad13e1f487560455dfc94ac8c46998))
+
+## [42.3.21](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/compare/42.3.20...42.3.21) (2025-12-16)
+
+### Dependency updates
+
+* **core-deps:** update protelis to v18.5.1 (patch) ([#5027](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5027)) ([e15e840](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/e15e8404e3fa4dcb2fc241ca8b535c4a93727c77))
+* **deps:** update plugin hugo to v0.12.0 ([#5026](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5026)) ([1742fe0](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/1742fe0adce61ee8236b476ab8157d3b8a1646aa))
+
+### General maintenance
+
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([964891b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/964891b48a1c6538b1d482af3257af9782396e8f))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([3fa575b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/3fa575b92dfe3c39cfb825e363fa8c55dcd680ef))
+
+## [42.3.20](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/compare/42.3.19...42.3.20) (2025-12-14)
+
+### Dependency updates
+
+* **deps:** bump tar and npm ([5ca3171](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/5ca3171e94cbe45f164c007205ccc256100aefa2))
+* **deps:** update dependency ch.qos.logback:logback-classic to v1.5.22 ([#5017](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5017)) ([4676322](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/46763228e3d05381fbaab5a3993099260f781d7f))
+* **deps:** update dependency de.flapdoodle.embed:de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo to v4.22.0 ([#5025](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5025)) ([1ce453e](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/1ce453ea1c61bbb5022888eeec5731466dbcd1b3))
+* **deps:** update dependency io.mockk:mockk to v1.14.7 ([#5013](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5013)) ([bfd664c](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/bfd664c7cd92b8427815f0900b42c2cecba23119))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin to v1.156.0 ([#4995](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/4995)) ([cf765e5](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/cf765e57f64a0dc0ed50895bdef5bc72e06bb8a4))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin to v1.157.0 ([#4998](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/4998)) ([cc2a338](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/cc2a3387ae9ac4ec7509958b9f4d55f876ffb9a8))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin to v1.158.0 ([#5001](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5001)) ([97f298e](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/97f298e3e51292e4aec403de075ec9c40e5305f6))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin to v1.159.0 ([#5002](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5002)) ([233fcba](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/233fcba3fcfa86ee575ba7009966a375025a537d))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin to v1.161.0 ([#5024](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5024)) ([6852877](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/6852877feb06943d4e96df754e63947c5b8ff7aa))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa.gradle.plugin to v0.99.0 ([#4999](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/4999)) ([0383dbf](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/0383dbfa9f6342f3e1bd4a029a513b4f68391f3b))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.eclipse.jgit:org.eclipse.jgit to v7.5.0.202512021534-r ([#5022](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5022)) ([3f40d56](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/3f40d566126cab5924cc6f589a3774db41ba7555))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.mockito:mockito-core to v5.21.0 ([#5015](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5015)) ([33a28d4](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/33a28d42132d1b153c75dfd5974dd7ca1b914fde))
+* **deps:** update dependency org.mongodb:mongodb-driver-sync to v5.6.2 ([#5014](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5014)) ([e37b55b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/e37b55b0bf0569b6aeb50a32aae4f190d7752c70))
+* **deps:** update dependency scalafmt to v3.10.2 ([#4996](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/4996)) ([22d9d50](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/22d9d506cc40e06b1f2099cb76c5d3def3682425))
+* **deps:** update kotest to v6.0.6 (patch) ([#5000](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5000)) ([5b7ad8b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/5b7ad8b18f8a2bcc897b1278bfafa8e421d93a30))
+* **deps:** update kotest to v6.0.7 (patch) ([#5003](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5003)) ([752f60e](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/752f60e90a4a5890caee1ae7836cbb38f7a1c590))
+* **deps:** update ktor monorepo to v3.3.3 (patch) ([#4997](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/4997)) ([b2a73df](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/b2a73dfee77126e083ffe4aacbf1cd5bf7dbf67f))
+* **deps:** update node.js to 24.12 ([#5021](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5021)) ([65dc0fe](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/65dc0fe73df4d8ef49bda9d2d2c4c5e17ad7f7db))
+* **deps:** update plugin com.gradle.develocity to v4.3 ([#5016](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5016)) ([8442fd8](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/8442fd829f9f6cb8c863a4a299653907f03e5f20))
+* **deps:** update plugin shadowjar to v9.3.0 ([#5012](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5012)) ([48a098f](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/48a098f5ce4f50d8e12ca5661e3d9d4f81dc17cf))
+* **deps:** update react to v2025.12.0-19.2.0 (minor) ([#5004](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5004)) ([004bdb5](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/004bdb5639686f5b376537ee2c655c1f0a669dc1))
+* **deps:** update react to v2025.12.5-19.2.1 (patch) ([#5008](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5008)) ([c0ef04b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/c0ef04ba0c6251730bb5b8a46e2da73e36208dab))
+* **deps:** update react to v2025.12.6-19.2.3 (patch) ([#5023](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5023)) ([0056d37](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/0056d37edc0a7c49ac50e6bea2b9656a8e22b1ad))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* **release:** checkout the docs using a custom version of the checkout action to work around the new behavior of actions v6 ([f436111](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/f436111b2a4865a37ad1544180241fd40441acbd))
+* **release:** rollback actions/checkout to v5 in release ([35d4d12](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/35d4d12b169e3e4a9aca67d3c97650e5172780df))
+
+### Build and continuous integration
+
+* **deps:** update actions/checkout action to v6 ([fc702d4](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/fc702d41a94e999ffe545d9a15df52d928d07909))
+* **deps:** update actions/checkout action to v6.0.1 ([#5005](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5005)) ([89f9e56](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/89f9e56b71c85c3283c9309594f93dc19d5eb0eb))
+* **deps:** update actions/download-artifact action to v7 ([#5019](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5019)) ([41b6775](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/41b6775d1763fdb6606638960cf0fb2eef9bf222))
+* **deps:** update actions/setup-node action to v6.1.0 ([#5007](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5007)) ([3ac6f8d](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/3ac6f8de740ebfb8a227d50f1fa51aaccf7471e4))
+* **deps:** update actions/upload-artifact action to v6 ([#5020](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5020)) ([9fe74ef](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/9fe74efded4fffc1e4196bf2a8bb69e80415bffc))
+* **deps:** update danysk/action-checkout action to v0.2.27 ([#5006](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5006)) ([6b7002c](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/6b7002c7cb62dbc0245c8191c4414378a325e059))
+* **deps:** update danysk/build-check-deploy-gradle-action action to v4.0.17 ([#5009](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/5009)) ([9d159fe](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/9d159fe985f6311b40db111ae1b17d597519780c))
+* **dokka:** update ancillary files only when the dependencies get modified ([88b038a](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/88b038a90a7fcda49fb803572c7535353994da91))
+
+### General maintenance
+
+* **build:** actualize the Kotlin JS store ([576fd51](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/576fd51c105f9ae801e7b80e31ec51cae685d8cd))
+* **build:** actualize the Kotlin JS store ([f898d26](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/f898d2688b57474c2b156f75075dd739500333f0))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([0c4aa5b](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/0c4aa5b13ba232c400f094b62dab123e412ae1d8))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([54aa505](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/54aa505defdebe6966b745c13f28e0852bcf59b1))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([6e0b7b5](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/6e0b7b5eee3260953692ed08d10d6fbf91a66e7c))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([f0bb809](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/f0bb80938fc2f523d038a275207a80d68fce3d11))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([8c6c7fb](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/8c6c7fbea20aacc064fcb04ec3aaaf35a54f1ada))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([f51b226](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/f51b226efa25233488b1f47e1caad25fbb0b5466))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([651795a](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/651795add9d059b30e28f3f31b4770888ee47d9f))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([6e65d79](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/6e65d7955ceae757f2becd824ac0c71dc5da8903))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([268e511](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/268e51140867449f56336c3a2cc92d204fe27667))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([3eae6f2](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/3eae6f279f839ef3316232b13bd35513ee91a402))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([212dfe5](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/212dfe5d9b8f48d745be98618662a6b6a0e979de))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([38d7f75](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/38d7f758f8052b832ef977db89b883f624fc3ce6))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([a8f88c5](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/a8f88c560acc826f32ed03a9095dbd3ab1a22f02))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([e542b8e](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/e542b8eea01e41e9bc20a1f3f9fdf5026125d9d2))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([f97d652](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/f97d652f803b835ff853846e73e060bafacaf29e))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([3bead0f](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/3bead0feff8b2e6f7192d6d6433b8c1007e4c4dc))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([19d8692](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/19d869272e7fd310ee55349a68f60220285de58c))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([0ddf5eb](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/0ddf5eba2f3c3a4564c58a55aa53485bf968f9a3))
+* **build:** update the javadoc.io cache ([a99a02d](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/commit/a99a02db879cedcab685069f306314abada9a54b))
+
 ## [42.3.19](https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/compare/42.3.18...42.3.19) (2025-11-25)
 
 ### Dependency updates
diff --git a/alchemist-api/build.gradle.kts b/alchemist-api/build.gradle.kts
index 8b9292aa9f..b3d9454f1c 100644
--- a/alchemist-api/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/alchemist-api/build.gradle.kts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ dependencies {
     api(libs.jool)
     api(libs.listset)
     implementation(libs.kotlin.reflect)
+    api(libs.arrow.core)
 
     testImplementation(libs.kotlin.test)
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Condition.java b/alchemist-api/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Condition.java
index f4d31ef380..84fa0b2599 100644
--- a/alchemist-api/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Condition.java
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Condition.java
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model;
 
 import it.unibo.alchemist.core.Simulation;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Disposable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet;
 
 import java.io.Serializable;
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@
  * @param <T>
  *     The type which describes the concentration of a molecule
  */
-public interface Condition<T> extends Serializable {
+public interface Condition<T> extends Serializable, Disposable {
 
     /**
      * This method allows cloning this action on a new node. It may result
@@ -46,6 +49,12 @@ public interface Condition<T> extends Serializable {
      */
     ListSet<? extends Dependency> getInboundDependencies();
 
+    /**
+     * @return The set of dependencies which may influence the truth value of this
+     *         condition, as an {@link ObservableSet} of {@link Observable}
+     */
+    ObservableSet<? extends Observable<?>> observeInboundDependencies();
+
     /**
      * @return the node this Condition belongs to
      */
@@ -61,11 +70,24 @@ public interface Condition<T> extends Serializable {
      */
     double getPropensityContribution();
 
+    /**
+     * An observable and reactive view of the corresponding {@link #getPropensityContribution()}.
+     *
+     * @return an observable view of how this condition may influence the propensity.
+     */
+    Observable<Double> observePropensityContribution();
+
     /**
      * @return true if the condition is satisfied in the current environment.
      */
     boolean isValid();
 
+    /**
+     * @return an observable that emits true if the condition is satisfied in the
+     *          current environment.
+     */
+    Observable<Boolean> observeValidity();
+
     /**
      * This method is called by the {@link Simulation} once the {@link Reaction}
      * whose this {@link Condition} belongs to is the next one to be executed, and
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Actionable.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Actionable.kt
index 3004bfa4b0..da9027f8cd 100644
--- a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Actionable.kt
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Actionable.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model
 
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
 import java.io.Serializable
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet
 
@@ -24,6 +25,14 @@ sealed interface Actionable<T> :
      */
     fun canExecute(): Boolean
 
+    /**
+     * Observes whether the reaction can be executed. This observable emits updates
+     * to indicate if the conditions required for execution are satisfied.
+     *
+     * @return An [Observable] emitting true if the reaction van be executed, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun observeCanExecute(): Observable<Boolean>
+
     /**
      * Executes the reactions.
      */
@@ -88,6 +97,12 @@ sealed interface Actionable<T> :
      */
     val timeDistribution: TimeDistribution<T>
 
+    /**
+     * Emits when this reaction requests the [Scheduler][it.unibo.alchemist.core.Scheduler]
+     * to reschedule this reaction.
+     */
+    val rescheduleRequest: Observable<Unit>
+
     /**
      * Updates the scheduling of this reaction.
      *
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Environment.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Environment.kt
index beacb1bff9..d6db5a1dc9 100644
--- a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Environment.kt
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Environment.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model
 
 import it.unibo.alchemist.core.Simulation
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableSet
 import java.io.Serializable
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet
 
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet
  * Every environment must implement this specification.
  * [T] is the [Concentration] type, [P] is the [Position] type.
  */
+@Suppress("TooManyFunctions")
 interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
     Serializable,
     Iterable<Node<T>> {
@@ -95,6 +98,12 @@ interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
      */
     fun getNeighborhood(node: Node<T>): Neighborhood<T>
 
+    /**
+     * Given a [node], this method returns an observable view of
+     * its neighborhood.
+     */
+    fun observeNeighborhood(node: Node<T>): Observable<Neighborhood<T>>
+
     /**
      * Allows accessing a [Node] in this [Environment] known its [id].
      * Depending on the implementation, this method may or may not be optimized
@@ -107,11 +116,21 @@ interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
      */
     val nodes: ListSet<Node<T>>
 
+    /**
+     * An [Observable] view of all the [Node]s that exist in current [Environment].
+     */
+    val observableNodes: ObservableSet<Node<T>>
+
     /**
      * Returns the number of [Node]s currently in the [Environment].
      */
     val nodeCount: Int
 
+    /**
+     * Returns an [Observable] view of the number of [Node]s currently in the [Environment].
+     */
+    val observeNodeCount: Observable<Int>
+
     /**
      * Given a [node] this method returns a list of all the surrounding
      * nodes within the given [range]. Note that this method (depending on the
@@ -122,6 +141,11 @@ interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
      */
     fun getNodesWithinRange(node: Node<T>, range: Double): ListSet<Node<T>>
 
+    /**
+     * An [Observable] alternative to [getNodesWithinRange].
+     */
+    fun observeNodesWithinRange(node: Node<T>, range: Double): ObservableSet<Node<T>>
+
     /**
      * Given a [position] this method returns a list of all the
      * surrounding nodes within the given [range].
@@ -130,6 +154,11 @@ interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
      */
     fun getNodesWithinRange(position: P, range: Double): ListSet<Node<T>>
 
+    /**
+     * An [Observable] alternative to [getNodesWithinRange].
+     */
+    fun observeNodesWithinRange(position: P, range: Double): ObservableSet<Node<T>>
+
     /**
      * This method allows to know which are the smallest coordinates represented.
      * Return an array of length [dimensions] containing the smallest
@@ -142,6 +171,11 @@ interface Environment<T, P : Position<out P>> :
      */
     fun getPosition(node: Node<T>): P
 
+    /**
+     * Observe the position of a [node].
+     */
+    fun observePosition(node: Node<T>): Observable<P>
+
     /**
      * Return the current [Simulation], if present, or throws an [IllegalStateException] otherwise.
      */
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Node.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Node.kt
index 61a1f03341..2acc820121 100644
--- a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Node.kt
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/Node.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
  */
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model
 
+import arrow.core.Option
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMap
 import java.io.Serializable
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 import kotlin.reflect.full.isSubclassOf
@@ -60,6 +63,14 @@ interface Node<T> :
      */
     operator fun contains(molecule: Molecule): Boolean
 
+    /**
+     * Observes whether a node contains a [Molecule].
+     *
+     * @param molecule * the molecule to check
+     * @return emit true if the molecule is present, false otherwise
+     */
+    fun observeContains(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Boolean>
+
     /**
      * Calculates the concentration of a molecule.
      *
@@ -69,11 +80,26 @@ interface Node<T> :
      */
     fun getConcentration(molecule: Molecule): T
 
+    /**
+     * Observe the concentration calculated with the given molecule.
+     * The result of this computation is wrapped into an [Option] and
+     * [some][arrow.core.Some] if the value is present, otherwise
+     * [none][arrow.core.None].
+     *
+     * @param molecule the molecule whose concentration will be returned
+     */
+    fun observeConcentration(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Option<T>>
+
     /**
      * @return the molecule corresponding to the i-th position
      */
     val contents: Map<Molecule, T>
 
+    /**
+     * @return an observable view of the molecule corresponding to the i-th position
+     */
+    val observableContents: ObservableMap<Molecule, T>
+
     /**
      * @return an univocal id for this node in the environment
      */
@@ -84,6 +110,11 @@ interface Node<T> :
      */
     val moleculeCount: Int
 
+    /**
+     * Observes the count of different molecules in this node.
+     */
+    val observeMoleculeCount: Observable<Int>
+
     /**
      * @return a list of the node's properties/capabilities
      */
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/DerivedObservable.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/DerivedObservable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ba47c3b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/DerivedObservable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.none
+import arrow.core.some
+import java.util.Collections
+
+/**
+ * An abstract implementation of the `Observable` interface designed to support observables whose states
+ * are derived from other data sources. Manages the lifecycle of observation and update propagation.
+ *
+ * @param emitOnDistinct whether to emit when the new derived value is different from the current one.
+ * @param T The type of data being observed.
+ */
+abstract class DerivedObservable<T>(private val emitOnDistinct: Boolean = true) : Observable<T> {
+    private val callbacks = LinkedHashMap<Any, List<(T) -> Unit>>()
+
+    private var cached: Option<T> = none()
+
+    private var isListening = false
+
+    override val observingCallbacks: Map<Any, List<(T) -> Unit>>
+        get() = Collections.unmodifiableMap(callbacks)
+
+    override val observers: List<Any>
+        get() = callbacks.keys.toList()
+
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    override val current: T
+        get() {
+            val maybeCached = cached.getOrNull()
+            return if (isListening && maybeCached != null) {
+                maybeCached
+            } else {
+                computeFresh()
+            }
+        }
+
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (T) -> Unit) {
+        val wasEmpty = callbacks.isEmpty()
+        callbacks[registrant] = callbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+        if (wasEmpty) {
+            val initial = computeFresh()
+            cached = initial.some()
+            callback(initial)
+
+            isListening = true
+            startMonitoring()
+        } else {
+            callback(current)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+        callbacks.remove(registrant)
+
+        if (callbacks.isEmpty() && isListening) {
+            stopMonitoring()
+            isListening = false
+            cached = none()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun dispose() {
+        if (isListening) {
+            stopMonitoring()
+        }
+
+        callbacks.clear()
+        isListening = false
+        cached = none()
+    }
+
+    protected abstract fun startMonitoring()
+
+    protected abstract fun stopMonitoring()
+
+    protected abstract fun computeFresh(): T
+
+    protected fun updateAndNotify(newValue: T) {
+        val changed = cached.getOrNull()?.let { it != newValue } ?: true
+        if (!emitOnDistinct || changed) {
+            cached = newValue.some()
+            callbacks.values.forEach { cs ->
+                cs.forEach { it(newValue) }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Disposable.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Disposable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aed501ef9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Disposable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+/**
+ * Anything taking up some resource and that can be cleared up.
+ */
+fun interface Disposable {
+
+    /**
+     * Disposes and releases the resources held by this object.
+     */
+    fun dispose()
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/EventObservable.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/EventObservable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97228cfaaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/EventObservable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+/**
+ * An implementation of [Observable] that emits updates to its observers when triggered manually
+ * via the [emit] method. The observed value is always [Unit]. A standard [MutableObservable] of
+ * [Unit] is not the answer to an observable emitter, because of observable idempotency.
+ *
+ * This class allows multiple observers to register for notifications, and provides the ability
+ * to manually emit updates to those observers.
+ */
+class EventObservable : Observable<Unit> {
+
+    override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(Unit) -> Unit>> = linkedMapOf()
+
+    override val current: Unit = Unit
+
+    override val observers: List<Any> get() = observingCallbacks.keys.toList()
+
+    /**
+     * Triggers the emission of a notification from this observable notifying
+     * all of its observers.
+     */
+    fun emit() {
+        observingCallbacks.values.forEach { callbacks -> callbacks.forEach { it(Unit) } }
+    }
+
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (Unit) -> Unit) {
+        observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+        callback(current)
+    }
+
+    override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+        observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Observable.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Observable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58e0540d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/Observable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+
+/**
+ * Represents an observable object that emits updates to registered observers when its value changes.
+ *
+ * @param T The type of the value being observed.
+ */
+interface Observable<T> : Disposable {
+    /**
+     * The current state or value of the observable.
+     */
+    val current: T
+
+    /**
+     * Represents a list of all entities currently observing changes to this observable object.
+     */
+    val observers: List<Any>
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the set of observers along with the list of callbacks associated with them.
+     */
+    val observingCallbacks: Map<Any, List<(T) -> Unit>>
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a callback to be notified of changes in the observable. The callback is invoked
+     * whenever the state of the observable changes.
+     *
+     * @param registrant The entity registering the callback.
+     * @param callback   The callback to be executed when the observable's state changes. It receives
+     *                   the updated value of the observable as an argument.
+     */
+    fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (T) -> Unit)
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters the specified registrant from watching for changes or updates in the observable.
+     *
+     * @param registrant The entity to be unregistered from observing changes.
+     */
+    fun stopWatching(registrant: Any)
+
+    /**
+     * Disposes of the observable by unregistering all currently registered observers.
+     * This method ensures that no further updates or notifications are sent to the observers.
+     */
+    override fun dispose() {
+        observers.forEach { this.stopWatching(it) }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Transforms the current observable into a new observable by applying the specified transformation function
+     * to its emitted values.
+     *
+     * @param transform The function to transform each value emitted by this observable.
+     * @return A new observable that emits the transformed values.
+     */
+    fun <S> map(transform: (T) -> S): Observable<S> = object : DerivedObservable<S>() {
+
+        override fun computeFresh(): S = transform(this@Observable.current)
+
+        override fun startMonitoring() {
+            this@Observable.onChange(this) {
+                updateAndNotify(transform(it))
+            }
+        }
+
+        override fun stopMonitoring() {
+            this@Observable.stopWatching(this)
+        }
+
+        override fun toString(): String = "MapObservable($current)[from: ${this@Observable}]"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Combines the current observable with another observable, producing a new observable that emits
+     * values derived by applying the provided merge function to the current values of both observables.
+     *
+     * @param other The observable to be merged with the current observable.
+     * @param merge The function that combines the values from the two observables into a single value.
+     * @return A new observable that emits values resulting from merging the two observables.
+     */
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    fun <O, R> mergeWith(other: Observable<O>, merge: (T, O) -> R): Observable<R> = object : DerivedObservable<R>() {
+
+        override fun computeFresh(): R = merge(this@Observable.current, other.current)
+
+        override fun startMonitoring() {
+            val handleUpdate: (Any?) -> Unit = {
+                updateAndNotify(merge(this@Observable.current, other.current))
+            }
+
+            listOf(this@Observable, other).forEach { obs ->
+                obs.onChange(this, handleUpdate)
+            }
+        }
+
+        override fun stopMonitoring() {
+            listOf(this@Observable, other).forEach { it.stopWatching(this) }
+        }
+
+        override fun toString() = "MergeObservable($current)[from: ${this@Observable}, other: $other]"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set of handy extension methods for Observables.
+     */
+    companion object ObservableExtensions {
+
+        /**
+         * Retrieves the current value of the observable if present, or `null` if no value is available.
+         *
+         * @return The current value of the observable, or `null` if it is not set.
+         */
+        fun <T> Observable<Option<T>>.currentOrNull(): T? = current.getOrNull()
+
+        /**
+         * Converts this [Observable] into a [MutableObservable] of the same type [T].
+         * If this observable is already mutable, this observable is returned; however,
+         * if it does not, a new, separate observable will be created, therefore, no
+         * observers are shared between this and the returned observable.
+         *
+         * @return a mutable version of this observable.
+         */
+        fun <T> Observable<T>.asMutable(): MutableObservable<T> =
+            this as? MutableObservable<T> ?: object : MutableObservable<T> {
+                override var current: T = this@asMutable.current
+                    get() = this@asMutable.current
+
+                override var observers: List<Any> = emptyList()
+
+                override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(T) -> Unit>> = mutableMapOf()
+
+                override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (T) -> Unit) {
+                    observers += registrant
+                    observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+                    this@asMutable.onChange(this to registrant, callback)
+                }
+
+                override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+                    observers -= registrant
+                    observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+                    this@asMutable.stopWatching(this to registrant)
+                }
+            }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A MutableObservable represents an extension of the Observable interface, designed to maintain
+ * mutable state and notify its observers when the state changes. Updates are mainly
+ * performed thanks to the [update] function.
+ *
+ * @param T The type of the value being observed and modified.
+ */
+interface MutableObservable<T> : Observable<T> {
+    override var current: T
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the current value using the specified transformation function and returns the previous value.
+     *
+     * @param computeNewValue A function that computes the new value based on the current value.
+     * @return The previous value before the update.
+     */
+    fun update(computeNewValue: (T) -> T): T = current.also {
+        current = computeNewValue(current)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Factory methods container.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Creates and returns a new instance of a [MutableObservable] initialized with the given value.
+         * The resulting observable allows its state to be modified and notifies registered observers of any changes.
+         *
+         * @param T The type of the value being observed.
+         * @param initial The initial value of the observable.
+         * @return A new instance of [MutableObservable] initialized with the provided value.
+         */
+        fun <T> observe(initial: T): MutableObservable<T> = object : MutableObservable<T> {
+            override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(T) -> Unit>> = linkedMapOf()
+
+            override var current: T = initial
+                set(value) {
+                    if (value != field) {
+                        field = value
+                        observingCallbacks.values.forEach { callbacks -> callbacks.forEach { it(value) } }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            override val observers: List<Any> get() = observingCallbacks.keys.toList()
+
+            override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (T) -> Unit) {
+                callback(current)
+                observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant]?.let {
+                    it + callback
+                } ?: listOf(callback)
+            }
+
+            override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+                observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Handy method to update the optional[Option] contents of this [MutableObservable].
+         * Applies the given function to the value contained by the underlying [Option],
+         * if it is empty nothing is computed.
+         *
+         * @param updateFunc the update function to perform on the value wrapped by the underlying [Option]
+         */
+        fun <T> MutableObservable<Option<T>>.updateValue(updateFunc: (T) -> T) {
+            update { it.map(updateFunc) }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableExtensions.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableExtensions.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9877ba96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableExtensions.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.none
+import arrow.core.some
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet.Companion.toObservableSet
+import kotlin.collections.forEach
+
+/**
+ * Set of useful extensions on [Observable] and collections of observables.
+ */
+object ObservableExtensions {
+
+    /**
+     * Set of useful extensions on [ObservableList].
+     */
+    object ObservableListExtensions {
+
+        /**
+         * Combines the content of an `ObservableList` into a single observable by applying a mapping function
+         * to each element and aggregating the results.
+         *
+         * @param map A function that maps each element of the `ObservableList` to an `Observable`.
+         * @param aggregator A function that aggregates the mapped results into a single value.
+         * @return An `Observable` emitting the aggregated result of the mapped content from the `ObservableList`.
+         */
+        fun <T, R, O> ObservableList<T>.combineLatest(
+            map: (T) -> Observable<R>,
+            aggregator: (List<R>) -> O,
+        ): Observable<O> = combineLatestCollection(map, aggregator)
+
+        /**
+         * Transforms an [ObservableList] of type [T] into a single [Observable] of type [Option]<[O]> by fusing the
+         * individual observables obtained from each item in the list.
+         *
+         * @param T The type of elements in the [ObservableList].
+         * @param O The type of the resulting fused observable.
+         * @param map A function that maps each element of the source [ObservableList] to an [Observable] of type [O].
+         * @return An [Observable] of type [Option]<[O]> that is safe to use on empty lists.
+         */
+        fun <T, O> ObservableList<T>.flatMap(map: (T) -> Observable<O>): Observable<Option<O>> = flatMapCollection(map)
+
+        /**
+         * Converts this [ObservableList] of [observables][Observable] into a unique observable.
+         *
+         * @return a unique observable wrapping in one place all the notifications emitted by this [ObservableList]
+         */
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        fun ObservableList<out Observable<*>>.merge(): Observable<Option<Any?>> = flatMap { it as Observable<Any?> }
+
+        /**
+         * Converts the given [ObservableList] of [observables][Observable] into a unique observable.
+         *
+         * @return a unique observable wrapping in one place all the notifications emitted by this [ObservableList]
+         */
+        @JvmStatic
+        @JvmName("mergeObservables")
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        fun merge(observables: ObservableList<out Observable<*>>): Observable<Option<Any?>> =
+            observables.flatMap { it as Observable<Any?> }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set of useful extensions on [ObservableSet].
+     */
+    object ObservableSetExtensions {
+
+        /**
+         * Combines the content of an `ObservableSet` into a single observable by applying a mapping function
+         * to each element and aggregating the results.
+         * This function generates a single observable that emits every time the underlying set of contents is changed,
+         * or some of the values (which are in turn observables) emit a changes, triggering the re-evaluation
+         * of the [aggregation][aggregator] function.
+         *
+         * @param map A function that maps each element of the `ObservableSet` to an `Observable`.
+         * @param aggregator A function that aggregates the mapped results into a single value.
+         * @return An `Observable` emitting the aggregated result of the mapped content from the `ObservableSet`.
+         */
+        fun <T, R, O> ObservableSet<T>.combineLatest(
+            map: (T) -> Observable<R>,
+            aggregator: (Iterable<R>) -> O,
+        ): Observable<O> = combineLatestCollection(map, aggregator)
+
+        /**
+         * Transforms an [ObservableSet] of type [T] into a single [Observable] of type [Option]<[O]> by fusing the
+         * individual observables obtained from each item in the set.
+         *
+         * The resulting observable is **total**:
+         * - If the set is empty, it emits (and its [Observable.current] is) [arrow.core.None]
+         * - If the set is non-empty, it emits [arrow.core.Some] values coming from any mapped observable
+         *
+         * @param T The type of elements in the [ObservableSet].
+         * @param O The type of the resulting fused observable.
+         * @param map A function that maps each element of the source [ObservableSet] to an [Observable] of type [O].
+         * @return An [Observable] of type [Option]<[O]> that is safe to use on empty sets.
+         */
+        fun <T, O> ObservableSet<T>.flatMap(map: (T) -> Observable<O>): Observable<Option<O>> = flatMapCollection(map)
+
+        /**
+         * Converts this [ObservableSet] of [observables][Observable] into a unique observable that emits
+         * when either this set would have changed (addition/removal of members) or one of its members
+         * emits a value.
+         *
+         * The resulting observable is safe on empty sets: it emits [arrow.core.None] when the set is empty.
+         *
+         * @return a unique observable wrapping in one place all the notifications emitted by this [ObservableSet]
+         */
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        fun ObservableSet<out Observable<*>>.merge(): Observable<Option<Any?>> = flatMap { it as Observable<Any?> }
+
+        /**
+         * Converts the given [ObservableSet] of [observables][Observable] into a unique observable that emits
+         * when either this set would have changed (addition/removal of members) or one of its members
+         * emits a value.
+         *
+         * The resulting observable is safe on empty sets: it emits [arrow.core.None] when the set is empty.
+         *
+         * @return a unique observable wrapping in one place all the notifications emitted by this [ObservableSet]
+         */
+        @JvmStatic
+        @JvmName("mergeObservables")
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        fun merge(observables: ObservableSet<out Observable<*>>): Observable<Option<Any?>> =
+            observables.flatMap { it as Observable<Any?> }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a new [ObservableSet] applying the given [predicate] to each element.
+         * The resulting collection is this collection with all the items that satisfy the given [predicate].
+         * This function is backed by the standard `filter` of [sets][Set].
+         *
+         * @param predicate the predicate to apply for each element of this collection.
+         * @return a new [ObservableSet] with the items that satisfy the input [predicate].
+         */
+        fun <T> ObservableSet<T>.filter(predicate: (T) -> Boolean): ObservableSet<T> =
+            this.toSet().filter(predicate).toObservableSet()
+
+        /**
+         * Combines this observable set with another, producing a new observable set that represents
+         * the union of both sets.
+         *
+         * @param other The observable set to be merged with the current one.
+         * @return A new observable set that emits the union of the values.
+         */
+        infix fun <T> ObservableSet<T>.union(other: ObservableSet<T>): ObservableSet<T> = object : ObservableSet<T> {
+            private val backing = this@union.mergeWith(other) { s1, s2 -> s1 + s2 }
+
+            override val current: Set<T> get() = backing.current
+
+            override var observers: List<Any> = emptyList()
+
+            override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(Set<T>) -> Unit>> = mutableMapOf()
+
+            override val observableSize: Observable<Int> = backing.map { it.size }
+
+            override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (Set<T>) -> Unit) {
+                observers += registrant
+                observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+                backing.onChange(this to registrant, callback)
+            }
+
+            override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+                observers -= registrant
+                observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+                backing.stopWatching(registrant)
+            }
+
+            override fun observeMembership(item: T): Observable<Boolean> =
+                this@union.observeMembership(item).mergeWith(other.observeMembership(item)) { a, b -> a || b }
+
+            override fun toSet(): Set<T> = current
+
+            override fun toList(): List<T> = current.toList()
+
+            override fun copy(): ObservableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet<T>().apply {
+                current.forEach(this::add)
+            }
+
+            override fun contains(item: T): Boolean = item in current
+
+            override fun toString(): String = "UnionObservableSet($current)[from: ${this@union}, other: $other]"
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun <T, C : Collection<T>, R, O> Observable<C>.combineLatestCollection(
+        map: (T) -> Observable<R>,
+        aggregator: (List<R>) -> O,
+    ): Observable<O> = object : DerivedObservable<O>() {
+
+        private val sources = mutableMapOf<T, Observable<R>>()
+
+        override fun computeFresh(): O = aggregator(this@combineLatestCollection.current.map { map(it).current })
+
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        override fun startMonitoring() {
+            val callback: (C) -> Unit = { current ->
+                reconcile(
+                    sources = sources,
+                    current = current,
+                    map = map,
+                    doOnChange = { updateAndNotify(computeFresh()) },
+                    postCleanup = { updateAndNotify(computeFresh()) },
+                )
+            }
+
+            this@combineLatestCollection.onChange(this, callback)
+            callback(ArrayList(this@combineLatestCollection.current) as C)
+        }
+
+        override fun stopMonitoring() {
+            this@combineLatestCollection.stopWatching(this)
+            sources.values.forEach { it.stopWatching(this@combineLatestCollection) }
+            sources.clear()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun <T, C : Collection<T>, O> Observable<C>.flatMapCollection(
+        map: (T) -> Observable<O>,
+    ): Observable<Option<O>> = object : DerivedObservable<Option<O>>() {
+        private val sources = mutableMapOf<T, Observable<O>>()
+
+        override fun computeFresh(): Option<O> = this@flatMapCollection.current.firstOrNull()
+            ?.let { key -> sources[key]?.current ?: map(key).current }
+            ?.some()
+            ?: none()
+
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        override fun startMonitoring() {
+            val callback: (C) -> Unit = { current ->
+                reconcile(
+                    sources = sources,
+                    current = current,
+                    map = map,
+                    doOnChange = { updateAndNotify(it.some()) },
+                    postCleanup = {
+                        if (this@flatMapCollection.current.isEmpty()) {
+                            updateAndNotify(none())
+                        }
+                    },
+                )
+            }
+
+            this@flatMapCollection.onChange(this, callback)
+            callback(ArrayList(this@flatMapCollection.current) as C)
+        }
+
+        override fun stopMonitoring() {
+            this@flatMapCollection.stopWatching(this)
+            sources.values.forEach { it.stopWatching(this@flatMapCollection) }
+            sources.clear()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun <T, O> Observable<out Collection<T>>.reconcile(
+        sources: MutableMap<T, Observable<O>>,
+        current: Collection<T>,
+        map: (T) -> Observable<O>,
+        doOnChange: (O) -> Unit,
+        postCleanup: () -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        val currentSet = current.toSet()
+        (sources.keys - currentSet).forEach { sources.remove(it)?.stopWatching(this) }
+        (currentSet - sources.keys).forEach { key ->
+            with(map(key)) {
+                sources[key] = this
+                onChange(this@reconcile, doOnChange)
+            }
+        }
+        postCleanup()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the latest values emitted by a list of [Observable]s and transforms them
+     * into a new [Observable] using the provided collector function.
+     *
+     * @param T the type of the values emitted by the source [Observable]s.
+     * @param O the type of the combined and transformed result emitted by the resulting [Observable].
+     * @param collector a function that takes a list of the latest values from the source [Observable]s
+     *                  and transforms them into a result of type [O], which will be emitted by the resulting
+     *                  [Observable].
+     * @return a [Observable] of type [O], which emits the transformed result whenever the
+     *         state of the source [Observable]s changes.
+     */
+    fun <T, O> List<Observable<T>>.combineLatest(collector: (List<T>) -> O): Observable<Option<O>> =
+        object : DerivedObservable<Option<O>>() {
+
+            override fun computeFresh(): Option<O> = this@combineLatest.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                ?.let { _ -> collector(this@combineLatest.map { it.current }).some() }
+                ?: arrow.core.none()
+
+            override fun startMonitoring() {
+                this@combineLatest.forEach { observable ->
+                    observable.onChange(this) { updateAndNotify(computeFresh()) }
+                }
+            }
+
+            override fun stopMonitoring() {
+                this@combineLatest.forEach { it.stopWatching(this) }
+            }
+        }
+
+    /**
+     * Transforms the items emitted by this [Observable] into observables, then flatten the emissions from those
+     * into a single observable mirroring the most recently emitted observable.
+     *
+     * @param transform a function that returns an [Observable] for reach item emitted by the source.
+     * @return an [Observable] that emist the items emitted by the observable returned by [transform].
+     */
+    fun <T, R> Observable<T>.switchMap(transform: (T) -> Observable<R>): Observable<R> =
+        object : DerivedObservable<R>() {
+            private var innerSubscription: Observable<R>? = null
+
+            override fun computeFresh(): R = transform(this@switchMap.current).current
+
+            override fun startMonitoring() {
+                this@switchMap.onChange(this, ::switchInner)
+                switchInner(this@switchMap.current)
+            }
+
+            override fun stopMonitoring() {
+                this@switchMap.stopWatching(this)
+                innerSubscription?.stopWatching(this)
+                innerSubscription = null
+            }
+
+            private fun switchInner(value: T) {
+                innerSubscription?.stopWatching(this)
+                with(transform(value)) {
+                    innerSubscription = this
+                    onChange(this@switchMap, ::updateAndNotify)
+                    updateAndNotify(this.current)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableList.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableList.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b46a7dbc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableList.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import java.util.Collections
+
+/**
+ * Represents a list that allows observation of its contents and provides notifications on changes.
+ * This interface supports observing the entire list and various utility operations.
+ */
+interface ObservableList<T> : Observable<List<T>> {
+
+    /**
+     * An observable that emits the current size of the list.
+     */
+    val observableSize: Observable<Int>
+
+    /**
+     * Observes changes to the list and triggers the provided callback function whenever the list changes.
+     * The callback will be invoked with the current list of items as a parameter.
+     *
+     * @param registrant The object registering for change notifications. Used to manage the lifecycle of the observer.
+     * @param callback The function to be invoked whenever the list changes. It receives the current list of items as
+     *                 a parameter.
+     */
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (List<T>) -> Unit)
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the element at the specified index in the list.
+     */
+    operator fun get(index: Int): T
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the current list of items in the observable list.
+     *
+     * @return A [List] containing all the items currently in the observable list.
+     */
+    fun toList(): List<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns a copy of the current ObservableList.
+     *
+     * @return A new ObservableList containing the same elements as the current list.
+     */
+    fun copy(): ObservableList<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the specified item is present in the observable list.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be checked for presence in the list.
+     * @return `true` if the item exists in the list, `false` otherwise.
+     */
+    operator fun contains(item: T): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * A companion object for the [ObservableList] class, providing a simple factory.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new [ObservableList] and populates it with the specified items.
+         *
+         * @param items The items to be added to the newly created `ObservableMutableList`.
+         * The items are provided as a variable number of arguments.
+         * @return A new [ObservableList] containing the specified items.
+         */
+        operator fun <T> invoke(vararg items: T): ObservableList<T> = ObservableMutableList(*items)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A mutable observable list implementation, which allows for observing changes to the list and
+ * provides notifications when its contents are modified. This class supports addition, removal,
+ * updates, and observation of modifications to the list.
+ *
+ * @param T The type of elements maintained by this list.
+ */
+class ObservableMutableList<T> : ObservableList<T> {
+
+    private val backing: MutableList<T> = ArrayList()
+    private val sizeObservable = MutableObservable.observe(0)
+
+    override val observableSize: Observable<Int> = sizeObservable
+
+    override val current: List<T> get() = Collections.unmodifiableList(backing)
+
+    override val observers: List<Any> get() = observingCallbacks.keys.toList()
+
+    override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(List<T>) -> Unit>> = linkedMapOf()
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an item to the observable list.
+     * Observers of the list will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be added to the list.
+     * @return `true` (as specified by [MutableList.add])
+     */
+    fun add(item: T): Boolean {
+        val result = backing.add(item)
+        notifyObservers()
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an item at the specified index.
+     * Observers of the list will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param index The index at which the specified element is to be inserted
+     * @param item The item to be added to the list.
+     */
+    fun add(index: Int, item: T) {
+        backing.add(index, item)
+        notifyObservers()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list.
+     *
+     * @param items collection containing elements to be added to this list.
+     * @return `true` if this list changed as a result of the call
+     */
+    fun addAll(items: Collection<T>): Boolean = if (items.isNotEmpty()) {
+        val result = backing.addAll(items)
+        notifyObservers()
+        result
+    } else {
+        false
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified item from the observable list, if it is present.
+     * If the list changes, observers will be notified.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be removed from the list.
+     * @return `true` if the list contained the specified element
+     */
+    fun remove(item: T): Boolean {
+        val result = backing.remove(item)
+        if (result) {
+            notifyObservers()
+        }
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
+     *
+     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
+     * @return the element that was removed from the list
+     */
+    fun removeAt(index: Int): T {
+        val result = backing.removeAt(index)
+        notifyObservers()
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
+     *
+     * @param index index of the element to replace
+     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
+     * @return the element previously at the specified position
+     */
+    operator fun set(index: Int, element: T): T {
+        val old = backing.set(index, element)
+        if (old != element) {
+            notifyObservers()
+        }
+        return old
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the elements from this list.
+     */
+    fun clear() {
+        if (backing.isNotEmpty()) {
+            backing.clear()
+            notifyObservers()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (List<T>) -> Unit) {
+        observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+        callback(toList())
+    }
+
+    override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+        observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+    }
+
+    override fun dispose() {
+        observingCallbacks.clear()
+        sizeObservable.dispose()
+        backing.clear()
+    }
+
+    override operator fun get(index: Int): T = backing[index]
+
+    override fun toList(): List<T> = Collections.unmodifiableList(ArrayList(backing))
+
+    override fun copy(): ObservableMutableList<T> = ObservableMutableList<T>().apply {
+        this@ObservableMutableList.backing.forEach(this::add)
+    }
+
+    override operator fun contains(item: T): Boolean = backing.contains(item)
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an item to the observable list.
+     * Observers of the list will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be added to the list.
+     */
+    operator fun plusAssign(item: T) {
+        add(item)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the specified item from the observable list.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be removed from the list.
+     */
+    operator fun minusAssign(item: T) {
+        remove(item)
+    }
+
+    private fun notifyObservers() {
+        sizeObservable.update { backing.size }
+        val snapshot = toList()
+        observingCallbacks.values.forEach { callbacks ->
+            callbacks.forEach { it(snapshot) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A companion object for the `ObservableMutableList` class, providing handy factories.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Converts the current list into an observable mutable list.
+         * @see ObservableMutableList
+         *
+         * @return An instance of `ObservableMutableList` containing all elements from the original list.
+         */
+        fun <T> List<T>.toObservableList(): ObservableMutableList<T> = ObservableMutableList<T>().also {
+            it.addAll(this)
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new [ObservableMutableList] and populates it with the specified items.
+         *
+         * @param items The items to be added to the newly created `ObservableMutableList`.
+         * The items are provided as a variable number of arguments.
+         * @return A new [ObservableMutableList] containing the specified items.
+         */
+        operator fun <T> invoke(vararg items: T): ObservableMutableList<T> = ObservableMutableList<T>().apply {
+            items.forEach(this::add)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMap.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMap.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..570882a6cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMap.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.none
+import arrow.core.some
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import java.util.Collections
+
+/**
+ * Represents an observable map that allows observation of changes to its contents,
+ * as well as observation of keys (i.e. addition, removal and content changes)
+ *
+ * @param K The type of keys maintained by the map.
+ * @param V The type of mapped values.
+ */
+interface ObservableMap<K, V> : Observable<Map<K, V>> {
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the observable representation of the value associated with the specified key
+     * in the observable map. The resulting observable emits updates whenever the value for
+     * the given key changes, is added, or is removed.
+     *
+     * @param key The key whose associated value is to be retrieved.
+     * @return An observable emitting an optional value. If the key is present and associated
+     *         with a value, the value is wrapped in `Option.Some`. If the key is absent, it
+     *         emits `Option.None`.
+     */
+    operator fun get(key: K): Observable<Option<V>>
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether the specified key is present in the observable map.
+     *
+     * @param key The key to be checked for presence in the map.
+     * @return true if the key is present in the map, false otherwise.
+     */
+    operator fun contains(key: K): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether this map is empty.
+     *
+     * @return true if this observable map is empty, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun isEmpty(): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the observable map into a standard, non-observable map.
+     * The returned map reflects the contents of the observable map at the time of invocation,
+     * and it's unmodifiable.
+     *
+     * @return An unmodifiable map containing the key-value pairs of the observable map.
+     */
+    fun asMap(): Map<K, V>
+
+    /**
+     * Simple extensions for the observable map.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Retrieves the value associated with the specified key in the observable map,
+         * or returns a default value using the provided function if the key is not present
+         * or the value is not [none][arrow.core.None].
+         *
+         * @param key The key whose associated value is to be retrieved.
+         * @param defaultProvider A function that provides a default value if the key
+         *        is not present in the observable map.
+         * @return The value associated with the specified key, or the value provided
+         *         by the default function if the key is absent.
+         */
+        fun <K, V> ObservableMap<in K, out V>.getOrElse(key: K, defaultProvider: () -> V): V =
+            this.takeIf { key in this }?.get(key)?.current?.getOrNull() ?: defaultProvider()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A class that represents an observable, mutable map. Allows observation of map changes,
+ * including addition, removal, modifications of key-value pairs, and observation of
+ * particular keys for their value changes.
+ *
+ * @param K The type of keys maintained by the map.
+ * @param V The type of mapped values.
+ * @property backingMap The internal mutable map that stores the key-value pairs.
+ */
+open class ObservableMutableMap<K, V>(private val backingMap: MutableMap<K, V> = linkedMapOf()) : ObservableMap<K, V> {
+
+    private val keyObservables: MutableMap<K, MutableObservable<Option<V>>> = linkedMapOf()
+    override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(Map<K, V>) -> Unit>> = linkedMapOf()
+
+    override val current: Map<K, V> = Collections.unmodifiableMap(backingMap)
+
+    override val observers: List<Any> get() = observingCallbacks.keys.toList()
+
+    init {
+        if (backingMap.isNotEmpty()) {
+            backingMap.forEach { (key, value) ->
+                keyObservables[key] = observe(value.some())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the specified key-value pair to the map. If the key already exists, the value is updated.
+     * Observers are notified if the value changes.
+     *
+     * @param key The key to be added or updated in the map.
+     * @param value The value associated with the specified key.
+     */
+    fun put(key: K, value: V) {
+        val previous: V? = backingMap.put(key, value)
+        if (previous != value) {
+            getAsMutable(key).update { value.some() }
+            notifyMapObservers()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the mapping for the specified key from the map, if it exists.
+     * Notifies observers if the key had an associated value before removal.
+     *
+     * @param key The key whose mapping is to be removed from the map.
+     * @return the previous value associated with the key, or null if the key was not present in the map.
+     */
+    fun remove(key: K): V? = backingMap.remove(key).also {
+        val previousObservedValue = keyObservables[key]?.update { none() } ?: none()
+        if (previousObservedValue.isSome()) notifyMapObservers()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the whole content of this map with [from], like doing a `clear` followed
+     * by a `putAll`, * but without notifying per-key observers for keys that remain
+     * present (unless their value changes).
+     *
+     * @param from A map containing the new key-value pairs to populate the map with.
+     */
+    fun clearAndPutAll(from: Map<K, V>) {
+        var changed = false
+        val keysToRemove = backingMap.keys.toSet() - from.keys
+        if (keysToRemove.isNotEmpty()) {
+            keysToRemove.forEach { key ->
+                backingMap.remove(key)
+                keyObservables[key]?.update { none() }
+            }
+            changed = true
+        }
+
+        if (from.isNotEmpty()) {
+            from.forEach { (key, value) ->
+                val previous = backingMap.put(key, value)
+                if (previous != value) {
+                    getAsMutable(key).update { value.some() }
+                    changed = true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (changed) {
+            notifyMapObservers()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (Map<K, V>) -> Unit) {
+        observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+        callback(current.toMap())
+    }
+
+    override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+        observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+        with(keyObservables.iterator()) {
+            while (hasNext()) {
+                val (_, obs) = next()
+                obs.stopWatching(registrant)
+                if (obs.observers.isEmpty()) {
+                    remove()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun dispose() {
+        keyObservables.values.forEach { it.dispose() }
+        keyObservables.clear()
+        observingCallbacks.keys.forEach(::stopWatching)
+        observingCallbacks.clear()
+        backingMap.clear()
+    }
+
+    override fun isEmpty(): Boolean = backingMap.isEmpty()
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns a copy of the current ObservableMutableMap.
+     *
+     * @return A new instance of ObservableMutableMap containing the same key-value pairs as the original.
+     */
+    fun copy(): ObservableMutableMap<K, V> = ObservableMutableMap(backingMap.toMutableMap())
+
+    override fun asMap(): Map<K, V> = Collections.unmodifiableMap(backingMap)
+
+    override operator fun get(key: K): Observable<Option<V>> = getAsMutable(key)
+
+    override fun contains(key: K): Boolean = backingMap.containsKey(key)
+
+    /**
+     * @see [put]
+     */
+    operator fun set(key: K, value: V) = put(key, value)
+
+    /**
+     * @see [put]
+     */
+    operator fun plus(entry: Pair<K, V>) = put(entry.first, entry.second)
+
+    /**
+     * @see [remove]
+     */
+    operator fun minus(key: K) = remove(key)
+
+    private fun notifyMapObservers() = observingCallbacks.values.forEach { callbacks ->
+        callbacks.forEach { it(current.toMap()) }
+    }
+
+    private fun getAsMutable(key: K): MutableObservable<Option<V>> = keyObservables.getOrPut(key) { observe(none()) }
+
+    /**
+     * Simple utility function for the ObservableMaps.
+     */
+    companion object ObservableMapExtensions {
+
+        /**
+         * Inserts or updates a key-value pair in the ObservableMutableMap. If the key already exists,
+         * its value is updated using the provided transformation function. If the key does not exist,
+         * a new key-value pair is added with the value derived from the transformation function.
+         *
+         * @param key The key to be added or updated in the map.
+         * @param valueUpdate A function that computes the new value based on the current value
+         * (or `null` if the key does not exist).
+         */
+        fun <K, V> ObservableMutableMap<K, V>.upsertValue(key: K, valueUpdate: (V?) -> V) {
+            getAsMutable(key).update {
+                valueUpdate(it.getOrNull()).apply { put(key, this) }.some()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSet.kt b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSet.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37b6032318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSet.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2025, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
+import java.util.Collections
+
+/**
+ * Represents a set that allows observation of its contents and provides notifications on changes.
+ * This interface supports observing the entire set, individual item membership, and various utility operations.
+ */
+interface ObservableSet<T> : Observable<Set<T>> {
+
+    /**
+     * An observable that emits the current size of the set.
+     */
+    val observableSize: Observable<Int>
+
+    /**
+     * Observes changes to the set and triggers the provided callback function whenever the set changes.
+     * The callback will be invoked with the current set of items as a parameter.
+     *
+     * @param registrant The object registering for change notifications. Used to manage the lifecycle of the observer.
+     * @param callback The function to be invoked whenever the set changes. It receives the current set of items as
+     *                 a parameter.
+     */
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (Set<T>) -> Unit)
+
+    /**
+     * Observes the membership status of a specific item in the set.
+     * The returned observable will emit `true` if the item is a member of the set,
+     * and `false` otherwise. Emits updates whenever the membership status changes.
+     *
+     * @param item The item whose membership status is to be observed.
+     * @return An observable emitting `true` if the item is in the set, `false` otherwise.
+     */
+    fun observeMembership(item: T): Observable<Boolean>
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the current set of items in the observable set.
+     *
+     * @return A `Set` containing all the items currently in the observable set.
+     */
+    fun toSet(): Set<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unmodifiable view of the current list of items in the observable set.
+     *
+     * @return A [List] containing all the items currently in the observable set.
+     */
+    fun toList(): List<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns a copy of the current ObservableSet.
+     *
+     * @return A new ObservableSet containing the same elements as the current set.
+     */
+    fun copy(): ObservableSet<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the specified item is present in the observable set.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be checked for presence in the set.
+     * @return `true` if the item exists in the set, `false` otherwise.
+     */
+    operator fun contains(item: T): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * A companion object for the [ObservableSet] class, providing a simple factory.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new [ObservableSet] and populates it with the specified items.
+         *
+         * @param items The items to be added to the newly created `ObservableMutableSet`.
+         * The items are provided as a variable number of arguments.
+         * @return A new [ObservableSet] containing the specified items.
+         */
+        operator fun <T> invoke(vararg items: T): ObservableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet(*items)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A mutable observable set implementation, which allows for observing changes to the set and
+ * provides notifications when its contents are modified. This class supports addition, removal,
+ * and observation of modifications to the set.
+ *
+ * @param T The type of elements maintained by this set.
+ */
+class ObservableMutableSet<T> : ObservableSet<T> {
+
+    private val backing = ObservableMutableMap<T, Boolean>()
+
+    override val observableSize: Observable<Int> = backing.map { it.keys.size }
+
+    override val current: Set<T> get() = backing.current.keys
+
+    override val observers: List<Any> get() = backing.observers.map { this to it }
+
+    override val observingCallbacks: MutableMap<Any, List<(Set<T>) -> Unit>> = mutableMapOf()
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an item to the observable set.
+     * If the item does not already exist in the set, it will be added, and observers
+     * of the set will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be added to the set.
+     */
+    fun add(item: T) {
+        if (item !in backing.current) backing.put(item, true)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the specified item from the observable set.
+     * If the item exists in the set, it will be removed, and observers of the set
+     * will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be removed from the set.
+     * @return true if the set contained the specified [item]
+     */
+    fun remove(item: T): Boolean = backing.remove(item) != null
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the current set and inserts the given [items]. This is the equivalent
+     * of calling [remove] for each `this - [items]` element, and [add] for each
+     * `[items] - this` notifying every subscriber.
+     *
+     * > WARNING: calling so many times add and remove for basically every new element
+     * added in this collection will trigger `|N ∪ M|` times the callbacks associated with
+     * this set resulting in a non-negligible time spent updating observers. Please be
+     * careful when using this method.
+     *
+     * @param items
+     */
+    fun clearAndAddAll(items: Set<T>) {
+        val (toRemove, toAdd) = with(this.toSet()) { (this - items) to (items - this) }
+        toRemove.forEach(::remove)
+        toAdd.forEach(::add)
+    }
+
+    override fun onChange(registrant: Any, callback: (Set<T>) -> Unit) {
+        observingCallbacks[registrant] = observingCallbacks[registrant].orEmpty() + callback
+        backing.onChange(this to registrant) { callback(it.keys.toSet()) }
+    }
+
+    override fun stopWatching(registrant: Any) {
+        backing.stopWatching(this to registrant)
+        observingCallbacks.remove(registrant)
+    }
+
+    override fun dispose() {
+        backing.dispose()
+        observableSize.dispose()
+        observingCallbacks.clear()
+    }
+
+    override fun observeMembership(item: T): Observable<Boolean> = backing[item].map { opt -> opt.getOrElse { false } }
+
+    override fun toSet(): Set<T> = Collections.unmodifiableSet(backing.current.keys)
+
+    override fun toList(): List<T> = backing.current.keys.toList()
+
+    override fun copy(): ObservableMutableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet<T>().apply {
+        this@ObservableMutableSet.backing.asMap().keys.forEach(this::add)
+    }
+
+    override operator fun contains(item: T): Boolean = item in backing.current
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an item to the observable set.
+     * If the item does not already exist in the set, it will be added, and observers
+     * of the set will be notified of the change.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be added to the set.
+     */
+    operator fun plus(item: T) = add(item)
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the specified item from the observable set.
+     * This method serves as an operator overload for the `-` operator, allowing
+     * items to be removed from the set using concise syntax. If the item exists
+     * in the set, it will be removed and observers of the set will be notified.
+     *
+     * @param item The item to be removed from the set.
+     */
+    operator fun minus(item: T) = remove(item)
+
+    /**
+     * A companion object for the `ObservableMutableSet` class, providing handy factories.
+     */
+    companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * Converts the current list into an observable mutable set.
+         * @see ObservableMutableSet
+         *
+         * @return An instance of `ObservableMutableSet` containing all unique elements from the original list.
+         */
+        fun <T> List<T>.toObservableSet(): ObservableMutableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet<T>().also {
+            this.forEach(it::add)
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Converts the current set into an observable mutable set.
+         * @see ObservableMutableSet
+         *
+         * @return An instance of `ObservableMutableSet` containing all the elements from the original set.
+         */
+        fun <T> Set<T>.toObservableSet(): ObservableMutableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet<T>().also {
+            this.forEach(it::add)
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new [ObservableMutableSet] and populates it with the specified items.
+         *
+         * @param items The items to be added to the newly created `ObservableMutableSet`.
+         * The items are provided as a variable number of arguments.
+         * @return A new [ObservableMutableSet] containing the specified items.
+         */
+        operator fun <T> invoke(vararg items: T): ObservableMutableSet<T> = ObservableMutableSet<T>().apply {
+            items.forEach(this::add)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableListTest.kt b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableListTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..525487173a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableListTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactly
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableListExtensions.combineLatest
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableListExtensions.flatMap
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableListExtensions.merge
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableList.Companion.toObservableList
+
+class ObservableListTest : FunSpec({
+    context("ObservableList factories tests") {
+
+        test("an observable list can be created with varargs") {
+            val list = ObservableList(1, 2, 3)
+
+            with(list.toList()) {
+                this shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 3)
+                this.size shouldBe 3
+            }
+
+            (1 in list) shouldBe true
+            (4 in list) shouldBe false
+        }
+
+        test("List.toObservableList should create observable list with same elements and order") {
+            val src = listOf(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)
+
+            val list = src.toObservableList()
+
+            with(list.toList()) {
+                this shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)
+                this.size shouldBe 6
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("basic list operations tests") {
+        test("add should notify observers") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList<Int>()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<Int>>()
+
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list.add(1)
+            list.add(2)
+            list.add(1) // duplicates allowed
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 4
+            seen[0] shouldContainExactly emptyList()
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly listOf(1)
+            seen[2] shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2)
+            seen[3] shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 1)
+        }
+
+        test("add at index should insert and notify") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList(1, 3)
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<Int>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list.add(1, 2)
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            list.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 3)
+        }
+
+        test("addAll should append collection and notify") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList(1)
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<Int>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list.addAll(listOf(2, 3))
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            list.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 3)
+        }
+
+        test("list size should be observable") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList(1, 2, 3)
+            var nextExpected = 3
+
+            list.observableSize.onChange(this) { it shouldBe nextExpected }
+
+            repeat(3) {
+                nextExpected++
+                list.add(it + 100)
+            }
+        }
+
+        test("remove should notify observers only when element is present") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList("a", "b", "c")
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<String>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 1
+            seen[0] shouldContainExactly listOf("a", "b", "c")
+
+            list.remove("b")
+            list.remove("x")
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly listOf("a", "c")
+        }
+
+        test("removeAt should remove by index and notify") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList("a", "b", "c")
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<String>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list.removeAt(1)
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly listOf("a", "c")
+        }
+
+        test("set should replace element and notify") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList("a", "b", "c")
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<String>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list[1] = "z"
+            list[1] = "z"
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly listOf("a", "z", "c")
+        }
+
+        test("copy should create independent list with same elements") {
+            val original = ObservableMutableList(1, 2, 3)
+
+            val copy = original.copy()
+
+            original.toList() shouldContainExactly copy.toList()
+
+            copy.add(4)
+            copy.remove(1)
+
+            original.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2, 3)
+            copy.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(2, 3, 4)
+        }
+
+        test("clear should empty the list and notify") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList(1, 2, 3)
+            val seen = mutableListOf<List<Int>>()
+            list.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            list.clear()
+
+            seen.last() shouldContainExactly emptyList()
+            list.toList() shouldContainExactly emptyList()
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("ObservableList extensions") {
+        test("combineLatest should aggregate mapped observables") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList("a", "b")
+            val sources = mapOf(
+                "a" to observe(1),
+                "b" to observe(2),
+                "c" to observe(3),
+            )
+
+            val combined = list.combineLatest(
+                map = { sources[it] ?: observe(-1) },
+                aggregator = { it.sum() },
+            )
+
+            var currentSum = 0
+            combined.onChange(this) { currentSum = it }
+
+            currentSum shouldBe 3
+
+            list.add("c")
+            currentSum shouldBe 6
+
+            sources["a"]?.update { 10 }
+            currentSum shouldBe 15
+
+            list.remove("b")
+            currentSum shouldBe 13
+        }
+
+        test("flatMap should flatten observable") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList("a")
+            val sources = mapOf(
+                "a" to observe("A"),
+                "b" to observe("B"),
+            )
+
+            val flattened = list.flatMap { sources[it] ?: observe("") }
+
+            var currentVal = ""
+            flattened.onChange(this) { currentVal = it.map { v -> v }.getOrNull() ?: "NONE" }
+
+            currentVal shouldBe "A"
+
+            list.add(0, "b")
+            currentVal shouldBe "B"
+
+            sources["b"]?.update { "Z" }
+            currentVal shouldBe "Z"
+
+            list.clear()
+            flattened.current shouldBe arrow.core.none()
+        }
+
+        test("merging a list should emit updates both for list and members") {
+            val sources = listOf(observe(10), observe(20), observe(30))
+            val list: ObservableMutableList<Observable<Int>> = sources.toObservableList()
+
+            var changeCounter = 0
+            list.merge().onChange(this) { changeCounter++ }
+
+            val baseline = changeCounter
+            sources[0].update { it + 100 }
+            changeCounter shouldBe baseline + 1
+
+            list.add(observe(40))
+            changeCounter shouldBe baseline + 2
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("list operators tests") {
+        test("plusAssign and minusAssign operators should mirror add and remove") {
+            val list = ObservableMutableList<Int>()
+
+            list += 1
+            list += 2
+            list.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(1, 2)
+
+            list -= 1
+            list.toList() shouldContainExactly listOf(2)
+        }
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMapTest.kt b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMapTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ba80fedba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableMapTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
+import arrow.core.none
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.maps.shouldContainExactly
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap.ObservableMapExtensions.upsertValue
+
+class ObservableMapTest : FunSpec({
+    context("basic map operations") {
+        test("put should insert and update values and notify map observers only on real changes") {
+            val map = ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Map<String, Int>>()
+            map.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 1
+            seen[0].isEmpty() shouldBe true
+
+            map.put("a", 1)
+            map.put("b", 2)
+            map.put("b", 3)
+            map.put("b", 3) // duplicate, should not change
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 4
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1)
+            seen[2] shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2)
+            seen[3] shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 3)
+
+            map.asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 3)
+        }
+
+        test("set operator and plus operator should delegate to put") {
+            val map = ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()
+
+            map["a"] = 1
+            map + ("b" to 2)
+
+            map.asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2)
+        }
+
+        test("remove and minus should notify observers only when key exists") {
+            val map = ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Map<String, Int>>()
+            map.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            map["a"] = 1
+            map["b"] = 2
+
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1)
+            seen[2] shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2)
+
+            map.remove("b")
+            map.remove("b")
+            map - "x"
+
+            seen.last() shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1)
+        }
+
+        test("get(key) observable should emit None when absent, Some when present, and track updates") {
+            val map = ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()
+
+            val obs: Observable<Option<Int>> = map["k"]
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Option<Int>>()
+            obs.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            seen[0] shouldBe none()
+
+            map["k"] = 42
+            map["k"] = 100
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 3
+            seen[1].getOrElse { -1 } shouldBe 42
+            seen[2].getOrElse { -1 } shouldBe 100
+
+            map.remove("k")
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 4
+            seen[3] shouldBe none()
+        }
+
+        test("copy should produce independent map with same entries") {
+            val original = ObservableMutableMap(
+                mutableMapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2),
+            )
+
+            val copy = original.copy()
+
+            original.asMap() shouldContainExactly copy.asMap()
+
+            copy["c"] = 3
+            copy.remove("a")
+
+            original.asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2)
+            copy.asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("b" to 2, "c" to 3)
+        }
+
+        context("ObservableMap extension utils tests") {
+
+            test("upsertValue should insert when key is missing") {
+                with(ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()) {
+                    upsertValue("k") { curr -> (curr ?: 0) + 1 }
+                    asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("k" to 1)
+                }
+            }
+
+            test("upsertValue should update when key exists") {
+                with(ObservableMutableMap<String, Int>()) {
+                    this["k"] = 10
+                    upsertValue("k") { curr -> (curr ?: 0) + 5 }
+                    asMap() shouldContainExactly mapOf("k" to 15)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSetTest.kt b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSetTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93180575e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableSetTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.filter
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.merge
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.union
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet.Companion.toObservableSet
+
+class ObservableSetTest : FunSpec({
+    context("ObservableSet factories tests") {
+
+        test("an observable set can be created with varaargs") {
+            val set = ObservableSet(1, 2, 3)
+
+            with(set.toSet()) {
+                this shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(1, 2, 3)
+                this.size shouldBe 3
+            }
+
+            (1 in set) shouldBe true
+            (4 in set) shouldBe false
+        }
+
+        test("List.toObservableSet should create observable set with unique elements") {
+            val list = listOf(1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)
+
+            val set = list.toObservableSet()
+
+            with(set.toSet()) {
+                this shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(1, 2, 3)
+                this.size shouldBe 3
+            }
+        }
+
+        test("Set.toObservableSet should preserve all elements") {
+            val src = setOf("a", "b", "c")
+
+            val set = src.toObservableSet()
+
+            with(set.toSet()) {
+                this shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf("a", "b", "c")
+                this.size shouldBe 3
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("basic set operations tests") {
+        test("add should notify observers only on real changes") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<Int>()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Set<Int>>()
+
+            set.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            set.add(1)
+            set.add(2)
+            set.add(2) // duplicate, should not change
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 3
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(1)
+            seen[2] shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(1, 2)
+        }
+
+        test("set size should be observable") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet(1, 2, 3)
+            var nextExpected = 3
+
+            set.observableSize.onChange(this) { it shouldBe nextExpected }
+
+            repeat(3) {
+                nextExpected++
+                set.add(it + 100)
+            }
+        }
+
+        test("remove should notify observers only when element is present") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet("a", "b", "c")
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Set<String>>()
+            set.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 1
+            seen[0] shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf("a", "b", "c")
+
+            set.remove("b")
+            set.remove("b")
+            set.remove("x")
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            seen[1] shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf("a", "c")
+        }
+
+        test("observeMembership should emit false when element not present and true when added") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<String>()
+
+            val membership = set.observeMembership("foo")
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Boolean>()
+            membership.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            set.add("foo")
+            set.add("foo")
+
+            seen.size shouldBe 2
+            seen[1] shouldBe true
+
+            set.remove("foo")
+            seen.size shouldBe 3
+            seen[2] shouldBe false
+        }
+
+        test("copy should create independent set with same elements") {
+            val original = ObservableMutableSet(1, 2, 3)
+
+            val copy = original.copy()
+
+            original.toSet() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder copy.toSet()
+
+            copy.add(4)
+            copy.remove(1)
+
+            original.toSet() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(1, 2, 3)
+            copy.toSet() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(2, 3, 4)
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("ObservableSet extensions") {
+
+        test("filter should filter set elements") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+            set.filter { it % 2 == 0 }.toSet() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf(2, 4)
+        }
+
+        test("merging a set should emit updates both for sets and members") {
+            val sources = listOf(observe(10), observe(20), observe(30))
+            val set: ObservableSet<Observable<Int>> = sources.toObservableSet()
+
+            var changeCounter = 0
+            set.merge().onChange(this) { changeCounter++ }
+
+            val baseline = changeCounter
+            sources[0].update { it + 100 }
+            changeCounter shouldBe baseline + 1
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("set operators tests") {
+        test("plus and minus operators should mirror add and remove") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<Int>()
+
+            set + 1
+            set + 2
+            (1 in set) shouldBe true
+            (2 in set) shouldBe true
+            (3 in set) shouldBe false
+
+            set - 1
+            (1 in set) shouldBe false
+            (2 in set) shouldBe true
+        }
+
+        test("union should perform set union of two sets") {
+            val s1 = ObservableSet(1, 2, 3)
+            val s2 = ObservableSet(2, 3, 4)
+
+            (s1 union s2).toSet() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder setOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        }
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableTest.kt b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59de8e7b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-api/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/observation/ObservableTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation
+
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
+import arrow.core.none
+import arrow.core.some
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContain
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactly
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldHaveSize
+import io.kotest.matchers.comparables.shouldBeGreaterThan
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.updateValue
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable.ObservableExtensions.asMutable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable.ObservableExtensions.currentOrNull
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.combineLatest
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.flatMap
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.merge
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.combineLatest
+
+class ObservableTest : FunSpec({
+    context("base `Observable` tests") {
+        test("`onChange` should immediately emit current value to the observer") {
+            val observable = observe(42)
+            var lastSeen: Int? = null
+
+            observable.onChange(this) { lastSeen = it }
+
+            lastSeen shouldBe 42
+        }
+
+        test("`update` should return previous value and update current") {
+            val observable = observe(0)
+
+            val old = observable.update { it + 5 }
+
+            old shouldBe 0
+            observable.current shouldBe 5
+        }
+
+        test("it should be possibile to observe changes of a value") {
+            val observable = observe(10)
+
+            var changesCount = -1 // first sub always calls observing callbacks
+            observable.onChange(this) { changesCount++ }
+
+            repeat(10) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 }
+            }
+
+            changesCount shouldBe 10
+        }
+
+        test("it should be possible to stop watching an observable") {
+            val observable = observe(10)
+            var changesCount = -1
+            observable.onChange(this) { changesCount++ }
+
+            repeat(10) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 }
+            }
+
+            observable.stopWatching(this)
+
+            repeat(10) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 }
+            }
+
+            changesCount shouldBe 10
+        }
+
+        test("an observable should not notify observers if `dispose` has been called") {
+            val observable = observe(10)
+            var changesCount = -1
+            observable.onChange(this) { changesCount++ }
+
+            repeat(10) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 }
+            }
+
+            observable.dispose()
+
+            repeat(10) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 }
+            }
+
+            changesCount shouldBe 10
+        }
+
+        test("observers emission should be idempotent") {
+            val observable = observe(10)
+            var changesCount = -1
+            observable.onChange(this) { changesCount++ }
+
+            repeat(10) { _ ->
+                observable.update { it } // update the value with itself
+            }
+
+            changesCount shouldBe 0
+        }
+
+        test("multiple registrants should all be notified") {
+            val observable = observe(0)
+
+            var aCount = -1
+            var bCount = -1
+
+            val registrantA = "A"
+            val registrantB = "B"
+
+            observable.onChange(registrantA) { aCount++ }
+            observable.onChange(registrantB) { bCount++ }
+
+            repeat(3) { observable.update { curr -> curr + 1 } }
+
+            aCount shouldBe 3
+            bCount shouldBe 3
+
+            observable.observers shouldContain registrantA
+            observable.observers shouldContain registrantB
+        }
+
+        test("same registrant can have multiple callbacks") {
+            val observable = observe(0)
+
+            var sum = 0
+            var count = -1
+
+            val registrant = "same-registrant"
+
+            observable.onChange(registrant) { sum += it }
+            observable.onChange(registrant) { count++ }
+
+            repeat(3) { observable.update { curr -> curr + 1 } }
+
+            sum shouldBe (1 + 2 + 3)
+            count shouldBe 3
+        }
+
+        test("it should be possibile to map an observable into another") {
+            val observable = observe(10)
+            val strObservable = observable.map { it.toString() }
+
+            var changesCounts = -1
+
+            strObservable.onChange(this) { changesCounts++ }
+
+            repeat(10) { observable.update { curr -> curr + 10 } }
+
+            changesCounts shouldBe 10
+            strObservable.current shouldBe "${10 * 11}"
+        }
+
+        test("a mapped observable should be idempotent wrt mapped values") {
+            val observable = observe(0)
+            val parityObservable = observable.map { it % 2 == 0 }
+
+            var emissions = -1
+            parityObservable.onChange(this) { emissions++ }
+
+            // Sequence that keeps parity constant: 0 -> 2 -> 4 -> 6
+            repeat(3) {
+                observable.update { curr -> curr + 2 }
+            }
+
+            emissions shouldBe 0
+        }
+
+        test("it should be possibile to merge an observable into another") {
+            val a = observe(0)
+            val b = observe(0)
+
+            val c = a.mergeWith(b) { first, second -> first + second }
+
+            var current = 0
+            c.onChange(this) { current = it }
+
+            a.update { it + 10 }
+            current shouldBe 10
+            b.update { it + 10 }
+            current shouldBe 20
+        }
+
+        test("a merged observable should be idempotent wrt merged values") {
+            val a = observe(0)
+            val b = observe(0)
+
+            val c = a.mergeWith(b) { first, second -> (first + second) % 2 }
+
+            var emissions = -1
+            c.onChange(this) { emissions++ }
+
+            repeat(5) { _ ->
+                a.update { it + 2 }
+                b.update { it + 2 }
+            }
+
+            emissions shouldBe 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("`Observable` extensions tests") {
+
+        test("`combineLatest` should emit combined value when any source changes") {
+            val a = observe(1)
+            val b = observe(10)
+
+            val collected: MutableObservable<Option<String>> =
+                listOf<Observable<Int>>(a, b).combineLatest { values ->
+                    "${values[0]}-${values[1]}"
+                }.asMutable()
+
+            val emissions = mutableListOf<String>()
+
+            collected.onChange(this) { emissions.add(it.getOrElse { "" }) }
+
+            a.update { it + 1 }
+            b.update { it + 5 }
+
+            emissions[1] shouldBe "2-10"
+            emissions[2] shouldBe "2-15"
+        }
+
+        test("`combineLatest` should be idempotent wrt collected result") {
+            val a = observe(0)
+            val b = observe(0)
+
+            val collected: MutableObservable<Option<Int>> =
+                listOf<Observable<Int>>(a, b).combineLatest { values ->
+                    (values[0] + values[1]) % 2
+                }.asMutable()
+
+            var emissions = -1
+            collected.onChange(this) { emissions++ }
+
+            repeat(5) { _ ->
+                a.update { it + 2 }
+                b.update { it + 4 }
+            }
+
+            emissions shouldBe 0
+        }
+
+        test("`combineLatest` should unsubscribe sources when last observer stops watching") {
+            val a = observe(1)
+            val b = observe(2)
+
+            val collected: MutableObservable<Option<Int>> =
+                listOf<Observable<Int>>(a, b).combineLatest { values ->
+                    values.sum()
+                }.asMutable()
+
+            val registrant = "collector-observer"
+
+            a.observers.size shouldBe 0
+            b.observers.size shouldBe 0
+
+            collected.onChange(registrant) { }
+
+            a.observers.size shouldBeGreaterThan 0
+            b.observers.size shouldBeGreaterThan 0
+
+            collected.stopWatching(registrant)
+
+            a.observers.size shouldBe 0
+            b.observers.size shouldBe 0
+        }
+
+        context("`Obsevable<Option<T>>` extensions tests") {
+
+            test("`currentOrNull` should work as expected") {
+                val someObs = observe(10.some())
+                val noneObs = observe(none<Int>())
+
+                someObs.currentOrNull() shouldBe 10
+                noneObs.currentOrNull() shouldBe null
+            }
+
+            test("`updateValue` should update the inner Option") {
+                val someObs = observe(1.some())
+                val noneObs = observe(none<Int>())
+
+                listOf(someObs, noneObs).forEach { obs -> obs.updateValue { it + 1 } }
+
+                someObs.current shouldBe 2.some()
+                noneObs.current shouldBe none()
+            }
+        }
+
+        context("`combineLatest`") {
+
+            test("should aggregate inner observable values and react to both set and inner changes") {
+                val set = ObservableMutableSet<String>()
+
+                val inner = mutableMapOf<String, MutableObservable<Int>>()
+
+                fun observableFor(key: String): Observable<Int> = inner.getOrPut(key) { observe(0) }
+
+                val combined = set.combineLatest(map = ::observableFor, aggregator = { values -> values.sum() })
+
+                val seen = mutableListOf<Int>()
+                combined.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+                seen[0] shouldBe 0
+
+                set.add("a")
+                set.add("b")
+
+                seen.last() shouldBe 0
+
+                inner["a"]!!.update { 10 }
+                inner["b"]!!.update { 5 }
+
+                seen shouldContainExactly listOf(0, 10, 15)
+
+                set.remove("a")
+
+                seen.last() shouldBe 5
+            }
+
+            test("should unsubscribe from removed elements' observables on stopWatching") {
+                val set = ObservableMutableSet<String>()
+                val inner = mutableMapOf<String, MutableObservable<Int>>()
+
+                fun observableFor(key: String): Observable<Int> = inner.getOrPut(key) { observe(0) }
+
+                set.add("x")
+                set.add("y")
+
+                val combined = set.combineLatest(map = ::observableFor, aggregator = { values -> values.sum() })
+
+                val registrant = "test-registrant"
+                combined.onChange(registrant) { }
+
+                inner["x"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(1)
+                inner["y"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(1)
+
+                combined.stopWatching(registrant)
+
+                inner["x"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(0)
+                inner["y"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(0)
+            }
+        }
+
+        context("flatMap") {
+
+            test("should emit current values of newly added elements and react to their emissions") {
+                val set = ObservableMutableSet<String>()
+
+                val inner = mutableMapOf<String, MutableObservable<Int>>()
+
+                fun observableFor(key: String): Observable<Int> = inner.getOrPut(key) { observe(0) }
+
+                set.add("a")
+                val fused = set.flatMap(::observableFor)
+
+                val seen = mutableListOf<Int>()
+                fused.onChange(this) { seen.add(it.getOrElse { -1 }) }
+
+                seen[0] shouldBe 0
+
+                inner["b"] = observe(10)
+                set.add("b")
+                inner["b"]!!.update { 20 }
+                set.add("c")
+
+                //                                         a,  b,  b, c
+                seen.shouldContainExactly(listOf(0, 10, 20, 0))
+            }
+
+            test("should unsubscribe from inner observables on stopWatching") {
+                val set = ObservableMutableSet("a")
+                val inner = mutableMapOf<String, MutableObservable<Int>>()
+
+                fun observableFor(key: String): Observable<Int> = inner.getOrPut(key) { observe(0) }
+
+                val fused = set.flatMap(::observableFor)
+                fused.onChange(this) { }
+                set.add("b")
+
+                inner["a"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(1)
+                inner["b"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(1)
+
+                fused.stopWatching(this)
+
+                inner["a"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(0)
+                inner["b"]!!.observers.shouldHaveSize(0)
+            }
+        }
+
+        test("should emit None immediately if the source ObservableSet is empty") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<String>()
+            val fused = set.flatMap { observe(10) }
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Option<Int>>()
+
+            fused.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            seen shouldContainExactly listOf(none())
+        }
+
+        test("should emit None when the set becomes empty (after having been non-empty)") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet("a")
+            val inner = mutableMapOf<String, MutableObservable<Int>>()
+
+            fun observableFor(key: String): Observable<Int> = inner.getOrPut(key) { observe(0) }
+
+            val fused = set.flatMap(::observableFor)
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Option<Int>>()
+            fused.onChange(this) { seen.add(it) }
+
+            inner["a"]!!.update { 7 }
+            set.remove("a")
+
+            seen shouldContainExactly listOf(0.some(), 7.some(), none())
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("merge") {
+        test("a merged observable set should emit on membership and members emissions") {
+            val obsA = observe(10)
+            val obsB = observe(-10)
+            val elements = ObservableMutableSet(obsA, obsB)
+            val merged = elements.merge()
+
+            var counter = -elements.toSet().size
+            merged.onChange(this) {
+                println(it)
+                counter++
+            }
+
+            obsA.update { it + 11 }
+            elements.add(observe(29))
+
+            counter shouldBe 2
+        }
+
+        test("merge should emit None immediately if the set is empty") {
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<Observable<Int>>()
+            val merged = set.merge()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Any?>()
+            merged.onChange(this) { seen.add(it.getOrNull()) }
+
+            seen shouldContainExactly listOf(null)
+        }
+
+        test("merge should emit None when set becomes empty, then Some when it becomes non-empty again") {
+            val a = observe(1)
+            val set = ObservableMutableSet<Observable<Int>>(a)
+            val merged = set.merge()
+
+            val seen = mutableListOf<Any?>()
+            merged.onChange(this) { seen.add(it.getOrNull()) }
+
+            set.remove(a)
+            val b = observe(9)
+            set.add(b)
+
+            seen shouldContainExactly listOf(1, null, 9)
+        }
+    }
+
+    context("`EventObservers` tests") {
+        test("EventObservable emit should notify all observers every time") {
+            val event = EventObservable()
+
+            var calls = -1
+            event.onChange(this) { calls++ }
+
+            repeat(5) { event.emit() }
+
+            calls shouldBe 5
+        }
+
+        test("EventObservable should support multiple registrants") {
+            val event = EventObservable()
+
+            var aCalls = -1
+            var bCalls = -1
+
+            val registrantA = "A"
+            val registrantB = "B"
+
+            event.onChange(registrantA) { aCalls++ }
+            event.onChange(registrantB) { bCalls++ }
+
+            repeat(3) { event.emit() }
+
+            aCalls shouldBe 3
+            bCalls shouldBe 3
+
+            event.observers.size shouldBe 2
+        }
+
+        test("EventObservable stopWatching should remove the registrant") {
+            val event = EventObservable()
+            val registrant = "R"
+
+            var calls = -1
+            event.onChange(registrant) { calls++ }
+
+            event.emit()
+            event.stopWatching(registrant)
+            event.emit()
+
+            calls shouldBe 1
+            event.observers.contains(registrant) shouldBe false
+        }
+
+        test("EventObservable dispose should remove all observers and prevent further notifications") {
+            val event = EventObservable()
+
+            var calls = -2
+            val registrant1 = "R1"
+            val registrant2 = "R2"
+
+            event.onChange(registrant1) { calls++ }
+            event.onChange(registrant2) { calls++ }
+
+            event.emit()
+
+            event.dispose()
+
+            event.emit()
+
+            calls shouldBe 2
+            event.observers.isEmpty() shouldBe true
+        }
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngine.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngine.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edc32f9dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngine.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.OutputMonitor
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
+import java.util.Collections
+import java.util.Optional
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock
+import java.util.function.BooleanSupplier
+import org.jooq.lambda.fi.lang.CheckedRunnable
+import org.slf4j.Logger
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
+
+/**
+ * Abstract base class for simulation engines, providing common functionality for
+ * status management, time tracking, command scheduling, and output monitoring.
+ *
+ * @param T the concentration type
+ * @param P the position type
+ * @property environment the simulation environment
+ */
+abstract class AbstractEngine<T, P : Position<out P>>(private val environment: Environment<T, P>) : Simulation<T, P> {
+
+    private val statusLock: Lock = ReentrantLock()
+
+    /** Lock for synchronizing access to the simulation status. */
+    @Volatile private var status: Status = Status.INIT
+
+    /** Tracks errors that occurred during simulation execution. */
+    private var error: Optional<Throwable> = Optional.empty()
+
+    /** Current simulation time. */
+    protected var currentTime: Time = Time.ZERO
+        @Synchronized get
+
+        @Synchronized set
+
+    /** Current simulation step count. */
+    protected var currentStep: Long = 0
+        @Synchronized get
+
+        @Synchronized set
+
+    /** Thread executing the simulation. */
+    private var simulationThread: Thread? = null
+
+    /** Locks associated with each simulation status. */
+    protected val statusLocks: Map<Status, SynchBox> = Status.entries.associateWith { SynchBox() }
+
+    /** Queue of scheduled simulation commands. */
+    protected val commands: BlockingQueue<CheckedRunnable> = LinkedBlockingQueue()
+
+    /** List of registered output monitors for simulation events. */
+    protected val monitors: MutableList<OutputMonitor<T, P>> = CopyOnWriteArrayList()
+
+    init {
+        LOGGER.trace("Engine created")
+        environment.simulation = this
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an output monitor to track simulation events.
+     *
+     * @param op the [OutputMonitor] to add
+     */
+    override fun addOutputMonitor(op: OutputMonitor<T, P>) {
+        monitors.add(op)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param op the OutputMonitor to remove
+     */
+    override fun removeOutputMonitor(op: OutputMonitor<T, P>) {
+        monitors.remove(op)
+    }
+
+    /** @return the list of registered output monitors. */
+    override fun getOutputMonitors(): List<OutputMonitor<T, P>> = Collections.unmodifiableList(monitors)
+
+    /** @return the simulation environment. */
+    override fun getEnvironment(): Environment<T, P> = environment
+
+    /** @return the last error encountered, if any. */
+    override fun getError(): Optional<Throwable> = error
+
+    protected fun setError(error: Optional<Throwable>) {
+        this.error = error
+    }
+
+    /** @return the current simulation status. */
+    override fun getStatus(): Status = status
+
+    protected fun setStatus(status: Status) {
+        this.status = status
+    }
+
+    /** @return the current step (thread-safe). */
+    @Synchronized override fun getStep(): Long = currentStep
+
+    /** @return the current simulation time (thread-safe). */
+    @Synchronized override fun getTime(): Time = currentTime
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the simulation forward until the given step is reached.
+     *
+     * @param step the target step to execute up to.
+     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes once the step is reached.
+     */
+    override fun goToStep(step: Long): CompletableFuture<Unit> = pauseWhen { getStep() >= step }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the simulation forward until the given time is reached.
+     *
+     * @param t the target simulation time.
+     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes once the time is reached.
+     */
+    override fun goToTime(t: Time): CompletableFuture<Unit> = pauseWhen { time >= t }
+
+    /** Pauses the simulation. */
+    override fun pause(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.PAUSED)
+
+    /** Resumes the simulation. */
+    override fun play(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.RUNNING)
+
+    /** Terminates the simulation. */
+    override fun terminate(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.TERMINATED)
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for the simulation to reach a given status.
+     *
+     * @param next the [Status] the simulation should reach before returning
+     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
+     * @param tu the [TimeUnit] defining the timeout
+     * @return the current simulation status
+     */
+    override fun waitFor(next: Status, timeout: Long, tu: TimeUnit): Status =
+        lockForStatus(next).waitFor(next, timeout, tu)
+
+    /**
+     * Schedules a task for execution.
+     *
+     * @param runnable the task to execute
+     */
+    override fun schedule(runnable: CheckedRunnable) {
+        check(status != Status.TERMINATED) { "This simulation is terminated and cannot be resumed." }
+        commands.add(runnable)
+    }
+
+    /** Ensures that the method is called from the simulation thread. */
+    protected fun checkCaller() {
+        check(Thread.currentThread() == simulationThread) {
+            "This method must be called from the simulation thread."
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes an action while holding the status lock.
+     *
+     * @param action the action to execute
+     * @return the result of the action
+     */
+    protected fun <R> doOnStatus(action: () -> R): R = statusLock.run {
+        lock()
+        try {
+            action()
+        } finally {
+            unlock()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the simulation status.
+     *
+     * @param next the new status to set
+     * @return a future that completes when the status is updated
+     */
+    protected open fun newStatus(next: Status): CompletableFuture<Unit> {
+        val future = CompletableFuture<Unit>()
+        schedule {
+            doOnStatus {
+                if (next.isReachableFrom(status)) {
+                    status = next
+                    lockForStatus(next).releaseAll()
+                }
+                future.complete(null)
+            }
+        }
+        return future
+    }
+
+    protected fun processCommandsWhileIn(status: Status) {
+        while (this.status == status) {
+            processCommand(commands.take())
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected open fun processCommand(command: CheckedRunnable) {
+        command.run()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the synchronization lock for a given status.
+     *
+     * @param futureStatus the status to obtain a lock for
+     * @return the corresponding synchronization lock
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if the requested status lock does not exist
+     */
+    private fun lockForStatus(futureStatus: Status): SynchBox = checkNotNull(statusLocks[futureStatus]) {
+        "Inconsistent state: the Alchemist engine tried to synchronize on a non-existing lock. " +
+            "Searching for status: $futureStatus, available locks: $statusLocks"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pauses the simulation when the given condition is met.
+     *
+     * @param condition the condition to trigger the pause
+     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes when the simulation is paused
+     */
+    private fun pauseWhen(condition: BooleanSupplier): CompletableFuture<Unit> {
+        val future = CompletableFuture<Unit>()
+        val monitor = object : OutputMonitor<T, P> {
+            @Volatile
+            private var hasTriggered = false
+
+            override fun initialized(initializedEnvironment: Environment<T, P>) {
+                checkConditionAndPause()
+            }
+
+            override fun stepDone(
+                targetEnvironment: Environment<T, P>,
+                reaction: Actionable<T>?,
+                time: Time,
+                step: Long,
+            ) {
+                checkConditionAndPause()
+            }
+
+            private fun checkConditionAndPause() {
+                if (!hasTriggered && condition.asBoolean) {
+                    hasTriggered = true
+                    monitors.remove(this)
+                    pause().thenRun { future.complete(null) }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        addOutputMonitor(monitor)
+        return future
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal method to run the simulation loop.
+     * Implementations must provide [initialize], [doStep], and hooks for run cycle.
+     */
+    @Suppress("TooGenericExceptionCaught")
+    override fun run() {
+        synchronized(environment) {
+            try {
+                val logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this::class.java)
+                logger.info("Starting engine {} with scheduler", this::class.java.simpleName)
+                simulationThread = Thread.currentThread()
+
+                initialize()
+
+                status = Status.READY
+                logger.trace("Thread {} started running.", Thread.currentThread().id)
+                monitors.forEach { it.initialized(environment) }
+                processCommandsWhileIn(Status.READY)
+                while (status != Status.TERMINATED && time < Time.INFINITY) {
+                    while (commands.isNotEmpty()) {
+                        processCommand(commands.poll())
+                    }
+                    if (status == Status.RUNNING) {
+                        doStep()
+                    }
+                    processCommandsWhileIn(Status.PAUSED)
+                }
+            } catch (e: Throwable) {
+                error = Optional.of(e)
+                LoggerFactory.getLogger(this::class.java).error("The simulation engine crashed.", e)
+            } finally {
+                status = Status.TERMINATED
+                commands.clear()
+                try {
+                    monitors.forEach { it.finished(environment, time, step) }
+                } catch (e: Throwable) {
+                    error.ifPresentOrElse({ it.addSuppressed(e) }, { error = Optional.of(e) })
+                }
+                afterRun()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected abstract fun initialize()
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a single step of the simulation.
+     */
+    protected abstract fun doStep()
+
+    /** Override this to execute custom logic after the simulation run. */
+    protected open fun afterRun() = Unit
+
+    /** @return a string representation of the engine. */
+    override fun toString(): String = "${javaClass.simpleName} t: $time, s: $step"
+
+    /**
+     * Synchronization helper for status transitions.
+     */
+    protected inner class SynchBox {
+        private val queueLength = AtomicInteger()
+        private val statusReached: Condition = statusLock.newCondition()
+        private val allReleased: Condition = statusLock.newCondition()
+
+        /**
+         * Waits for the specified status until the timeout expires.
+         *
+         * @param next the target status
+         * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
+         * @param tu the time unit for the timeout
+         * @return the current status after waiting
+         */
+        fun waitFor(next: Status, timeout: Long, tu: TimeUnit): Status = doOnStatus {
+            var notTimedOut = true
+            while (notTimedOut && next != status && next.isReachableFrom(status)) {
+                try {
+                    queueLength.incrementAndGet()
+                    notTimedOut = statusReached.await(timeout, tu)
+                    queueLength.decrementAndGet()
+                } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Spurious wakeup?", e)
+                }
+            }
+            if (queueLength.get() == 0) allReleased.signal()
+            status
+        }
+
+        /** Releases all locks. */
+        fun releaseAll() {
+            doOnStatus {
+                while (queueLength.get() != 0) {
+                    statusReached.signalAll()
+                    allReleased.awaitUninterruptibly()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected companion object {
+        /** Logger instance. */
+        val LOGGER: Logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Engine::class.java)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/Engine.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/Engine.kt
index e5b4036b41..546dd9ffb1 100644
--- a/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/Engine.kt
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/Engine.kt
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@
  */
 package it.unibo.alchemist.core
 
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList
 import com.google.common.collect.Sets
-import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.OutputMonitor
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Context
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Dependency
@@ -19,23 +17,9 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Neighborhood
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
 import java.util.ArrayDeque
-import java.util.Optional
 import java.util.Queue
-import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
-import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList
-import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock
-import java.util.function.BooleanSupplier
 import org.jooq.lambda.fi.lang.CheckedRunnable
-import org.slf4j.Logger
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
 
 /**
  * Represents a simulation engine that manages execution and scheduling.
@@ -49,45 +33,13 @@ import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
 open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
     private val environment: Environment<T, P>,
     protected val scheduler: Scheduler<T>,
-) : Simulation<T, P> {
-
-    private val statusLock: Lock = ReentrantLock()
-
-    /** Lock for synchronizing access to the simulation status. */
-    @Volatile private var status: Status = Status.INIT
-
-    /** Tracks errors that occurred during simulation execution. */
-    private var error: Optional<Throwable> = Optional.empty()
-
-    /** Current simulation time. */
-    protected var currentTime: Time = Time.ZERO
-        @Synchronized get
-
-        @Synchronized set
-
-    /** Current simulation step count. */
-    protected var currentStep: Long = 0
-        @Synchronized get
-
-        @Synchronized set
-
-    /** Thread executing the simulation. */
-    private var simulationThread: Thread? = null
-
-    /** Locks associated with each simulation status. */
-    protected val statusLocks: Map<Status, SynchBox> = Status.entries.associateWith { SynchBox() }
-
-    /** Queue of scheduled simulation commands. */
-    private val commands: BlockingQueue<CheckedRunnable> = LinkedBlockingQueue()
+) : AbstractEngine<T, P>(environment) {
 
     /** Queue of updates to be processed after execution. */
     protected val afterExecutionUpdates: Queue<Update> = ArrayDeque()
 
     /** Manages dependencies between reactions in the simulation. */
-    protected val dependencyGraph: DependencyGraph<T>
-
-    /** List of registered output monitors for simulation events. */
-    protected val monitors: MutableList<OutputMonitor<T, P>> = CopyOnWriteArrayList()
+    protected val dependencyGraph: DependencyGraph<T> = JGraphTDependencyGraph(environment)
 
     /**
      * Constructs a simulation with a default scheduler.
@@ -99,47 +51,12 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
      */
     constructor(environment: Environment<T, P>) : this(environment, ArrayIndexedPriorityQueue())
 
-    init {
-        LOGGER.trace("Engine created")
-        environment.simulation = this
-        dependencyGraph = JGraphTDependencyGraph(environment)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds an output monitor to track simulation events.
-     *
-     * @param op the [OutputMonitor] to add
-     */
-    override fun addOutputMonitor(op: OutputMonitor<T, P>) {
-        monitors.add(op)
-    }
-
-    /** Ensures that the method is called from the simulation thread. */
-    private fun checkCaller() {
-        check(this::class.java == BatchEngine::class.java || Thread.currentThread() == simulationThread) {
-            "This method must be called from the simulation thread."
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Executes an action while holding the status lock.
-     *
-     * @param action the action to execute
-     * @return the result of the action
-     */
-    private fun <R> doOnStatus(action: () -> R): R = statusLock.run {
-        lock()
-        try {
-            action()
-        } finally {
-            unlock()
-        }
+    override fun initialize() {
+        environment.globalReactions.forEach { reactionAdded(it) }
+        environment.forEach { node -> node.reactions.forEach { scheduleReaction(it) } }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Performs a single step of the simulation.
-     */
-    protected open fun doStep() {
+    override fun doStep() {
         val nextEvent = scheduler.getNext() ?: run {
             newStatus(Status.TERMINATED)
             LOGGER.info("No more reactions.")
@@ -171,37 +88,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         currentStep = step + 1
     }
 
-    /** @return the simulation environment. */
-    override fun getEnvironment(): Environment<T, P> = environment
-
-    /** @return the last error encountered, if any. */
-    override fun getError(): Optional<Throwable> = error
-
-    /** @return the current simulation status. */
-    override fun getStatus(): Status = status
-
-    /** @return the current step (thread-safe). */
-    @Synchronized override fun getStep(): Long = currentStep
-
-    /** @return the current simulation time (thread-safe). */
-    @Synchronized override fun getTime(): Time = currentTime
-
-    /**
-     * Moves the simulation forward until the given step is reached.
-     *
-     * @param step the target step to execute up to.
-     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes once the step is reached.
-     */
-    override fun goToStep(step: Long): CompletableFuture<Unit> = pauseWhen { getStep() >= step }
-
-    /**
-     * Moves the simulation forward until the given time is reached.
-     *
-     * @param t the target simulation time.
-     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes once the time is reached.
-     */
-    override fun goToTime(t: Time): CompletableFuture<Unit> = pauseWhen { time >= t }
-
     /**
      * Registers a newly added neighbor.
      *
@@ -224,28 +110,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         afterExecutionUpdates.add(NeighborRemoved(node, n))
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Updates the simulation status.
-     *
-     * @param next the new status to set
-     * @return a future that completes when the status is updated
-     */
-    protected open fun newStatus(next: Status): CompletableFuture<Unit> {
-        val future = CompletableFuture<Unit>()
-        schedule(
-            CheckedRunnable {
-                doOnStatus {
-                    if (next.isReachableFrom(status)) {
-                        status = next
-                        lockForStatus(next).releaseAll()
-                    }
-                    future.complete(null)
-                }
-            },
-        )
-        return future
-    }
-
     /**
      * Handles the addition of a new node.
      *
@@ -277,12 +141,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         afterExecutionUpdates.add(NodeRemoval(node))
     }
 
-    /** Pauses the simulation. */
-    override fun pause(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.PAUSED)
-
-    /** Resumes the simulation. */
-    override fun play(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.RUNNING)
-
     /**
      * Registers a newly added reaction.
      *
@@ -315,7 +173,7 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
     private fun reactionsToUpdateAfterExecution(): Sequence<Actionable<T>> =
         afterExecutionUpdates.asSequence().flatMap { it.reactionsToUpdate }.distinct()
 
-    private fun processCommand(command: CheckedRunnable) {
+    override fun processCommand(command: CheckedRunnable) {
         command.run()
         val updated = mutableSetOf<Actionable<T>>()
         reactionsToUpdateAfterExecution().forEach {
@@ -327,108 +185,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         reactionsToUpdateAfterExecution().forEach { if (it !in updated) updateReaction(it) }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param op the OutputMonitor to add
-     */
-    override fun removeOutputMonitor(op: OutputMonitor<T, P>) {
-        monitors.remove(op)
-    }
-
-    private fun processCommandsWhileIn(status: Status) {
-        while (this.status == status) {
-            processCommand(commands.take())
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Runs the simulation.
-     */
-    @Suppress("TooGenericExceptionCaught")
-    override fun run() {
-        synchronized(environment) {
-            try {
-                LOGGER.info("Starting engine {} with scheduler {}", javaClass, scheduler.javaClass)
-                simulationThread = Thread.currentThread()
-                environment.globalReactions.forEach { reactionAdded(it) }
-                environment.forEach { node -> node.reactions.forEach { scheduleReaction(it) } }
-                status = Status.READY
-                LOGGER.trace("Thread {} started running.", Thread.currentThread().id)
-                monitors.forEach { it.initialized(environment) }
-                processCommandsWhileIn(Status.READY)
-                while (status != Status.TERMINATED && time < Time.INFINITY) {
-                    while (commands.isNotEmpty()) {
-                        processCommand(commands.poll())
-                    }
-                    if (status == Status.RUNNING) {
-                        doStep()
-                    }
-                    processCommandsWhileIn(Status.PAUSED)
-                }
-            } catch (e: Throwable) { // NOPMD: forced by CheckedRunnable
-                error = Optional.of(e)
-                LOGGER.error("The simulation engine crashed.", e)
-            } finally {
-                status = Status.TERMINATED
-                commands.clear()
-                try {
-                    monitors.forEach { it.finished(environment, time, step) }
-                } catch (e: Throwable) { // NOPMD: we need to catch everything
-                    error.ifPresentOrElse({ it.addSuppressed(e) }, { error = Optional.of(e) })
-                }
-                afterRun()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Override this to execute custom logic after the simulation run. */
-    protected fun afterRun() = Unit
-
-    /**
-     * Pauses the simulation when the given condition is met.
-     *
-     * @param condition the condition to trigger the pause
-     * @return a [CompletableFuture] that completes when the simulation is paused
-     */
-    private fun pauseWhen(condition: BooleanSupplier): CompletableFuture<Unit> {
-        val future = CompletableFuture<Unit>()
-        val monitor = object : OutputMonitor<T, P> {
-            @Volatile
-            private var hasTriggered = false
-
-            override fun initialized(initializedEnvironment: Environment<T, P>) {
-                checkConditionAndPause()
-            }
-            override fun stepDone(
-                targetEnvironment: Environment<T, P>,
-                reaction: Actionable<T>?,
-                time: Time,
-                step: Long,
-            ) {
-                checkConditionAndPause()
-            }
-
-            private fun checkConditionAndPause() {
-                if (!hasTriggered && condition.asBoolean) {
-                    hasTriggered = true
-                    monitors.remove(this)
-                    pause().thenRun { future.complete(null) }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        addOutputMonitor(monitor)
-        return future
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Schedules a task for execution.
-     *
-     * @param runnable the task to execute
-     */
-    override fun schedule(runnable: CheckedRunnable) {
-        check(status != Status.TERMINATED) { "This simulation is terminated and cannot be resumed." }
-        commands.add(runnable)
-    }
-
     /**
      * Schedules a reaction by setting up dependencies and adding it to the scheduler.
      *
@@ -440,12 +196,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         scheduler.addReaction(reaction)
     }
 
-    /** Terminates the simulation. */
-    override fun terminate(): CompletableFuture<Unit> = newStatus(Status.TERMINATED)
-
-    /** @return a string representation of the engine. */
-    override fun toString(): String = "${javaClass.simpleName} t: $time, s: $step"
-
     /**
      * Updates the given reaction, adjusting its scheduling if needed.
      *
@@ -457,32 +207,6 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
         if (r.tau != previousTau) scheduler.updateReaction(r)
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Retrieves the synchronization lock for a given status.
-     *
-     * @param futureStatus the status to obtain a lock for
-     * @return the corresponding synchronization lock
-     * @throws IllegalStateException if the requested status lock does not exist
-     */
-    private fun lockForStatus(futureStatus: Status): SynchBox = checkNotNull(statusLocks[futureStatus]) {
-        "Inconsistent state: the Alchemist engine tried to synchronize on a non-existing lock. " +
-            "Searching for status: $futureStatus, available locks: $statusLocks"
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Waits for the simulation to reach a given status.
-     *
-     * @param next the [Status] the simulation should reach before returning
-     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
-     * @param tu the [TimeUnit] defining the timeout
-     * @return the current simulation status
-     */
-    override fun waitFor(next: Status, timeout: Long, tu: TimeUnit): Status =
-        lockForStatus(next).waitFor(next, timeout, tu)
-
-    /** @return the list of registered output monitors. */
-    override fun getOutputMonitors(): List<OutputMonitor<T, P>> = ImmutableList.copyOf(monitors)
-
     /**
      * Represents a simulation update operation.
      */
@@ -592,51 +316,4 @@ open class Engine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
             dependencyGraph.removeNeighbor(sourceNode, targetNode)
         }
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Synchronization helper for status transitions.
-     */
-    protected inner class SynchBox {
-        private val queueLength = AtomicInteger()
-        private val statusReached: Condition = statusLock.newCondition()
-        private val allReleased: Condition = statusLock.newCondition()
-
-        /**
-         * Waits for the specified status until the timeout expires.
-         *
-         * @param next the target status
-         * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
-         * @param tu the time unit for the timeout
-         * @return the current status after waiting
-         */
-        fun waitFor(next: Status, timeout: Long, tu: TimeUnit): Status = doOnStatus {
-            var notTimedOut = true
-            while (notTimedOut && next != status && next.isReachableFrom(status)) {
-                try {
-                    queueLength.incrementAndGet()
-                    notTimedOut = statusReached.await(timeout, tu)
-                    queueLength.decrementAndGet()
-                } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Spurious wakeup?", e)
-                }
-            }
-            if (queueLength.get() == 0) allReleased.signal()
-            status
-        }
-
-        /** Releases all locks. */
-        fun releaseAll() {
-            doOnStatus {
-                while (queueLength.get() != 0) {
-                    statusReached.signalAll()
-                    allReleased.awaitUninterruptibly()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private companion object {
-        /** Logger instance. */
-        val LOGGER: Logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Engine::class.java)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/ReactiveEngine.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/ReactiveEngine.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72e0858d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/ReactiveEngine.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Neighborhood
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
+
+/**
+ * A reactive implementation of the [Simulation] engine.
+ * This engine does not use a dependency graph. Instead, it relies on [Actionable]s
+ * (Reactions) being reactive based on what they [observe][it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable].
+ * Sources' (nodes' contents, positions, neighborhoods, ...) changes will automatically trigger reactions
+ * updates and reschedules.
+ *
+ * @param T the concentration type
+ * @param P the position type, extending [Position]
+ * @property environment the simulation environment
+ * @property scheduler the scheduler managing event execution
+ */
+open class ReactiveEngine<T, P : Position<out P>>(
+    private val environment: Environment<T, P>,
+    protected val scheduler: Scheduler<T>,
+) : AbstractEngine<T, P>(environment) {
+
+    constructor(environment: Environment<T, P>) : this(environment, ArrayIndexedPriorityQueue())
+
+    override fun initialize() {
+        environment.globalReactions.forEach(::scheduleReaction)
+        environment.forEach { it.reactions.forEach(::scheduleReaction) }
+    }
+
+    override fun doStep() {
+        val nextEvent = scheduler.getNext() ?: run {
+            terminate()
+            LOGGER.info("No more reactions.")
+            return
+        }
+        val scheduledTime = nextEvent.tau
+        check(scheduledTime >= time) {
+            "$nextEvent is scheduled in the past at time $scheduledTime. Current time: $time; current step: $step."
+        }
+        currentTime = scheduledTime
+        if (scheduledTime.isFinite && nextEvent.canExecute()) {
+            nextEvent.conditions.forEach { it.reactionReady() }
+            nextEvent.execute()
+        }
+        nextEvent.update(time, true, environment)
+        scheduler.updateReaction(nextEvent)
+
+        monitors.forEach { it.stepDone(environment, nextEvent, time, step) }
+        if (environment.isTerminated) {
+            terminate()
+            LOGGER.info("Termination condition reached.")
+        }
+        currentStep = step + 1
+    }
+
+    /* No dependency graph to update */
+    override fun neighborAdded(node: Node<T>, n: Node<T>) = Unit
+
+    override fun neighborRemoved(node: Node<T>, n: Node<T>) = Unit
+
+    override fun nodeMoved(node: Node<T>) = Unit
+
+    override fun nodeAdded(node: Node<T>) {
+        schedule {
+            node.reactions.forEach { scheduleReaction(it) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun nodeRemoved(node: Node<T>, oldNeighborhood: Neighborhood<T>) {
+        schedule {
+            node.reactions.forEach { removeReaction(it) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun reactionAdded(reactionToAdd: Actionable<T>) {
+        schedule { scheduleReaction(reactionToAdd) }
+    }
+
+    override fun reactionRemoved(reactionToRemove: Actionable<T>) {
+        schedule { removeReaction(reactionToRemove) }
+    }
+
+    private fun scheduleReaction(reaction: Actionable<T>) {
+        reaction.initializationComplete(time, environment)
+        scheduler.addReaction(reaction)
+
+        reaction.rescheduleRequest.onChange(this) {
+            updateReaction(reaction)
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected fun updateReaction(reaction: Actionable<T>) {
+        val previousTau = reaction.tau
+        reaction.update(time, false, environment)
+        if (reaction.tau != previousTau) {
+            scheduler.updateReaction(reaction)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun removeReaction(reaction: Actionable<T>) {
+        reaction.rescheduleRequest.stopWatching(this)
+        scheduler.removeReaction(reaction)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractDependencyTest.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractDependencyTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e401e784dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractDependencyTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.StringSpec
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.util.DependencyUtils.withIncarnation
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.util.DependencyUtils.withRandom
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.BiochemistryIncarnation
+import org.apache.commons.math3.random.MersenneTwister
+
+abstract class AbstractDependencyTest : StringSpec() {
+
+    abstract fun Reaction<Double>.assertDependencies(vararg dependencies: Reaction<Double>)
+
+    open fun beforeTest(environment: Environment<Double, *>) {}
+
+    init {
+        "local reactions on separate nodes should be isolated" {
+            withRandom(MersenneTwister(10)) {
+                withIncarnation(BiochemistryIncarnation()) {
+                    val reactions: MutableMap<Int, Map<String, Reaction<Double>>> = mutableMapOf()
+                    val environment =
+                        environment {
+                            fun Node<Double>.configureNode(): Map<String, Reaction<Double>> = listOf(
+                                "[a]-->[b]",
+                                "[a]-->[c]",
+                                "[b]-->[c]",
+                                "[c]-->[b]",
+                            ).associateWith { reaction(it) }
+
+                            node(0, 0) {
+                                val map = configureNode()
+                                reactions += id to map
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("a"), 1.0)
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("b"), 1.0)
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("c"), 1.0)
+                            }
+
+                            node(0.5, 0) {
+                                val map = configureNode()
+                                reactions += id to map
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("a"), 1.0)
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("b"), 1.0)
+                                setConcentration(incarnation.createMolecule("c"), 1.0)
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                    beforeTest(environment)
+
+                    fun String.inNode(id: Int): Reaction<Double> = reactions.getValue(id).getValue(this)
+
+                    (0..1).forEach { id ->
+                        "[a]-->[b]".inNode(id).assertDependencies(
+                            "[a]-->[c]".inNode(id),
+                            "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id),
+                        )
+
+                        "[a]-->[c]".inNode(id).assertDependencies(
+                            "[a]-->[b]".inNode(id),
+                            "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id),
+                        )
+
+                        "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id).assertDependencies(
+                            "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id),
+                        )
+
+                        "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id).assertDependencies(
+                            "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngineTest.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngineTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7dbe7cbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/AbstractEngineTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FreeSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.util.DependencyUtils
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.BiochemistryIncarnation
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Biomolecule
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions.NeighborHasConcentration
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.environments.Continuous2DEnvironment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.ConnectWithinDistance
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.nodes.GenericNode
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.DiracComb
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.times.DoubleTime
+
+@Suppress("UnnecessaryAbstractClass")
+abstract class AbstractEngineTest(
+    val engineFactory: (Environment<Double, *>) -> Simulation<Double, *>,
+) : FreeSpec({
+
+    "Neighbor Condition: Reaction executes when neighbor has concentration" {
+        val incarnation = BiochemistryIncarnation()
+        val environment = Continuous2DEnvironment(incarnation)
+        environment.linkingRule = ConnectWithinDistance(2.0)
+
+        val nodeA = GenericNode(environment)
+        val nodeB = GenericNode(environment)
+        val molM = Biomolecule("M")
+        val molN = Biomolecule("N")
+
+        nodeA.setConcentration(molN, 0.0)
+        nodeB.setConcentration(molM, 0.0)
+
+        nodeB.addReaction(
+            DependencyUtils.SimpleReaction(nodeB, DiracComb(1.0)) {
+                nodeB.setConcentration(molM, 1.0)
+            },
+        )
+
+        DependencyUtils.SimpleReaction(nodeA, DiracComb(1.0)) {
+            nodeA.setConcentration(molN, 1.0)
+        }.apply {
+            conditions = listOf(NeighborHasConcentration(nodeA, environment, molM, 1.0))
+            nodeA.addReaction(this)
+        }
+
+        environment.addNode(nodeA, environment.makePosition(0, 0))
+        environment.addNode(nodeB, environment.makePosition(1, 0))
+
+        environment.addTerminator { it.simulation.time > DoubleTime(5.0) }
+
+        val engine = engineFactory(environment)
+        engine.play()
+        engine.run()
+
+        if (engine.error.isPresent) {
+            throw engine.error.get()
+        }
+
+        // B should have M=1.0 (from Node B's Reaction)
+        nodeB.getConcentration(molM) shouldBe 1.0
+
+        // A should have N=1.0 (executed after observing B)
+        nodeA.getConcentration(molN) shouldBe 1.0
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestDependencyGraph.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestDependencyGraph.kt
index d8221b834e..1425bba0a3 100644
--- a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestDependencyGraph.kt
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestDependencyGraph.kt
@@ -9,116 +9,20 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.core
 
-import io.kotest.core.spec.style.StringSpec
 import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Incarnation
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.BiochemistryIncarnation
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.environments.Continuous2DEnvironment
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.ConnectWithinDistance
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
-import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.ExponentialTime
-import org.apache.commons.math3.random.MersenneTwister
-import org.apache.commons.math3.random.RandomGenerator
 
-private data class RandomContext(
-    val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
-)
+class TestDependencyGraph : AbstractDependencyTest() {
 
-private data class IncarnationContext<T>(
-    val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
-    val incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
-) {
-    fun environment(configuration: EnvironmentContext<T>.() -> Unit): Environment<T, Euclidean2DPosition> =
-        EnvironmentContext(
-            randomGenerator,
-            incarnation,
-            Continuous2DEnvironment(incarnation).apply {
-                linkingRule = ConnectWithinDistance(1.0)
-            },
-        ).apply(configuration).environment
-}
-
-private data class EnvironmentContext<T>(
-    val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
-    val incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
-    val environment: Environment<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
-) {
-    fun Node<T>.reaction(configuration: String): Reaction<T> = incarnation
-        .createReaction(
-            randomGenerator,
-            environment,
-            this,
-            ExponentialTime(1.0, randomGenerator),
-            configuration,
-        ).also { addReaction(it) }
-
-    fun node(x: Number, y: Number, configuration: Node<T>.() -> Unit): Node<T> =
-        incarnation.createNode(randomGenerator, environment, null).apply {
-            configuration()
-            environment.addNode(this, environment.makePosition(x, y))
-        }
-}
+    private lateinit var graph: DependencyGraph<Double>
 
-private fun withRandom(randomGenerator: RandomGenerator, block: RandomContext.() -> Unit) {
-    RandomContext(randomGenerator).block()
-}
+    override fun beforeTest(environment: Environment<Double, *>) {
+        graph = JGraphTDependencyGraph(environment)
+        environment.nodes.flatMap { it.reactions }.forEach { graph.createDependencies(it) }
+    }
 
-private fun <T> RandomContext.withIncarnation(
-    incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
-    block: IncarnationContext<T>.() -> Unit,
-) {
-    IncarnationContext(randomGenerator, incarnation).block()
+    override fun Reaction<Double>.assertDependencies(vararg dependencies: Reaction<Double>) {
+        graph.outboundDependencies(this).toList() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder dependencies.toList()
+    }
 }
-
-class TestDependencyGraph :
-    StringSpec(
-        {
-            withRandom(MersenneTwister(10)) {
-                withIncarnation(BiochemistryIncarnation()) {
-                    val reactions: MutableMap<Int, Map<String, Reaction<Double>>> = mutableMapOf()
-                    val environment =
-                        environment {
-                            fun Node<Double>.configureNode(): Map<String, Reaction<Double>> = listOf(
-                                "[a]-->[b]",
-                                "[a]-->[c]",
-                                "[b]-->[c]",
-                                "[c]-->[b]",
-                            ).associateWith { reaction(it) }
-                            node(0, 0) { reactions += id to configureNode() }
-                            node(0.5, 0) { reactions += id to configureNode() }
-                        }
-
-                    fun String.inNode(id: Int): Reaction<Double> = reactions.getValue(id).getValue(this)
-                    with(JGraphTDependencyGraph(environment)) {
-                        reactions.asSequence().flatMap { it.value.asSequence() }.map { it.value }.forEach {
-                            createDependencies(it)
-                        }
-
-                        fun Reaction<Double>.mustHaveOutBoundDependencies(vararg dependencies: Reaction<Double>) =
-                            outboundDependencies(this).toList() shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder dependencies.toList()
-                        "local reactions on separate nodes should be isolated" {
-                            (0..1).forEach { id ->
-                                "[a]-->[b]".inNode(id).mustHaveOutBoundDependencies(
-                                    "[a]-->[c]".inNode(id),
-                                    "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id),
-                                )
-                                "[a]-->[c]".inNode(id).mustHaveOutBoundDependencies(
-                                    "[a]-->[b]".inNode(id),
-                                    "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id),
-                                )
-                                "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id).mustHaveOutBoundDependencies(
-                                    "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id),
-                                )
-                                "[c]-->[b]".inNode(id).mustHaveOutBoundDependencies(
-                                    "[b]-->[c]".inNode(id),
-                                )
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        },
-    )
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineComparison.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineComparison.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7acd1dd7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineComparison.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FreeSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactly
+import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.OutputMonitor
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.util.DependencyUtils
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Molecule
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.BiochemistryIncarnation
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Biomolecule
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions.MoleculeHasConcentration
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.environments.Continuous2DEnvironment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.NoLinks
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.nodes.GenericNode
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.DiracComb
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.times.DoubleTime
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList
+import kotlin.jvm.optionals.getOrNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.fail
+
+class TestEngineComparison : FreeSpec({
+
+    data class TraceEntry(val time: Double, val nodeId: Int, val molecule: String, val concentration: Double)
+
+    class TraceMonitor<T, P : Position<out P>> : OutputMonitor<T, P> {
+        val trace = CopyOnWriteArrayList<TraceEntry>()
+
+        override fun stepDone(environment: Environment<T, P>, reaction: Actionable<T>?, time: Time, step: Long) {
+            environment.nodes.forEach { node ->
+                node.contents.forEach { (mol, conc) ->
+                    trace.add(TraceEntry(time.toDouble(), node.id, mol.name, (conc as Number).toDouble()))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun prepareEnvironment(): Continuous2DEnvironment<Double> {
+        val incarnation = BiochemistryIncarnation()
+        val environment = Continuous2DEnvironment(incarnation)
+        environment.linkingRule = NoLinks()
+        environment.addTerminator { it.simulation.time > DoubleTime(10.0) }
+        return environment
+    }
+
+    fun runAndTrace(
+        setup: (Continuous2DEnvironment<Double>) -> Unit,
+        engineFactory: (Environment<Double, *>) -> Simulation<Double, *>,
+    ): List<TraceEntry> {
+        val environment = prepareEnvironment()
+        setup(environment)
+        val monitor = TraceMonitor<Double, Position<*>>()
+
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        val engine = engineFactory(environment as Environment<Double, *>) as Simulation<Double, Position<*>>
+        engine.addOutputMonitor(monitor)
+
+        engine.play()
+        engine.run()
+
+        engine.error.getOrNull()?.let { err ->
+            fail { "Simulation failed with an error: ${err.message}: ${err.stackTraceToString()}" }
+        }
+
+        return monitor.trace
+    }
+
+    val a = Biomolecule("A")
+    val b = Biomolecule("B")
+    val c = Biomolecule("C")
+
+    fun setupNode(env: Continuous2DEnvironment<Double>): GenericNode<Double> {
+        val node = GenericNode(env)
+        node.setConcentration(a, 1.0)
+        node.setConcentration(b, 0.0)
+        node.setConcentration(c, 0.0)
+        return node
+    }
+
+    fun addReaction(node: Node<Double>, rate: Double, conditionMolecule: Molecule, action: () -> Unit) {
+        DependencyUtils.SimpleReaction(node, DiracComb(rate)) {
+            action()
+        }.apply {
+            conditions = listOf(MoleculeHasConcentration(node, conditionMolecule, 1.0))
+            node.addReaction(this)
+        }
+    }
+
+    "Compare Engine and ReactiveEngine" - {
+        listOf(
+            "Simple Chain: A -> B -> C" to { env: Continuous2DEnvironment<Double> ->
+                val node = setupNode(env)
+                addReaction(node, 1.0, a) {
+                    node.setConcentration(a, 0.0)
+                    node.setConcentration(b, 1.0)
+                }
+                addReaction(node, 1.0, b) {
+                    node.setConcentration(b, 0.0)
+                    node.setConcentration(c, 1.0)
+                }
+                env.addNode(node, env.makePosition(0, 0))
+                Unit
+            },
+            "Simple Branching: A -> B, A -> C" to { env: Continuous2DEnvironment<Double> ->
+                val node = setupNode(env)
+                addReaction(node, 1.0, a) {
+                    node.setConcentration(b, node.getConcentration(b) + 1.0)
+                }
+                addReaction(node, 0.5, a) {
+                    node.setConcentration(c, node.getConcentration(c) + 1.0)
+                }
+                env.addNode(node, env.makePosition(0, 0))
+                Unit
+            },
+            "Simple Feedback Loop: A -> B -> A" to { env: Continuous2DEnvironment<Double> ->
+                val node = setupNode(env)
+                addReaction(node, 1.0, a) {
+                    node.setConcentration(a, 0.0)
+                    node.setConcentration(b, 1.0)
+                }
+                addReaction(node, 1.0, b) {
+                    node.setConcentration(b, 0.0)
+                    node.setConcentration(a, 1.0)
+                }
+                env.addNode(node, env.makePosition(0, 0))
+                Unit
+            },
+        ).forEach { (_, setup) ->
+            val traceEngine = runAndTrace(setup) { Engine(it) }
+            val traceReactive = runAndTrace(setup) { ReactiveEngine(it) }
+            traceReactive shouldContainExactly traceEngine
+        }
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineImplementation.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineImplementation.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..052383abfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestEngineImplementation.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+class TestEngineImplementation : AbstractEngineTest({ env -> Engine(env) })
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveDependencies.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveDependencies.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21c4c0c0b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveDependencies.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+import io.kotest.matchers.ints.shouldBeGreaterThan
+import io.kotest.matchers.nulls.shouldNotBeNull
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+
+class TestReactiveDependencies : AbstractDependencyTest() {
+
+    private lateinit var environment: Environment<Double, *>
+
+    override fun beforeTest(environment: Environment<Double, *>) {
+        this.environment = environment
+    }
+
+    override fun Reaction<Double>.assertDependencies(vararg dependencies: Reaction<Double>) {
+        val counters = dependencies.associateWith { AtomicInteger(0) }
+
+        dependencies.forEach { target ->
+            target.initializationComplete(Time.ZERO, environment)
+            target.rescheduleRequest.onChange(this) {
+                counters[target]?.incrementAndGet()
+            }
+        }
+        this.execute()
+
+        dependencies.forEach { target ->
+            val count = counters[target]?.get()
+            count.shouldNotBeNull()
+            count shouldBeGreaterThan 0
+        }
+
+        dependencies.forEach { it.rescheduleRequest.stopWatching(this) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveEngineImplementation.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveEngineImplementation.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95735ed7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/TestReactiveEngineImplementation.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core
+
+class TestReactiveEngineImplementation : AbstractEngineTest({ env -> ReactiveEngine(env) })
diff --git a/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/util/DependencyUtils.kt b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/util/DependencyUtils.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58b316dca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-engine/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/core/util/DependencyUtils.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.core.util
+
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Incarnation
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.environments.Continuous2DEnvironment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.ConnectWithinDistance
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.reactions.AbstractReaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.ExponentialTime
+import org.apache.commons.math3.random.RandomGenerator
+
+object DependencyUtils {
+
+    class SimpleReaction<T>(
+        node: Node<T>,
+        distribution: TimeDistribution<T>,
+        val action: () -> Unit,
+    ) : AbstractReaction<T>(node, distribution) {
+        override fun updateInternalStatus(
+            currentTime: Time,
+            hasBeenExecuted: Boolean,
+            environment: Environment<T, *>,
+        ) = Unit
+
+        override fun cloneOnNewNode(node: Node<T>, currentTime: Time): Reaction<T> = throw NotImplementedError()
+
+        override fun execute() {
+            action()
+        }
+    }
+
+    data class RandomContext(
+        val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
+    )
+
+    data class IncarnationContext<T>(
+        val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
+        val incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
+    ) {
+        fun environment(configuration: EnvironmentContext<T>.() -> Unit): Environment<T, Euclidean2DPosition> =
+            EnvironmentContext(
+                randomGenerator,
+                incarnation,
+                Continuous2DEnvironment(incarnation).apply {
+                    linkingRule = ConnectWithinDistance(1.0)
+                },
+            ).apply(configuration).environment
+    }
+
+    data class EnvironmentContext<T>(
+        val randomGenerator: RandomGenerator,
+        val incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
+        val environment: Environment<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
+    ) {
+        fun Node<T>.reaction(configuration: String): Reaction<T> = incarnation
+            .createReaction(
+                randomGenerator,
+                environment,
+                this,
+                ExponentialTime(1.0, randomGenerator),
+                configuration,
+            ).also { addReaction(it) }
+
+        fun node(x: Number, y: Number, configuration: Node<T>.() -> Unit): Node<T> =
+            incarnation.createNode(randomGenerator, environment, null).apply {
+                configuration()
+                environment.addNode(this, environment.makePosition(x, y))
+            }
+    }
+
+    fun withRandom(randomGenerator: RandomGenerator, block: RandomContext.() -> Unit) {
+        RandomContext(randomGenerator).block()
+    }
+
+    fun <T> RandomContext.withIncarnation(
+        incarnation: Incarnation<T, Euclidean2DPosition>,
+        block: IncarnationContext<T>.() -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        IncarnationContext(randomGenerator, incarnation).block()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractCondition.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractCondition.java
index 52f597726c..09aa3fa6ab 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractCondition.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractCondition.java
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Dependency;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.LinkedListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSets;
@@ -32,6 +36,18 @@ public abstract class AbstractCondition<T> implements Condition<T> {
     private final ListSet<Dependency> influencing = new LinkedListSet<>();
     private final Node<T> node;
 
+    private final ObservableMutableSet<Observable<?>> dependencies = new ObservableMutableSet<>();
+
+    /**
+     * An observable which emits this condition's validity.
+     */
+    private Observable<Boolean> validity = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(true);
+
+    /**
+     * An observable which emits this condition's propensity contribution.
+     */
+    private Observable<Double> propensity = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(0.0);
+
     /**
      * @param node the node this Condition belongs to
      */
@@ -52,6 +68,12 @@ public final ListSet<? extends Dependency> getInboundDependencies() {
         return ListSets.unmodifiableListSet(influencing);
     }
 
+    @SuppressFBWarnings(value = "EI_EXPOSE_REP", justification = "This is intentional")
+    @Override
+    public final ObservableSet<? extends Observable<?>> observeInboundDependencies() {
+        return dependencies;
+    }
+
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      *
@@ -72,10 +94,75 @@ protected final void declareDependencyOn(final Dependency m) {
         influencing.add(m);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Add the given {@link Observable} to the set of observables of this Condition.
+     *
+     * @param dep the observable to observe
+     * @return the input dependency itself
+     */
+    protected Observable<?> addObservableDependency(final Observable<?> dep) {
+        dependencies.add(dep);
+        return dep;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If you plan to extend this method, please consider leaving this
+     * implementation as is and use a reactive/observable style by
+     * overriding {@link #observeValidity()}.
+     *
+     * @return whether this condition is valid.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean isValid() {
+        return observeValidity().getCurrent();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If you plan to override this method, make sure to free up additional
+     * observables in {@link #dispose()}.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Observable<Boolean> observeValidity() {
+        return validity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If you plan to extend this method, please consider leaving this
+     * implementation as is and use a reactive/observable style by
+     * overriding {@link #observePropensityContribution()}.
+     *
+     * @return this condition's propensity contribution.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public double getPropensityContribution() {
+        return observePropensityContribution().getCurrent();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If you plan to override this method, make sure to free up additional
+     * observables in {@link #dispose()}.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Observable<Double> observePropensityContribution() {
+        return propensity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override this method if a custom implementation for validity or propensity
+     * contribution are provided. It is always advised to call the super method
+     * alongside the custom implementation to avoid possible leaks.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void dispose() {
+        this.validity.dispose();
+        this.propensity.dispose();
+        this.dependencies.dispose();
+    }
+
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      *
-     *  <p>
+     * <p>
      * How to override: create a new action of your concrete subtype.
      */
     @Override
@@ -83,6 +170,24 @@ public Condition<T> cloneCondition(final Node<T> newNode, final Reaction<T> newR
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException(getClass().getSimpleName() + " has no support for cloning.");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * To be used by inheritors when initializing.
+     *
+     * @param newValidity the validity to set
+     */
+    protected final void setValidity(final Observable<Boolean> newValidity) {
+        this.validity = newValidity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To be used by inheritors when initializing.
+     *
+     * @param newPropensity the propensity to set
+     */
+    protected final void setPropensity(final Observable<Double> newPropensity) {
+        this.propensity = newPropensity;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @return the simple class name
      */
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ConcentrationChanged.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ConcentrationChanged.java
index 135bdc4deb..a904744895 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ConcentrationChanged.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ConcentrationChanged.java
@@ -44,6 +44,21 @@ public ConcentrationChanged(@Nonnull final Node<T> node, @Nonnull final Molecule
         previous = Optional.fromNullable(node.getConcentration(target));
         hasFlipped = false;
         declareDependencyOn(target);
+
+        addObservableDependency(node.observeConcentration(target));
+
+        setValidity(node.observeConcentration(target).map(it -> {
+            if (!hasFlipped) {
+                final var maybeValue = Optional.fromNullable(it.getOrNull());
+                if (!maybeValue.equals(previous)) {
+                    hasFlipped = true;
+                    previous = maybeValue;
+                }
+            }
+            return hasFlipped;
+        }));
+
+        setPropensity(observeValidity().map(valid -> valid ? 1d : 0d));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -56,36 +71,11 @@ public Context getContext() {
         return Context.LOCAL;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        return isValid(true) ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public boolean isValid() {
-        return isValid(false);
-    }
-
-    private boolean isValid(final boolean internal) {
-        /*
-         * If the call is internal, the condition may switch to true. Otherwise,
-         * it will return the previous value and switch to false
-         */
-        if (internal) {
-            if (!hasFlipped) {
-                @Nonnull
-                final Optional<T> curVal = Optional.fromNullable(getNode().getConcentration(target));
-                if (!curVal.equals(previous)) {
-                    hasFlipped = true;
-                    previous = curVal;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            final boolean flip = hasFlipped;
-            hasFlipped = false;
-            return flip;
-        }
-        return hasFlipped;
+        final boolean flip = hasFlipped;
+        hasFlipped = false;
+        return flip;
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/MoleculeHasConcentration.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/MoleculeHasConcentration.java
index 70ea43b954..69a3306d6f 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/MoleculeHasConcentration.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/MoleculeHasConcentration.java
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ public MoleculeHasConcentration(final Node<T> node, final Molecule molecule, fin
         this.mol = Objects.requireNonNull(molecule);
         this.value = Objects.requireNonNull(value);
         declareDependencyOn(this.mol);
+        addObservableDependency(node.observeConcentration(molecule));
+        setValidity(node.observeConcentration(molecule).map(opt -> opt.fold(() -> false, value::equals)));
+        setPropensity(observeValidity().map(valid -> valid ? 1d : 2d));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -55,16 +58,6 @@ public Context getContext() {
         return Context.LOCAL;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        return isValid() ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return value.equals(getNode().getConcentration(mol));
-    }
-
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return mol + "=" + value + "?[" + isValid() + "]";
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/AdaptiveRange.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/AdaptiveRange.java
index 33ca195dbe..6c1c2e9c80 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/AdaptiveRange.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/AdaptiveRange.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.neighborhoods.Neighborhoods;
-import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet;
 
 import java.io.Serial;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ public final Neighborhood<T> computeNeighborhood(final Node<T> center, final Env
             ranges.put(center.getId(), getRange());
         }
         final double curRange = ranges.get(center.getId());
-        final ListSet<Node<T>> potentialNeighs = environment.getNodesWithinRange(center, curRange);
+        final var potentialNeighs = environment.getNodesWithinRange(center, curRange);
         final Neighborhood<T> neigh = Neighborhoods.make(environment, center, potentialNeighs.stream()
                 .filter(neighbor -> !conditionForRemoval(environment, center, neighbor, curRange, ranges.get(neighbor.getId())))
                 .collect(Collectors.toList()));
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/ClosestN.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/ClosestN.java
index 7b5949a9d7..529f484e02 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/ClosestN.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/linkingrules/ClosestN.java
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ private Stream<Node<T>> closestN(final Node<T> center, final Environment<T, ?> e
      * @param range the communication range
      * @return the set of nodes within the communication range
      */
-    protected final Set<Node<T>> nodesInRange(
+    protected final Set<? extends Node<T>> nodesInRange(
             final Environment<T, ?> environment,
             final Node<T> node, final double range
     ) {
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/AbstractReaction.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/AbstractReaction.java
index 7e598a0a65..1875c3c903 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/AbstractReaction.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/AbstractReaction.java
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.reactions;
 
+import arrow.core.Option;
 import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Action;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable;
@@ -21,12 +22,19 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Disposable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.EventObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions;
+import kotlin.Unit;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ArrayListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.Hashes;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ImmutableListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.LinkedListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet;
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSets;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
 import java.io.Serial;
@@ -38,6 +46,9 @@
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
+import static arrow.core.OptionKt.getOrElse;
+import static arrow.core.OptionKt.none;
+
 /**
  * The type which describes the concentration of a molecule.
  * This class offers a partial implementation of Reaction. In particular, it
@@ -45,7 +56,7 @@
  *
  * @param <T> concentration type
  */
-public abstract class AbstractReaction<T> implements Reaction<T> {
+public abstract class AbstractReaction<T> implements Reaction<T>, Disposable {
 
     /**
      * How bigger should be the StringBuffer with respect to the previous
@@ -58,6 +69,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractReaction<T> implements Reaction<T> {
     private final int hash;
     private List<? extends Action<T>> actions = new ArrayList<>(0);
     private List<? extends Condition<T>> conditions = new ArrayList<>(0);
+
     private Context incontext = Context.LOCAL;
     private Context outcontext = Context.LOCAL;
     private ListSet<Dependency> outbound = new LinkedListSet<>();
@@ -66,13 +78,16 @@ public abstract class AbstractReaction<T> implements Reaction<T> {
     private final TimeDistribution<T> timeDistribution;
     private final Node<T> node;
 
+    private final EventObservable rescheduleRequest = new EventObservable();
+    private Observable<Boolean> validity = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(true);
+    private final List<Observable<?>> subscriptions = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Option<Boolean> canExecute = none();
+
     /**
      * Builds a new reaction, starting at time t.
      *
-     * @param node
-     *            the node this reaction belongs to
-     * @param timeDistribution
-     *            the time distribution this reaction should follow
+     * @param node             the node this reaction belongs to
+     * @param timeDistribution the time distribution this reaction should follow
      */
     @SuppressFBWarnings(value = "EI_EXPOSE_REP2", justification = "This is intentional")
     public AbstractReaction(final Node<T> node, final TimeDistribution<T> timeDistribution) {
@@ -84,8 +99,7 @@ public AbstractReaction(final Node<T> node, final TimeDistribution<T> timeDistri
     /**
      * Allows subclasses to add influenced molecules.
      *
-     * @param m
-     *            the influenced molecule
+     * @param m the influenced molecule
      */
     protected final void addOutboundDependency(final Dependency m) {
         outbound.add(m);
@@ -94,8 +108,7 @@ protected final void addOutboundDependency(final Dependency m) {
     /**
      * Allows subclasses to add influencing molecules.
      *
-     * @param m
-     *            the molecule to add
+     * @param m the molecule to add
      */
     protected final void addInboundDependency(final Dependency m) {
         inbound.add(m);
@@ -108,14 +121,16 @@ protected final void addInboundDependency(final Dependency m) {
      */
     @Override
     public boolean canExecute() {
-        if (conditions == null) {
-            return true;
+        final var current = canExecute.getOrNull();
+        if (current != null) {
+            return current;
         }
-        int i = 0;
-        while (i < conditions.size() && conditions.get(i).isValid()) {
-            i++;
-        }
-        return i == conditions.size();
+        return conditions.stream().allMatch(Condition::isValid);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final @NotNull Observable<Boolean> observeCanExecute() {
+        return validity;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -188,6 +203,11 @@ public final Context getOutputContext() {
         return outcontext;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public final @NotNull Observable<Unit> getRescheduleRequest() {
+        return rescheduleRequest;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @return a {@link String} representation of the rate
      */
@@ -221,19 +241,48 @@ public final int hashCode() {
         return hash;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * This method is called when the environment has completed its
+     * initialization. Can be used by this reaction to compute its next
+     * execution time - in case such computation requires an inspection of the
+     * environment.
+     * <br/>
+     * <b>NOTE</b>: this method ensures that the observable dependencies
+     * (i.e. observable conditions) are properly initialized with
+     * {@link #initializeObservableConditions()}.
+     * Subclasses should override {@link #onInitializationComplete(Time, Environment)}
+     * to add custom initialization logic.
+     *
+     * @param atTime      the time at which the initialization of this reaction was
+     *                    accomplished
+     * @param environment the environment
+     */
     @Override
-    public void initializationComplete(@Nonnull final Time atTime, @Nonnull final Environment<T, ?> environment) { }
+    public final void initializationComplete(@Nonnull final Time atTime, @Nonnull final Environment<T, ?> environment) {
+        initializeObservableConditions();
+        onInitializationComplete(atTime, environment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by {@link #initializationComplete(Time, Environment)}
+     * after the observable dependencies have been initialized.
+     * Subclasses can override this to perform custom initialization (e.g. initial update).
+     *
+     * @param atTime      the time at which the initialization of this reaction was
+     *                    accomplished
+     * @param environment the environment
+     */
+    protected void onInitializationComplete(@Nonnull final Time atTime, @Nonnull final Environment<T, ?> environment) {
+        // Empty by default
+    }
 
     /**
      * This method provides the facility to clone reactions.
      * Given a constructor in form of a {@link Supplier}, it populates the actions and conditions with
      * cloned version of the ones registered in this reaction.
      *
-     * @param builder
-     *            the supplier
-     *
-     * @param <R>
-     *            The reaction type
+     * @param builder the supplier
+     * @param <R>     The reaction type
      * @return the populated cloned reaction
      */
     protected <R extends Reaction<T>> R makeClone(final Supplier<R> builder) {
@@ -298,11 +347,56 @@ public void setConditions(@Nonnull final List<? extends Condition<T>> conditions
         inbound = computeDependencies(conditions.stream().map(Condition::getInboundDependencies).flatMap(List::stream));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Call this method for handling the reactive nature of this reaction's validity, and this
+     * reaction reschedules requests, binding this reaction to its conditions' validity and
+     * on condition's inbound dependencies respectively.
+     * <br/>
+     * Note that this method must be called after the initialization (i.e. to be called in
+     * {@link #initializationComplete(Time, Environment)}) because observers' callbacks could
+     * trigger some environment query that may fail in the set-up phase.
+     */
+    protected final void initializeObservableConditions() {
+        if (!subscriptions.isEmpty()) {
+            subscriptions.forEach(s -> s.stopWatching(this));
+            subscriptions.clear();
+        }
+
+        validity.dispose();
+
+        conditions.forEach(condition -> {
+            final var merged = ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.mergeObservables(
+                condition.observeInboundDependencies()
+            );
+            merged.onChange(this, it -> {
+                rescheduleRequest.emit();
+                return null;
+            });
+            subscriptions.add(merged);
+        });
+
+        if (!conditions.isEmpty()) {
+            validity = ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.combineLatest(
+                conditions.stream().map(Condition::observeValidity).toList(),
+                it -> it.stream().allMatch(b -> b)
+            ).map(it -> getOrElse(it, () -> true));
+
+            // need at least one observer to track validity updates
+            validity.onChange(this, it -> {
+                canExecute = Option.fromNullable(it);
+                return null;
+            });
+
+            subscriptions.add(validity);
+        }
+
+        rescheduleRequest.emit();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Used by subclasses to set their input context.
      *
-     * @param c
-     *            the new input context
+     * @param c the new input context
      */
     protected final void setInputContext(final Context c) {
         incontext = c;
@@ -311,8 +405,7 @@ protected final void setInputContext(final Context c) {
     /**
      * Used by subclasses to set their output context.
      *
-     * @param c
-     *            the new input context
+     * @param c the new input context
      */
     protected final void setOutputContext(final Context c) {
         outcontext = c;
@@ -320,7 +413,7 @@ protected final void setOutputContext(final Context c) {
 
     /**
      * @return the default implementation returns a String in the form
-     *     className@timeScheduled[Conditions]-rate-&gt;[Actions]
+     *         className@timeScheduled[Conditions]-rate-&gt;[Actions]
      */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
@@ -348,23 +441,35 @@ public final void update(
         timeDistribution.update(currentTime, hasBeenExecuted, getRate(), environment);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Disposes all resources held by this reaction if removed and not used any more. If plan to extend
+     * this method, please make sure to call the base implementation to free up resources for this reaction's
+     * subscriptions (input dependencies changes and condition changes).
+     * Ideally, through this method you should clear up all the references that would become dangling if
+     * the reference to this reaction is lost during program execution resulting in a memory leak.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void dispose() {
+        subscriptions.forEach(it -> it.stopWatching(this));
+        conditions.forEach(Disposable::dispose);
+        conditions.clear();
+        subscriptions.clear();
+    }
+
     /**
      * This method gets called as soon as
      * {@link #update(Time, boolean, Environment)} is called. It is useful to
      * update the internal status of the reaction.
      *
-     * @param currentTime
-     *            the current simulation time
-     * @param hasBeenExecuted
-     *            true if this reaction has just been executed, false if the
-     *            update has been triggered due to a dependency
-     * @param environment
-     *            the current environment
+     * @param currentTime     the current simulation time
+     * @param hasBeenExecuted true if this reaction has just been executed, false if the
+     *                        update has been triggered due to a dependency
+     * @param environment     the current environment
      */
     protected abstract void updateInternalStatus(
-            Time currentTime,
-            boolean hasBeenExecuted,
-            Environment<T, ?> environment
+        Time currentTime,
+        boolean hasBeenExecuted,
+        Environment<T, ?> environment
     );
 
     @Nonnull
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/ChemicalReaction.java b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/ChemicalReaction.java
index 2208b4cb8c..82b32b42eb 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/ChemicalReaction.java
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/reactions/ChemicalReaction.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public ChemicalReaction<T> cloneOnNewNode(@Nonnull final Node<T> node, @Nonnull
     }
 
     @Override
-    public final void initializationComplete(@Nonnull final Time atTime, @Nonnull final Environment<T, ?> environment) {
+    protected final void onInitializationComplete(@Nonnull final Time atTime, @Nonnull final Environment<T, ?> environment) {
         update(atTime, true, environment);
     }
 
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition.kt
index 402a6186d9..8f27e6fd92 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition.kt
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition.kt
@@ -17,5 +17,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
  * or with 0.0 in case it cannot.
  */
 abstract class AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition<T>(node: Node<T>) : AbstractCondition<T>(node) {
-    final override fun getPropensityContribution(): Double = if (isValid) 1.0 else 0.0
+    init {
+        setPropensity(observeValidity().map { if (it) 1.0 else 0.0 })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ContainsMolecule.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ContainsMolecule.kt
index fa4b3a489d..62f87e8ea4 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ContainsMolecule.kt
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/ContainsMolecule.kt
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 /**
  * The condition is valid if the node contains the molecule.
  */
-class ContainsMolecule<T>(node: Node<T>, private val molecule: Molecule) :
-    AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition<T>(node) {
-    override fun getContext() = Context.LOCAL
+class ContainsMolecule<T>(node: Node<T>, molecule: Molecule) : AbstractNonPropensityContributingCondition<T>(node) {
+
+    init {
+        addObservableDependency(node.observeContains(molecule))
+        setValidity(node.observeContains(molecule))
+    }
 
-    override fun isValid() = node.contains(molecule)
+    override fun getContext() = Context.LOCAL
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NeighborHasConcentration.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NeighborHasConcentration.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fef40f5e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NeighborHasConcentration.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2026, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions
+
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Condition
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Context
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Molecule
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.combineLatest
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.switchMap
+
+/**
+ * A condition that evaluates whether at least one neighbor of a node has the specified [concentration]
+ * of a given [molecule][target].
+ *
+ * @param node the node for which the condition is being evaluated.
+ * @param environment the environment containing the node and its neighborhood.
+ * @param target the molecule to check in the neighborhood
+ * @param concentration the target concentration of the molecule to be checked in the neighborhood
+ * @param T the type of concentration
+ */
+class NeighborHasConcentration<T>(
+    node: Node<T>,
+    val environment: Environment<T, *>,
+    val target: Molecule,
+    val concentration: T,
+) : AbstractCondition<T>(node) {
+
+    init {
+        setValidity(
+            environment.observeNeighborhood(node).switchMap { neighborhood ->
+                neighborhood.neighbors.map { it.observeConcentration(target) }
+                    .combineLatest { neighborsConcentrations ->
+                        neighborsConcentrations.any { it.isSome { nConc -> nConc == concentration } }
+                    }.map { it.getOrElse { false } }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    override fun getContext(): Context = Context.NEIGHBORHOOD
+
+    override fun cloneCondition(newNode: Node<T>, newReaction: Reaction<T>): Condition<T> =
+        NeighborHasConcentration(newNode, environment, target, concentration)
+}
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NoOtherReactionCanExecute.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NoOtherReactionCanExecute.kt
index 1612cb72b3..9a9760370b 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NoOtherReactionCanExecute.kt
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/conditions/NoOtherReactionCanExecute.kt
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions
 
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Context
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.combineLatest
 
 /**
  * The condition is valid if all the other reactions having at least one condition can not execute.
@@ -31,16 +33,19 @@ class NoOtherReactionCanExecute<T>(node: Node<T>, private val myReaction: Reacti
             "Violation of the $className contract. Only a single $className per node can get built. " +
                 "Double creation at node $node, reaction $myReaction"
         }
+
+        setValidity(
+            node.reactions
+                .filterNot { it == myReaction }
+                .filter { it.conditions.isNotEmpty() }
+                .map { it.observeCanExecute() }
+                .combineLatest { reactionsCanExecute -> reactionsCanExecute.none { it } }
+                .map { it.getOrElse { true } },
+        )
     }
 
     override fun cloneCondition(newNode: Node<T>, newReaction: Reaction<T>) =
         NoOtherReactionCanExecute(newNode, myReaction)
 
     override fun getContext() = Context.LOCAL
-
-    override fun isValid() = node.reactions
-        .asSequence()
-        .filterNot { it == myReaction }
-        .filter { it.conditions.isNotEmpty() }
-        .none { it.canExecute() }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/environments/AbstractEnvironment.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/environments/AbstractEnvironment.kt
index a17fedfde4..9c02eb5422 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/environments/AbstractEnvironment.kt
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/environments/AbstractEnvironment.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ package it.unibo.alchemist.model.environments
 
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.LoadingCache
+import gnu.trove.map.hash.TDoubleObjectHashMap
 import gnu.trove.map.hash.TIntObjectHashMap
 import gnu.trove.set.hash.TIntHashSet
 import it.unibo.alchemist.core.Simulation
@@ -26,6 +27,11 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.SupportedIncarnations
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TerminationPredicate
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.NoLinks
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet.Companion.toObservableSet
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableSet
 import java.io.ObjectInputStream
 import java.io.ObjectOutputStream
 import java.io.Serial
@@ -55,8 +61,15 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
     private val _nodes: ListSet<Node<T>> = ArrayListSet()
     private val _globalReactions = ArrayListSet<GlobalReaction<T>>()
     private val _layers: MutableMap<Molecule, Layer<T, P>> = LinkedHashMap()
+
+    @Transient
+    private val observableNeighCache = ObservableMutableMap<Int, Neighborhood<T>>()
     private val neighCache = TIntObjectHashMap<Neighborhood<T>>()
+
+    @Transient
+    private val observableNodeToPos = ObservableMutableMap<Int, P>()
     private val nodeToPos = TIntObjectHashMap<P>()
+
     private val spatialIndex: SpatialIndex<Node<T>> = requireNotNull(internalIndex)
 
     override val layers: ListSet<Layer<T, P>> get() = ArrayListSet(_layers.values)
@@ -66,8 +79,20 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
 
     override val nodes: ListSet<Node<T>> = ListSets.unmodifiableListSet(_nodes)
 
+    @Transient
+    override val observableNodes: ObservableMutableSet<Node<T>> = _nodes.toList().toObservableSet()
+
     final override val nodeCount: Int get() = nodes.size
 
+    @Transient
+    override val observeNodeCount: Observable<Int> = observableNodes.observableSize
+
+    private val regionObservers = ArrayList<RegionObserver>()
+
+    private val regionNodeCenteredIndex = TIntObjectHashMap<TDoubleObjectHashMap<RegionObserver>>()
+
+    private val regionPositionCenteredIndex = HashMap<P, TDoubleObjectHashMap<RegionObserver>>()
+
     final override var linkingRule: LinkingRule<T, P> = NoLinks()
 
     @Transient
@@ -123,6 +148,7 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
             val actualPosition = computeActualInsertionPosition(node, position)
             setPosition(node, actualPosition)
             require(_nodes.add(node)) { "Node with id ${node.id} was already existing in this environment." }
+            observableNodes.add(node)
             spatialIndex.insert(node, *actualPosition.coordinates)
             updateNeighborhood(node, true)
             ifEngineAvailable { it.nodeAdded(node) }
@@ -179,6 +205,55 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         return validCache[center to range]
     }
 
+    private fun observeAllNodesInRange(
+        centerProvider: () -> P,
+        range: Double,
+        node: Node<T>? = null,
+    ): ObservableSet<Node<T>> {
+        val cached = if (node != null) {
+            regionNodeCenteredIndex[node.id]?.get(range)
+        } else {
+            regionPositionCenteredIndex[centerProvider()]?.get(range)
+        }
+
+        if (cached != null) {
+            return cached.visibleNodes
+        }
+
+        val actualCenter = centerProvider()
+        val initialNodes = getAllNodesInRange(centerProvider(), range).toObservableSet()
+
+        if (node != null) {
+            check(initialNodes.remove(node)) {
+                "Either the provided range ($range) is too small for queries to work without precision loss, " +
+                    "or the environment is in an inconsistent state. Node $node at ${centerProvider()} was the " +
+                    "query center, but within range $range, only nodes $initialNodes were found."
+            }
+        }
+
+        val region = RegionObserver(
+            centerId = node?.id,
+            centerProvider = centerProvider,
+            radius = range,
+            visibleNodes = initialNodes,
+        ).apply { regionObservers.add(this) }
+
+        if (node != null) {
+            var radiusMap = regionNodeCenteredIndex[node.id]
+            if (radiusMap == null) {
+                radiusMap = TDoubleObjectHashMap()
+                regionNodeCenteredIndex.put(node.id, radiusMap)
+            }
+            radiusMap.put(range, region)
+        } else {
+            regionPositionCenteredIndex
+                .computeIfAbsent(actualCenter) { TDoubleObjectHashMap() }
+                .put(range, region)
+        }
+
+        return initialNodes
+    }
+
     override fun getDistanceBetweenNodes(n1: Node<T>, n2: Node<T>): Double = getPosition(n1).distanceTo(getPosition(n2))
 
     override fun getLayer(molecule: Molecule): Layer<T, P>? = _layers[molecule]
@@ -194,6 +269,18 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         return result
     }
 
+    override fun observeNeighborhood(node: Node<T>): Observable<Neighborhood<T>> =
+        observableNeighCache[node.id].map { maybeNeighborhood ->
+            val neighborhood = maybeNeighborhood.getOrNull()
+            requireNotNull(neighborhood) {
+                check(node !in observableNodes) {
+                    "The environment state is inconsistent. $node is among the nodes, but has no position."
+                }
+                "$node is not part of the environment."
+            }
+            neighborhood
+        }
+
     override fun getNodeByID(id: Int): Node<T> = nodes.first { n: Node<T> -> n.id == id }
 
     override fun getNodesWithinRange(node: Node<T>, range: Double): ListSet<Node<T>> {
@@ -214,6 +301,12 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         return ImmutableListSet.copyOf(getAllNodesInRange(position, range))
     }
 
+    override fun observeNodesWithinRange(node: Node<T>, range: Double): ObservableSet<Node<T>> =
+        observeAllNodesInRange({ getPosition(node) }, range, node)
+
+    override fun observeNodesWithinRange(position: P, range: Double): ObservableSet<Node<T>> =
+        observeAllNodesInRange({ position }, range)
+
     override fun getPosition(node: Node<T>): P = requireNotNull(nodeToPos[node.id]) {
         check(!nodes.contains(node)) {
             "Node $node is registered in the environment but has no position. " +
@@ -223,6 +316,19 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         "Node $node: ${node.javaClass.simpleName} does not exist in the environment."
     }
 
+    override fun observePosition(node: Node<T>): Observable<P> = observableNodeToPos[node.id].map { maybePosition ->
+        val position = maybePosition.getOrNull()
+        requireNotNull(position) {
+            check(!nodes.contains(node)) {
+                "Node $node is registered in the environment but has no position. " +
+                    "This could be a bug in Alchemist. Please open an issue at: " +
+                    "https://github.com/AlchemistSimulator/Alchemist/issues/new/choose"
+            }
+            "Node $node: ${node.javaClass.simpleName} does not exist in the environment."
+        }
+        position
+    }
+
     /**
      * Override this property if units measuring distance do not match with units used
      * for coordinates. For instance, if your space is non-Euclidean, or if you are
@@ -301,6 +407,7 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
     private fun recursiveOperation(origin: Node<T>): Sequence<Operation<T>> {
         val newNeighborhood = linkingRule.computeNeighborhood(Objects.requireNonNull(origin), this)
         val oldNeighborhood: Neighborhood<T>? = neighCache.put(origin.id, newNeighborhood)
+        observableNeighCache.put(origin.id, newNeighborhood)
         return toQueue(origin, oldNeighborhood, newNeighborhood)
     }
 
@@ -315,16 +422,27 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         }
         val newNeighborhood = linkingRule.computeNeighborhood(destination, this)
         val oldNeighborhood = neighCache.put(destination.id, newNeighborhood)
+        observableNeighCache.put(destination.id, newNeighborhood)
         return toQueue(destination, oldNeighborhood, newNeighborhood)
     }
 
     override fun removeNode(node: Node<T>) {
         invalidateCache()
         _nodes.remove(requireNotNull(node) { "Node cannot be null." })
+        observableNodes.remove(node)
         val pos = requireNotNull(nodeToPos.remove(node.id)) { "Node position cannot be null." }
+        observableNodeToPos.remove(node.id)
         spatialIndex.remove(node, *pos.coordinates)
         val neigh = neighCache.remove(node.id)
-        neigh.forEach { neighCache.put(it.id, neighCache.remove(it.id).remove(node)) }
+        observableNeighCache.remove(node.id)
+        neigh.forEach {
+            with(neighCache.remove(it.id).remove(node)) {
+                neighCache.put(it.id, this)
+                observableNeighCache.remove(it.id)
+                observableNeighCache.put(it.id, this)
+            }
+        }
+        updateRegionObservers(node, null, null)
         ifEngineAvailable { it.nodeRemoved(node, neigh) }
         nodeRemoved(node, neigh)
     }
@@ -347,10 +465,39 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         require(pos == null || spatialIndex.move(n, pos.coordinates, p.coordinates)) {
             "Tried to move a node not previously present in the environment:\nNode: $n\nRequested position: $p"
         }
+        observableNodeToPos[n.id] = p
+        updateRegionObservers(n, p, pos)
     }
 
     override fun spliterator(): Spliterator<Node<T>> = nodes.spliterator()
 
+    private fun updateRegionObservers(node: Node<T>, newPosition: P?, oldPosition: P?) {
+        if (regionObservers.isNotEmpty()) {
+            regionObservers.forEach { region ->
+                when {
+                    newPosition == null -> { // removal
+                        if (node in region.visibleNodes) region.visibleNodes.remove(node)
+                        regionNodeCenteredIndex.remove(node.id)?.forEachValue {
+                            regionObservers.remove(it)
+                            true
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else -> { // new node added or moved
+                        val center = region.centerProvider()
+
+                        val wasInside = oldPosition?.distanceTo(center)?.let { it <= region.radius } ?: false
+                        val isInside = newPosition.distanceTo(center) <= region.radius
+
+                        when {
+                            wasInside && !isInside -> region.visibleNodes.remove(node)
+                            !wasInside && isInside -> region.visibleNodes.add(node)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun toQueue(
         center: Node<T>,
         oldNeighborhood: Neighborhood<T>?,
@@ -374,6 +521,7 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         if (linkingRule.isLocallyConsistent()) {
             val newNeighborhood = linkingRule.computeNeighborhood(node, this)
             val oldNeighborhood: Neighborhood<T>? = neighCache.put(node.id, newNeighborhood)
+            observableNeighCache.put(node.id, newNeighborhood)
             oldNeighborhood?.let {
                 it
                     .getNeighbors()
@@ -383,7 +531,10 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
                     .filter { neigh -> neigh.contains(node) }
                     .forEach { neighborhoodToChange ->
                         val formerNeighbor = neighborhoodToChange.getCenter()
-                        neighCache.put(formerNeighbor.id, neighborhoodToChange.remove(node))
+                        with(neighborhoodToChange.remove(node)) {
+                            neighCache.put(formerNeighbor.id, this)
+                            observableNeighCache.put(formerNeighbor.id, this)
+                        }
                         if (!isNewNode) {
                             ifEngineAvailable { it.neighborRemoved(node, formerNeighbor) }
                         }
@@ -392,7 +543,10 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
             val newNeighbors = newNeighborhood.neighbors
             val oldNeighbors: Set<Node<T>>? = oldNeighborhood?.neighbors
             (newNeighbors - oldNeighbors.orEmpty()).forEach { newNeighbor ->
-                neighCache.put(newNeighbor.id, neighCache[newNeighbor.id].add(node))
+                with(neighCache[newNeighbor.id].add(node)) {
+                    neighCache.put(newNeighbor.id, this)
+                    observableNeighCache.put(newNeighbor.id, this)
+                }
                 if (!isNewNode) {
                     ifEngineAvailable { it.neighborAdded(node, newNeighbor) }
                 }
@@ -414,6 +568,13 @@ abstract class AbstractEnvironment<T, P : Position<P>> protected constructor(
         out.writeObject(incarnation.javaClass.getSimpleName())
     }
 
+    private inner class RegionObserver(
+        val centerId: Int? = null,
+        val centerProvider: () -> P,
+        val radius: Double,
+        val visibleNodes: ObservableMutableSet<Node<T>>,
+    )
+
     private data class Operation<T>(val origin: Node<T>, val destination: Node<T>, val isAdd: Boolean) {
         override fun toString(): String = origin.toString() + (if (isAdd) " discovered " else " lost ") + destination
     }
diff --git a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/nodes/GenericNode.kt b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/nodes/GenericNode.kt
index 682602a9e7..ad66473c35 100644
--- a/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/nodes/GenericNode.kt
+++ b/alchemist-implementationbase/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/nodes/GenericNode.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
  */
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.nodes
 
+import arrow.core.Option
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
 import com.google.common.collect.MapMaker
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Incarnation
@@ -16,6 +18,8 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.NodeProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
 import java.util.Collections
 import java.util.Spliterator
 import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore
@@ -45,13 +49,17 @@ constructor(
     /**
      * The node's molecules.
      */
-    val molecules: MutableMap<Molecule, T> = LinkedHashMap(),
+    molecules: MutableMap<Molecule, T> = LinkedHashMap(),
     final override val properties: MutableList<NodeProperty<T>> = ArrayList(),
 ) : Node<T> {
     constructor(
         environment: Environment<T, *>,
     ) : this(environment.incarnation, environment)
 
+    override val observableContents: ObservableMutableMap<Molecule, T> = ObservableMutableMap(molecules)
+
+    override val observeMoleculeCount: Observable<Int> = observableContents.map { it.size }
+
     final override fun addReaction(reactionToAdd: Reaction<T>) {
         reactions.add(reactionToAdd)
     }
@@ -64,7 +72,11 @@ constructor(
 
     final override fun compareTo(@Nonnull other: Node<T>): Int = id.compareTo(other.id)
 
-    override fun contains(molecule: Molecule): Boolean = molecules.containsKey(molecule)
+    override fun contains(molecule: Molecule): Boolean = observeContains(molecule).current
+
+    override fun observeContains(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Boolean> = observableContents.map {
+        it.contains(molecule)
+    }
 
     /**
      * @return an empty concentration
@@ -78,18 +90,22 @@ constructor(
      */
     final override fun forEach(action: Consumer<in Reaction<T>>) = reactions.forEach(action)
 
-    override fun getConcentration(molecule: Molecule): T = molecules[molecule] ?: createT()
+    override fun getConcentration(molecule: Molecule): T = observeConcentration(molecule).current.getOrElse {
+        createT()
+    }
+
+    override fun observeConcentration(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Option<T>> = observableContents[molecule]
 
-    override val contents: Map<Molecule, T> = Collections.unmodifiableMap(molecules)
+    override val contents: Map<Molecule, T> = Collections.unmodifiableMap(observableContents.current)
 
-    override val moleculeCount: Int get() = molecules.size
+    override val moleculeCount: Int get() = observeMoleculeCount.current
 
     final override fun hashCode(): Int = id // TODO: better hashing
 
     final override fun iterator(): Iterator<Reaction<T>> = reactions.iterator()
 
     final override fun removeConcentration(moleculeToRemove: Molecule) {
-        if (molecules.remove(moleculeToRemove) == null) {
+        if (observableContents.remove(moleculeToRemove) == null) {
             throw NoSuchElementException("$moleculeToRemove was not present in node $id")
         }
     }
@@ -99,7 +115,7 @@ constructor(
     }
 
     override fun setConcentration(molecule: Molecule, concentration: T) {
-        molecules[molecule] = concentration
+        observableContents[molecule] = concentration
     }
 
     final override fun addProperty(nodeProperty: NodeProperty<T>) {
@@ -118,7 +134,7 @@ constructor(
      */
     final override fun spliterator(): Spliterator<Reaction<T>> = reactions.spliterator()
 
-    override fun toString(): String = "Node$id{ properties: $properties, molecules: $molecules }"
+    override fun toString(): String = "Node$id{ properties: $properties, molecules: ${observableContents.current}}"
 
     private companion object {
         private const val serialVersionUID = 2496775909028222278L
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/AbstractNeighborCondition.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/AbstractNeighborCondition.java
index 6799a2adde..926d08cb01 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/AbstractNeighborCondition.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/AbstractNeighborCondition.java
@@ -14,9 +14,13 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions.AbstractCondition;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
 
 import java.io.Serial;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
@@ -25,8 +29,7 @@
  * Formally, this condition is satisfied
  * if at least one neighbor satisfies the condition.
  *
- * @param <T>
- *            the concentration type.
+ * @param <T> the concentration type.
  */
 public abstract class AbstractNeighborCondition<T> extends AbstractCondition<T> {
 
@@ -36,14 +39,14 @@ public abstract class AbstractNeighborCondition<T> extends AbstractCondition<T>
     private final Environment<T, ?> environment;
 
     /**
-     * @param node
-     *            the node hosting this condition
-     * @param environment
-     *            the current environment
+     * @param node        the node hosting this condition
+     * @param environment the current environment
      */
     protected AbstractNeighborCondition(final Environment<T, ?> environment, final Node<T> node) {
         super(node);
         this.environment = environment;
+        addObservableDependency(getEnvironment().observeNeighborhood(getNode()));
+        setPropensityContributionObservable();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -63,13 +66,11 @@ public final Context getContext() {
 
     /**
      * Override if the desired behavior differs. Default is returning the sum of the neighbor's propensities
-     *
-     * @return the sum of the neighbor's propensities
      */
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        // the condition's propensity contribution is computed as the sum of the neighbor's propensities
-        return getValidNeighbors().values().stream().mapToDouble(it -> it).sum();
+    protected void setPropensityContributionObservable() {
+        setPropensity(observeValidNeighbors().map(nodes ->
+            nodes.values().stream().mapToDouble(it -> it).sum()
+        ));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -81,10 +82,36 @@ public double getPropensityContribution() {
      * @return a map of neighbors which satisfy the condition and their propensity
      */
     public final Map<Node<T>, Double> getValidNeighbors() {
-        return getEnvironment().getNeighborhood(getNode()).getNeighbors().stream()
-                .map(it -> new ImmutablePair<>(it, getNeighborPropensity(it)))
-                .filter(it -> it.getValue() > 0)
-                .collect(Collectors.toMap(ImmutablePair::getKey, ImmutablePair::getValue));
+        return observeValidNeighbors().getCurrent();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches in the given neighborhood which nodes satisfy the condition and
+     * returns a list of valid neighbors as an {@link Observable}. The observed map
+     * emits if:
+     * <ul>
+     *     <li>Neighbors belonging to the neighborhood of the node associated with this condition changes;</li>
+     *     <li>Some neighbor propensity (observed through {@link #observeNeighborPropensity(Node)}) changes.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @return an observable which emits a map of neighbors which satisfy the condition and their propensity.
+     */
+    public final Observable<Map<Node<T>, Double>> observeValidNeighbors() {
+        return ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.switchMap(
+            getEnvironment().observeNeighborhood(getNode()),
+            neighborhood -> {
+                final List<Observable<Pair<Node<T>, Double>>> propensities = neighborhood.getNeighbors().stream()
+                    .map((Node<T> neighbor) -> observeNeighborPropensity(neighbor)
+                        .map(prop -> (Pair<Node<T>, Double>) new ImmutablePair<>(neighbor, prop))).toList();
+
+                return ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.combineLatest(
+                    propensities,
+                    list -> list.stream()
+                        .filter(pair -> pair.getValue() > 0)
+                        .collect(Collectors.toMap(Pair::getKey, Pair::getValue))
+                ).map(it -> it.fold(Map::of, val -> val));
+            }
+        );
     }
 
     /**
@@ -95,8 +122,7 @@ public final Map<Node<T>, Double> getValidNeighbors() {
      * every neighbor and randomly choose one of them.
      *
      * @param neighbor - the neighbor whose propensity to be chosen has to be computed
-     *
-     * @return the neighbor's propensity to be chosen as the other node of the reaction
+     * @return an observable of the neighbor's propensity to be chosen as the other node of the reaction
      */
-    protected abstract double getNeighborPropensity(Node<T> neighbor);
+    protected abstract Observable<Double> observeNeighborPropensity(Node<T> neighbor);
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInEnv.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInEnv.java
index 977bb8eaa4..2f582029c9 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInEnv.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInEnv.java
@@ -17,13 +17,12 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.EnvironmentNode;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Biomolecule;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
 import org.apache.commons.math3.util.CombinatoricsUtils;
 import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 import java.io.Serial;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
  * @param <P> Position type
@@ -56,28 +55,7 @@ public BiomolPresentInEnv(
     ) {
         super(node, biomolecule, concentration);
         this.environment = environment;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        final double totalQuantity = getTotalQuantity();
-        if (totalQuantity < getQuantity()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble(
-                (int) FastMath.round(totalQuantity),
-                (int) FastMath.round(getQuantity())
-            );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return a list of EnvironmentNodes near to the node where this condition is located.
-     */
-    private List<Node<Double>> getEnviromentNodesSurrounding() {
-        return environment.getNeighborhood(getNode()).getNeighbors().stream()
-                .parallel()
-                .filter(n -> n instanceof EnvironmentNode)
-                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        setUpObservability();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -90,29 +68,41 @@ public Context getContext() {
         return Context.NEIGHBORHOOD;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return getTotalQuantity() >= getQuantity();
-    }
-
-    private Biomolecule getBiomolecule() {
-        return (Biomolecule) getMolecule();
+    private void setUpObservability() {
+        final Observable<Double> totalQuantity = observeTotalQuantity();
+        addObservableDependency(totalQuantity);
+        setValidity(totalQuantity.map(totalQty -> totalQty >= getQuantity()));
+        setPropensity(totalQuantity.map(totalQty -> {
+            if (totalQty < getQuantity()) {
+                return 0d;
+            }
+            return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble(
+                (int) FastMath.round(totalQty),
+                (int) FastMath.round(getQuantity())
+            );
+        }));
     }
 
-    private double getTotalQuantity() {
-        double quantityInEnvNodes = 0;
-        if (!getEnviromentNodesSurrounding().isEmpty()) {
-            quantityInEnvNodes = getEnviromentNodesSurrounding().stream()
+    private Observable<Double> observeTotalQuantity() {
+        return environment.observeNeighborhood(getNode()).mergeWith(
+            environment.observePosition(getNode()),
+            (neighborhood, position) -> {
+                final double quantityInEnvNodes = neighborhood.getNeighbors().stream()
                     .parallel()
+                    .filter(EnvironmentNode.class::isInstance)
                     .mapToDouble(n -> n.getConcentration(getBiomolecule()))
                     .sum();
-        }
-        double quantityInLayers = 0;
-        final @Nullable Layer<Double, P> layer = environment.getLayer(getBiomolecule());
-        if (layer != null) {
-            quantityInLayers = layer.getValue(environment.getPosition(getNode()));
-        }
-        return quantityInEnvNodes + quantityInLayers;
+                double quantityInLayers = 0;
+                final @Nullable Layer<Double, P> layer = environment.getLayer(getBiomolecule());
+                if (layer != null) {
+                    quantityInLayers = layer.getValue(position);
+                }
+                return quantityInEnvNodes + quantityInLayers;
+            }
+        );
     }
 
+    private Biomolecule getBiomolecule() {
+        return (Biomolecule) getMolecule();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInNeighbor.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInNeighbor.java
index 4a08bd95e9..7e642f9fed 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInNeighbor.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/BiomolPresentInNeighbor.java
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CellProperty;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Biomolecule;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
 import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
 
 import java.io.Serial;
-import java.util.Optional;
 
 import static org.apache.commons.math3.util.CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble;
 
@@ -34,10 +35,10 @@ public final class BiomolPresentInNeighbor extends AbstractNeighborCondition<Dou
     private final Double concentration;
 
     /**
-     * @param molecule the molecule to check
+     * @param molecule      the molecule to check
      * @param concentration the minimum concentration
-     * @param node the local node
-     * @param environment the environment
+     * @param node          the local node
+     * @param environment   the environment
      */
     public BiomolPresentInNeighbor(
         final Environment<Double, ?> environment,
@@ -49,21 +50,7 @@ public BiomolPresentInNeighbor(
         declareDependencyOn(molecule);
         this.molecule = molecule;
         this.concentration = concentration;
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        if (getValidNeighbors().isEmpty()) {
-            return false;
-        } else {
-            final Neighborhood<Double> neighborhood = getEnvironment().getNeighborhood(getNode());
-            return getValidNeighbors().entrySet().stream()
-                .filter(n -> n.getKey().asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null)
-                .allMatch(n ->
-                    neighborhood.contains(n.getKey()) && n.getKey().getConcentration(molecule) >= concentration
-                );
-        }
+        setUpObservability();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -73,14 +60,18 @@ public BiomolPresentInNeighbor cloneCondition(final Node<Double> node, final Rea
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
-    protected double getNeighborPropensity(final Node<Double> neighbor) {
+    protected Observable<Double> observeNeighborPropensity(final Node<Double> neighbor) {
         // the neighbor is eligible, its propensity is computed using the concentration of the biomolecule
-        return Optional.of(neighbor)
-            .filter(it -> it.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null)
-            .map(it -> it.getConcentration(molecule))
-            .filter(it -> it >= concentration)
-            .map(it -> binomialCoefficientDouble(it.intValue(), (int) FastMath.ceil(concentration)))
-            .orElse(0d);
+        if (neighbor.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) == null) {
+            return MutableObservable.Companion.observe(0d);
+        }
+        return neighbor.observeConcentration(molecule).map(opt -> opt.map(conc -> {
+            if (conc >= concentration) {
+                return binomialCoefficientDouble(conc.intValue(), (int) FastMath.ceil(concentration));
+            } else {
+                return 0d;
+            }
+        }).fold(() -> 0d, val -> val));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -88,4 +79,21 @@ public String toString() {
         return molecule.toString() + " >= " + concentration + " in neighbor";
     }
 
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private void setUpObservability() {
+        addObservableDependency(getNode().observeConcentration(molecule));
+        setValidity(
+            observeValidNeighbors().map(validNeighbors -> {
+                if (validNeighbors.isEmpty()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                final Neighborhood<Double> neighborhood = getEnvironment().getNeighborhood(getNode());
+                return validNeighbors.entrySet().stream()
+                    .filter(n -> n.getKey().asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null)
+                    .allMatch(n ->
+                        neighborhood.contains(n.getKey()) && n.getKey().getConcentration(molecule) >= concentration
+                    );
+            })
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/EnvPresent.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/EnvPresent.java
index cb763ac344..413cfff457 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/EnvPresent.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/EnvPresent.java
@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@ public final class EnvPresent extends AbstractCondition<Double> {
     public EnvPresent(final Environment<Double, ?> environment, final Node<Double> node) {
         super(node);
         this.environment = environment;
+
+        addObservableDependency(environment.observeNeighborhood(node));
+        setValidity(environment.observeNeighborhood(node).map(it ->
+            it.getNeighbors().stream().anyMatch(n -> n instanceof EnvironmentNode)
+        ));
+
+        setPropensity(observeValidity().map(it -> it ? 1d : 0d));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -50,17 +57,6 @@ public Context getContext() {
         return Context.NEIGHBORHOOD;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        return isValid() ? 1d : 0d;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return environment.getNeighborhood(getNode()).getNeighbors().stream()
-                .anyMatch(n -> n instanceof EnvironmentNode);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return "has environment [" + isValid() + "]";
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculePresent.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculePresent.java
index 3ca22d710b..cef79d9cbe 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculePresent.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculePresent.java
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 import java.io.Serial;
 
+import static arrow.core.OptionKt.getOrElse;
+
 /**
  * This class implements a condition which checks if a molecule is present or
  * not.
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ public GenericMoleculePresent(final Node<T> n, final Molecule mol, final T quant
         molecule = mol;
         qty = quantity;
         declareDependencyOn(mol);
+        setupObservables();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -59,13 +62,32 @@ public Context getContext() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return true if the concentration of the molecule is higher or equal the
-     *         value.
+     * Sets up the observables that backs this condition validity and propensity contribution.
+     * The validity returns true if the concentration of the molecule is higher or equal the value.
+     * Propensity influence is computed through the binomial coefficient. See
+     * <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68894-5">
+     * Bernardo, Degano, Zavattaro - Formal Methods for Computational Systems Biology
+     * </a>.
+     *
      */
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return getNode().getConcentration(molecule).doubleValue() >= qty
-                .doubleValue();
+    private void setupObservables() {
+        final var obs = getNode().observeConcentration(molecule);
+
+        addObservableDependency(obs);
+
+        setValidity(obs.map(it -> {
+            final double value = getOrElse(it, () -> 0.0).doubleValue();
+            return value >= qty.doubleValue();
+        }));
+
+        setPropensity(obs.map(it -> {
+            final int n = getOrElse(it, () -> 0).intValue();
+            final int k = qty.intValue();
+            if (k > n) {
+                return 0.0;
+            }
+            return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble(n, k);
+        }));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -84,24 +106,6 @@ public GenericMoleculePresent<T> cloneCondition(final Node<T> newNode, final Rea
         return new GenericMoleculePresent<>(newNode, molecule, qty);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Propensity influence is computed through the binomial coefficient. See
-     * <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68894-5">
-     * Bernardo, Degano, Zavattaro - Formal Methods for Computational Systems Biology
-     * </a>.
-     *
-     * @return the propensity influence
-     */
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        final int n = getNode().getConcentration(molecule).intValue();
-        final int k = qty.intValue();
-        if (k > n) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble(n, k);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Allows accessing the threshold.
      *
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculeUnderLevel.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculeUnderLevel.java
index 2fee362f89..022d64b550 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculeUnderLevel.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/GenericMoleculeUnderLevel.java
@@ -15,30 +15,25 @@
 
 import java.io.Serial;
 
+import static arrow.core.OptionKt.getOrElse;
+
 /**
  * @param <T> the concentration type
  */
 public final class GenericMoleculeUnderLevel<T extends Number> extends
-        GenericMoleculePresent<T> {
+    GenericMoleculePresent<T> {
 
     @Serial
     private static final long serialVersionUID = -5646651431692309010L;
 
     /**
-     * @param mol the molecule
-     * @param n the node
+     * @param mol      the molecule
+     * @param n        the node
      * @param quantity how many molecules should be present
      */
     public GenericMoleculeUnderLevel(final Node<T> n, final Molecule mol, final T quantity) {
         super(n, mol, quantity);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return true if the concentration of the molecule is lower the value.
-     */
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return getNode().getConcentration(getMolecule()).doubleValue() < getQuantity().doubleValue();
+        setUpObservability();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -47,16 +42,22 @@ public GenericMoleculeUnderLevel<T> cloneCondition(final Node<T> newNode, final
     }
 
     /**
-     * @return the propensity influence computed as max(0, T-[M]), where T is
-     *         the threshold chosen and [M] is the current concentration of the
-     *         molecule
+     * This condition validity is true if the concentration of the molecule is lower the value;
+     * the propensity influence computed as max(0, T-[M]), where T is the threshold chosen
+     * and [M] is the current concentration of the molecule.
      */
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
+    private void setUpObservability() {
+        final var dep = getNode().observeConcentration(getMolecule());
         final double qty = getQuantity().doubleValue();
-        final double c = getNode().getConcentration(getMolecule())
-                .doubleValue();
-        return Math.max(0, qty - c);
-    }
 
+        addObservableDependency(dep);
+
+        setValidity(dep.map(newValue ->
+            getOrElse(newValue, () -> Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY).doubleValue() < qty
+        ));
+
+        setPropensity(dep.map(newValue ->
+            Math.max(0, qty - getOrElse(newValue, () -> 0.0).doubleValue())
+        ));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/JunctionPresentInCell.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/JunctionPresentInCell.java
index a838056fb6..082844bc03 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/JunctionPresentInCell.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/JunctionPresentInCell.java
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CellProperty;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions;
 
 import java.io.Serial;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
+ * Condition that is valid if a specific junction is present in the cell.
  */
 public final class JunctionPresentInCell extends AbstractNeighborCondition<Double> {
 
@@ -31,25 +34,21 @@ public final class JunctionPresentInCell extends AbstractNeighborCondition<Doubl
     private final CellProperty<?> cell;
 
     /**
-     * @param junction the junction
-     * @param node the node
+     * @param junction    the junction
+     * @param node        the node
      * @param environment the environment
      */
     public JunctionPresentInCell(final Environment<Double, ?> environment, final Node<Double> node, final Junction junction) {
         super(environment, node);
         cell = node.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class);
         Objects.requireNonNull(
-                cell,
-                "This Condition can be set only in node with " + CellProperty.class.getSimpleName()
+            cell,
+            "This Condition can be set only in node with " + CellProperty.class.getSimpleName()
         );
         declareDependencyOn(junction);
         this.junction = junction;
         this.environment = environment;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return cell.containsJunction(junction);
+        setUpObservability();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -58,11 +57,17 @@ public JunctionPresentInCell cloneCondition(final Node<Double> newNode, final Re
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected double getNeighborPropensity(final Node<Double> neighbor) {
-        // the neighbor's propensity is computed as the number of junctions it has
-        return cell.getJunctions()
-            .getOrDefault(junction, Collections.emptyMap())
-            .getOrDefault(neighbor, 0);
+    protected Observable<Double> observeNeighborPropensity(final Node<Double> neighbor) {
+        return ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.switchMap(
+            cell.getJunctions().get(junction),
+            maybeJunctions -> {
+                if (maybeJunctions.isNone() || maybeJunctions.getOrNull().isEmpty()) {
+                    return MutableObservable.Companion.observe(0.0);
+                }
+                return maybeJunctions.getOrNull().get(neighbor)
+                    .map(maybeCount -> maybeCount.fold(() -> 0d, Integer::doubleValue));
+            }
+        );
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -70,4 +75,7 @@ public String toString() {
         return "junction " + junction.toString() + " present ";
     }
 
+    private void setUpObservability() {
+        setValidity(cell.observeContainsJunction(junction));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/NeighborhoodPresent.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/NeighborhoodPresent.java
index b296f13df6..71eac51956 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/NeighborhoodPresent.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/NeighborhoodPresent.java
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CellProperty;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
 
 import java.io.Serial;
 
@@ -33,8 +35,14 @@ public final class NeighborhoodPresent<T> extends AbstractNeighborCondition<T> {
      * @param node the node
      * @param environment the current environment.
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public NeighborhoodPresent(final Environment<T, ?> environment, final Node<T> node) {
         super(environment, node);
+
+        setValidity(environment.observeNeighborhood(getNode()).map(neighborhood ->
+            neighborhood.getNeighbors().stream()
+                .anyMatch(n -> n.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null)
+            ));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -44,16 +52,10 @@ public NeighborhoodPresent<T> cloneCondition(final Node<T> newNode, final Reacti
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
-    protected double getNeighborPropensity(final Node<T> neighbor) {
+    protected Observable<Double> observeNeighborPropensity(final Node<T> neighbor) {
         // to be eligible (p = 1), a neighbor just needs to be an instance of CellNode
-        return neighbor.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null ? 1d : 0d;
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return getEnvironment().getNeighborhood(getNode()).getNeighbors().stream()
-                .anyMatch(n -> n.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null);
+        // Note: Property changes are not yet observable, so this assumes static properties for now.
+        return MutableObservable.Companion.observe(neighbor.asPropertyOrNull(CellProperty.class) != null ? 1d : 0d);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/TensionPresent.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/TensionPresent.java
index 9859aaffdf..e1747410c5 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/TensionPresent.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/conditions/TensionPresent.java
@@ -32,12 +32,17 @@ public final class TensionPresent extends AbstractCondition<Double> {
     private final EnvironmentSupportingDeformableCells<?> environment;
 
     /**
-     * @param node the node
+     * @param node        the node
      * @param environment the environment
      */
     public TensionPresent(final EnvironmentSupportingDeformableCells<?> environment, final Node<Double> node) {
         super(node);
         this.environment = environment;
+        addObservableDependency(
+            environment.observeNodesWithinRange(node, environment.getMaxDiameterAmongCircularDeformableCells())
+        );
+        setPropensityContribution();
+        setValidity();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -53,61 +58,65 @@ public Context getContext() {
         return Context.NEIGHBORHOOD;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        final Node<Double> thisNode = getNode();
-        return environment.getNodesWithinRange(thisNode, environment.getMaxDiameterAmongCircularDeformableCells()).stream()
-                //.parallel()
-                .flatMap(node ->
-                    node.asPropertyOrNull(CircularCellProperty.class) != null ? Stream.of(node) : Stream.empty()
-                )
-                .mapToDouble(node -> {
-                    final double maxRn;
-                    final double minRn;
-                    final double maxRN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class)
+    private void setPropensityContribution() {
+        final var thisNode = getNode();
+        setPropensity(
+            environment.observeNodesWithinRange(thisNode, environment.getMaxDiameterAmongCircularDeformableCells()).map(it ->
+                it.stream()
+                    .flatMap(node ->
+                        node.asPropertyOrNull(CircularCellProperty.class) != null ? Stream.of(node) : Stream.empty()
+                    )
+                    .mapToDouble(node -> {
+                        final double maxRn;
+                        final double minRn;
+                        final double maxRN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class)
                             .getMaximumRadius();
-                    final double minRN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getRadius();
-                    if (node.asPropertyOrNull(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class) != null) {
-                        maxRn = node.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getMaximumRadius();
-                        minRn = node.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getRadius();
-                    } else {
-                        maxRn = node.asProperty(CircularCellProperty.class).getRadius();
-                        minRn = maxRn;
-                    }
-                    final double distance = environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(node, thisNode);
-                    if (maxRn + maxRN - distance < 0) {
-                        return 0;
-                    } else {
-                        if (maxRn == minRn && maxRN == minRN) {
-                            return 1;
+                        final double minRN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getRadius();
+                        if (node.asPropertyOrNull(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class) != null) {
+                            maxRn = node.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getMaximumRadius();
+                            minRn = node.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class).getRadius();
+                        } else {
+                            maxRn = node.asProperty(CircularCellProperty.class).getRadius();
+                            minRn = maxRn;
+                        }
+                        final double distance = environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(node, thisNode);
+                        if (maxRn + maxRN - distance < 0) {
+                            return 0;
                         } else {
-                            return (maxRn + maxRN - distance) / (maxRn + maxRN - minRn - minRN);
+                            if (maxRn == minRn && maxRN == minRN) {
+                                return 1;
+                            } else {
+                                return (maxRn + maxRN - distance) / (maxRn + maxRN - minRn - minRN);
+                            }
                         }
-                    }
-                })
-                .sum();
+                    })
+                    .sum()
+            )
+        );
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        final Node<Double> thisNode = getNode();
-        return environment.getNodesWithinRange(thisNode, environment.getMaxDiameterAmongCircularDeformableCells()).stream()
-                .parallel()
-                .flatMap(n -> n.asPropertyOrNull(CircularCellProperty.class) != null
+    private void setValidity() {
+        final var thisNode = getNode();
+        setValidity(
+            environment.observeNodesWithinRange(getNode(), environment.getMaxDiameterAmongCircularDeformableCells()).map(it ->
+                it.stream()
+                    .parallel()
+                    .flatMap(n -> n.asPropertyOrNull(CircularCellProperty.class) != null
                         ? Stream.of(n)
                         : Stream.empty())
-                .anyMatch(n -> {
-                    final double maxDN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class)
+                    .anyMatch(n -> {
+                        final double maxDN = thisNode.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class)
                             .getMaximumRadius();
-                    if (n.asPropertyOrNull(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class) != null) {
-                        return environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(n, thisNode)
+                        if (n.asPropertyOrNull(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class) != null) {
+                            return environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(n, thisNode)
                                 < (maxDN + n.asProperty(CircularDeformableCellProperty.class)
                                 .getMaximumRadius());
-                    } else {
-                        return environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(n, thisNode) < (maxDN
+                        } else {
+                            return environment.getDistanceBetweenNodes(n, thisNode) < (maxDN
                                 + n.asProperty(CircularCellProperty.class).getRadius());
-                    }
-                });
+                        }
+                    })
+            )
+        );
     }
-
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/environments/BioRect2DEnvironment.java b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/environments/BioRect2DEnvironment.java
index 6e4544be71..fa655585e0 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/environments/BioRect2DEnvironment.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/environments/BioRect2DEnvironment.java
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public final void moveNode(final Node<Double> node, @Nonnull final Euclidean2DPo
             super.moveNode(node, direction);
             final Neighborhood<Double> neigh = getNeighborhood(node);
             final Map<Junction, Map<Node<Double>, Integer>> jun = node
-                    .asProperty(CellProperty.class).getJunctions();
+                    .asProperty(CellProperty.class).getJunctions().getCurrent();
             jun.forEach((key, value) -> value.forEach((key1, value1) -> {
                 if (!neigh.contains(key1)) {
                     // there is a junction that links a node which isn't in the neighborhood after the movement
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/CellProperty.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/CellProperty.kt
index 5361825cda..1004f166ce 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/CellProperty.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/CellProperty.kt
@@ -9,19 +9,25 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry
 
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.NodeProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.geometry.Vector
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable.ObservableExtensions.currentOrNull
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap.ObservableMapExtensions.upsertValue
 
 /**
  * A node's capability to behave as a cell.
  */
 interface CellProperty<P : Vector<P>> : NodeProperty<Double> {
+
     /**
      * The map junction - node - quantity.
      */
-    val junctions: MutableMap<Junction, MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>>
+    val junctions: ObservableMutableMap<Junction, ObservableMutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>>
 
     /**
      * Add a junction to the current node.
@@ -29,28 +35,31 @@ interface CellProperty<P : Vector<P>> : NodeProperty<Double> {
      * [neighbor] the neighbor node at the other side of the junction.
      */
     fun addJunction(junction: Junction, neighbor: Node<Double>) {
-        if (containsJunction(junction)) {
-            junctions[junction]?.let {
-                if (it.containsKey(neighbor)) {
-                    it[neighbor] = it[neighbor]?.plus(1) ?: 1
-                } else {
-                    it[neighbor] = 1
+        junctions.upsertValue(junction) { oldValue ->
+            oldValue?.apply {
+                upsertValue(neighbor) {
+                    when {
+                        it != null -> it + 1
+                        else -> 1
+                    }
                 }
-                junctions[junction] = it
-            }
-        } else {
-            val tmp: MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int> = LinkedHashMap(1)
-            tmp[neighbor] = 1
-            junctions[junction] = tmp
+            } ?: ObservableMutableMap(mutableMapOf(neighbor to 1))
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Return true if a junction is present in the current node, false otherwise.
      * Note: a junction is considered present if the method junction.equals(j) return true.
-     * [junction] the junction.
+     * @param junction the junction.
+     */
+    fun containsJunction(junction: Junction): Boolean = observeContainsJunction(junction).current
+
+    /**
+     * Return an observable view of the presence of the [junction] in the current node.
+     *
+     * @param junction the junction.
      */
-    fun containsJunction(junction: Junction) = junctions.containsKey(junction)
+    fun observeContainsJunction(junction: Junction): Observable<Boolean> = junctions[junction].map { it.isSome() }
 
     /**
      * Removes a [junction] from this [node].
@@ -58,22 +67,24 @@ interface CellProperty<P : Vector<P>> : NodeProperty<Double> {
      * [neighbor] the node at the other side of the junction.
      */
     fun removeJunction(junction: Junction, neighbor: Node<Double>) {
-        if (containsJunction(junction)) {
-            val inner: MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>? = junctions[junction]
-            inner?.let {
-                when (it[neighbor]) {
-                    1 -> it.remove(neighbor)
-                    else -> it[neighbor]?.minus(1)
-                }
-                if (it.isEmpty()) {
-                    junctions.remove(junction)
-                } else {
-                    junctions[junction] = inner
-                }
-                junction.moleculesInCurrentNode.forEach { (biomolecule, value) ->
-                    with(node) {
-                        setConcentration(biomolecule, getConcentration(biomolecule) + value)
-                    }
+        if (!containsJunction(junction)) {
+            return
+        }
+
+        val inner = junctions[junction].currentOrNull()
+        inner?.let {
+            when (it[neighbor].current.getOrElse { 0 }) {
+                1 -> it.remove(neighbor)
+                else -> it[neighbor].currentOrNull()?.minus(1)
+            }
+            if (it.isEmpty()) {
+                junctions.remove(junction)
+            } else {
+                junctions[junction] = inner
+            }
+            junction.moleculesInCurrentNode.forEach { (biomolecule, value) ->
+                with(node) {
+                    setConcentration(biomolecule, getConcentration(biomolecule) + value)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -83,18 +94,28 @@ interface CellProperty<P : Vector<P>> : NodeProperty<Double> {
      * Returns a set of [Node]s which are linked with the current node by a junction of the type [junction].
      */
     fun getNeighborLinkWithJunction(junction: Junction): Set<Node<Double>> =
-        junctions.getOrElse(junction) { LinkedHashMap() }.keys
+        observeNeighborLinkWithJunction(junction).current
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an observable view of the set of [Node]s which are linked with the current
+     * node by a [junction].
+     *
+     * @param junction the junction to check
+     * @return an [Observable] set of the node linked with current node.
+     */
+    fun observeNeighborLinkWithJunction(junction: Junction): Observable<Set<Node<Double>>> =
+        junctions[junction].map { maybeMap -> maybeMap.map { it.current.keys }.getOrElse { LinkedHashSet() } }
 
     /**
      * Returns set of [Node]s which are linked by a junction with the current [node].
      */
-    fun getAllNodesLinkWithJunction(): Set<Node<Double>> = junctions.values.flatMap { it.keys }.toSet()
+    fun getAllNodesLinkWithJunction(): Set<Node<Double>> = junctions.current.values.flatMap { it.current.keys }.toSet()
 
     /**
      * The total number of junctions in this [node].
      */
     val junctionsCount: Int
-        get() = junctions.values.flatMap { it.values }.sum()
+        get() = junctions.current.values.flatMap { it.current.values }.sum()
 
     /**
      * The polarization versor, e.g. a versor indicating the direction in which the cell will move the next time.
@@ -102,7 +123,7 @@ interface CellProperty<P : Vector<P>> : NodeProperty<Double> {
     var polarizationVersor: P
 
     /**
-     * add [versor] to the polarization versor inside the cell; useful for considering the combination of various
+     * Add [versor] to the polarization versor inside the cell; useful for considering the combination of various
      * stimuli in a cell.
      */
     fun addPolarizationVersor(versor: P)
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/Cell.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/Cell.kt
index ac90566fdd..eeb42da4c6 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/Cell.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/Cell.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CellProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.properties.AbstractNodeProperty
 import kotlin.math.nextDown
@@ -30,7 +31,8 @@ constructor(
      */
     val environment: Environment<Double, Euclidean2DPosition>,
     override val node: Node<Double>,
-    override val junctions: MutableMap<Junction, MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> = LinkedHashMap(),
+    override val junctions: ObservableMutableMap<Junction, ObservableMutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> =
+        ObservableMutableMap(),
 ) : AbstractNodeProperty<Double>(node),
     CellProperty<Euclidean2DPosition> {
     override var polarizationVersor: Euclidean2DPosition = Euclidean2DPosition.zero
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularCell.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularCell.kt
index 7ac612f9ff..36cad1081d 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularCell.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularCell.kt
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CellProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CircularCellProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.properties.AbstractNodeProperty
 
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ constructor(
     environment: Environment<Double, Euclidean2DPosition>,
     override val node: Node<Double>,
     override val diameter: Double = 0.0,
-    override val junctions: MutableMap<Junction, MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> = LinkedHashMap(),
+    override val junctions: ObservableMutableMap<Junction, ObservableMutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> =
+        ObservableMutableMap(),
 ) : AbstractNodeProperty<Double>(node),
     CircularCellProperty,
     CellProperty<Euclidean2DPosition> by Cell(environment, node, junctions) {
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularDeformableCell.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularDeformableCell.kt
index 1f5a3282b2..7ebe246d64 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularDeformableCell.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/properties/CircularDeformableCell.kt
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CircularCellProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.CircularDeformableCellProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.properties.AbstractNodeProperty
 
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ constructor(
     override val node: Node<Double>,
     override val maximumDiameter: Double,
     override val rigidity: Double,
-    override val junctions: MutableMap<Junction, MutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> = LinkedHashMap(),
+    override val junctions: ObservableMutableMap<Junction, ObservableMutableMap<Node<Double>, Int>> =
+        ObservableMutableMap(),
 ) : AbstractNodeProperty<Double>(node),
     CircularDeformableCellProperty,
     CircularCellProperty by CircularCell(
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/reactions/TestNeighborhoodReactionsPropensities.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/reactions/TestNeighborhoodReactionsPropensities.kt
index 21ce7a2a39..5d5570dc52 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/reactions/TestNeighborhoodReactionsPropensities.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/biochemistry/reactions/TestNeighborhoodReactionsPropensities.kt
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.environments.BioRect2DEnvironment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.molecules.Junction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.biochemistry.startSimulationWithoutParameters
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.linkingrules.ConnectWithinDistance
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMap.Companion.getOrElse
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableMap
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.ExponentialTime
 import kotlin.properties.Delegates
@@ -132,8 +134,8 @@ private val Node<Double>.junctionPresentPropensity: Double
             centralNode
                 .asProperty<Double, CellProperty<Euclidean2DPosition>>()
                 .junctions
-                .getOrDefault(JUNCTION, emptyMap())
-                .getOrDefault(it, 0)
+                .getOrElse(JUNCTION) { ObservableMutableMap() }
+                .getOrElse(it) { 0 }
                 .toDouble()
         }
 
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/conditions/ComputationalRoundComplete.java b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/conditions/ComputationalRoundComplete.java
index 8cd85b6298..ff6fa260f4 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/conditions/ComputationalRoundComplete.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/conditions/ComputationalRoundComplete.java
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.conditions.AbstractCondition;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.actions.RunProtelisProgram;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.properties.ProtelisDevice;
 
@@ -38,6 +39,17 @@ public ComputationalRoundComplete(final Node<Object> node, final RunProtelisProg
         super(node);
         this.program = program;
         declareDependencyOn(this.program.asMolecule());
+        addObservableDependency(program.getObserveComputationalCycleComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Observable<Boolean> observeValidity() {
+        return getProgram().getObserveComputationalCycleComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Observable<Double> observePropensityContribution() {
+        return observeValidity().map(it -> it ? 1d : 0d);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -58,13 +70,14 @@ public ComputationalRoundComplete cloneCondition(final Node<Object> node, final
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Context getContext() {
-        return Context.LOCAL;
+    public void dispose() {
+        super.dispose();
+        getProgram().getObserveComputationalCycleComplete().dispose();
     }
 
     @Override
-    public double getPropensityContribution() {
-        return isValid() ? 1 : 0;
+    public Context getContext() {
+        return Context.LOCAL;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -74,11 +87,6 @@ public RunProtelisProgram<?> getProgram() {
         return program;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean isValid() {
-        return program.isComputationalCycleComplete();
-    }
-
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return program.asMolecule().getName() + " completed round";
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/ProtelisIncarnation.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/ProtelisIncarnation.kt
index 7b1938bc8b..f0866dc11a 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/ProtelisIncarnation.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/ProtelisIncarnation.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  */
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis
 
+import arrow.core.Option
 import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder
 import com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader
 import com.google.common.cache.LoadingCache
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.molecules.SimpleMolecule
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.nodes.GenericNode
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMap
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.actions.RunProtelisProgram
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.actions.SendToNeighbor
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.conditions.ComputationalRoundComplete
@@ -363,10 +366,14 @@ class ProtelisIncarnation<P : Position<P>> : Incarnation<Any, P> {
 
         override val contents: MutableMap<Molecule, Any> get() = notImplemented()
 
+        override val observableContents: ObservableMap<Molecule, Any> get() = notImplemented()
+
         override val id: Int get() = notImplemented()
 
         override val moleculeCount: Int get() = notImplemented()
 
+        override val observeMoleculeCount: Observable<Int> get() = notImplemented()
+
         override val properties: List<NodeProperty<Any>> = emptyList()
 
         override val reactions: List<Reaction<Any>> = emptyList()
@@ -381,8 +388,12 @@ class ProtelisIncarnation<P : Position<P>> : Incarnation<Any, P> {
 
         override fun contains(molecule: Molecule): Boolean = notImplemented()
 
+        override fun observeContains(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Boolean> = notImplemented()
+
         override fun getConcentration(molecule: Molecule): Any = notImplemented()
 
+        override fun observeConcentration(molecule: Molecule): Observable<Option<Any>> = notImplemented()
+
         override fun removeConcentration(moleculeToRemove: Molecule) = notImplemented<Unit>()
 
         override fun removeReaction(reactionToRemove: Reaction<Any>) = notImplemented<Unit>()
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/actions/RunProtelisProgram.kt b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/actions/RunProtelisProgram.kt
index 99aa4c5b6c..818a2504af 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/actions/RunProtelisProgram.kt
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/protelis/actions/RunProtelisProgram.kt
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node.Companion.asProperty
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Position
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.molecules.SimpleMolecule
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.AlchemistExecutionContext
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.protelis.properties.ProtelisDevice
 import it.unibo.alchemist.util.RealDistributions
@@ -154,8 +157,15 @@ class RunProtelisProgram<P : Position<P>> private constructor(
      * @return true if the Program has finished its last computation,
      * and is ready to send a new message (used for dependency management)
      */
-    var isComputationalCycleComplete = false
-        private set
+    val isComputationalCycleComplete: Boolean get() = observeComputationalCycleComplete.current
+
+    /**
+     * An observable that emits updates indicating whether the computational cycle of a Protelis program
+     * has been completed. The current value of this observable is caputered by [isComputationalCycleComplete].
+     */
+    val observeComputationalCycleComplete: Observable<Boolean> get() = _observeComputationalCycleComplete
+
+    private val _observeComputationalCycleComplete: MutableObservable<Boolean> = observe(false)
 
     private val name: Molecule =
         node.reactions
@@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ class RunProtelisProgram<P : Position<P>> private constructor(
     override fun execute() {
         vm.runCycle()
         node.setConcentration(name, vm.currentValue)
-        isComputationalCycleComplete = true
+        _observeComputationalCycleComplete.update { true }
     }
 
     /*
@@ -226,7 +236,7 @@ class RunProtelisProgram<P : Position<P>> private constructor(
      * Resets the computation status (used for dependency management).
      */
     fun prepareForComputationalCycle() {
-        isComputationalCycleComplete = false
+        _observeComputationalCycleComplete.update { false }
     }
 
     @Suppress("UnusedPrivateMember")
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/ILsaNode.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/ILsaNode.java
index 1736faa7b3..67441780a8 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/ILsaNode.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/ILsaNode.java
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Molecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableList;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -44,6 +45,11 @@ public interface ILsaNode extends Node<List<ILsaMolecule>> {
      */
     List<ILsaMolecule> getLsaSpace();
 
+    /**
+     * @return an {@link ObservableList} view of LSA Molecules in the node.
+     */
+    ObservableList<ILsaMolecule> observeLsaSpace();
+
     @Override
     List<ILsaMolecule> getConcentration(@Nonnull Molecule mol);
 
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaNeighborhoodCondition.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaNeighborhoodCondition.java
index 5080137ed1..7469dac091 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaNeighborhoodCondition.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaNeighborhoodCondition.java
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Context;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Neighborhood;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaMolecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaNode;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.dsl.IExpression;
@@ -43,12 +45,28 @@ public final class LsaNeighborhoodCondition extends LsaStandardCondition {
      * @param environment the environment
      */
     public LsaNeighborhoodCondition(
-            final ILsaNode node,
-            final ILsaMolecule molecule,
-            final Environment<List<ILsaMolecule>, ?> environment
+        final ILsaNode node,
+        final ILsaMolecule molecule,
+        final Environment<List<ILsaMolecule>, ?> environment
     ) {
         super(molecule, node);
         this.environment = environment;
+
+        // We depend on every neighbor's LSA space, hence an update is triggered
+        // every time a change in node's neighborhood is emitted, or one of the
+        // members' LSA space has changed.
+        addObservableDependency(ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.switchMap(
+            environment.observeNeighborhood(node).map(Neighborhood::getNeighbors),
+            neighbors ->
+                ObservableExtensions.INSTANCE.combineLatest(
+                    neighbors.stream()
+                        .filter(it -> it instanceof ILsaNode)
+                        .map(neighbor ->
+                            ((ILsaNode) neighbor).observeLsaSpace()
+                        ).toList(),
+                    space -> space
+                )
+        ));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -58,9 +76,9 @@ public LsaNeighborhoodCondition cloneCondition(final Node<List<ILsaMolecule>> no
 
     @Override
     public boolean filter(
-            final List<Map<HashString, ITreeNode<?>>> matchesList,
-            final List<ILsaNode> validNodes,
-            final List<Map<ILsaNode, List<ILsaMolecule>>> retrieved
+        final List<Map<HashString, ITreeNode<?>>> matchesList,
+        final List<ILsaNode> validNodes,
+        final List<Map<ILsaNode, List<ILsaMolecule>>> retrieved
     ) {
         if (validNodes.isEmpty()) {
             return false;
@@ -126,7 +144,7 @@ public boolean filter(
                         final List<ILsaMolecule> alreadyRemoved =
                             alreadyRemovedMap.computeIfAbsent(n, k -> new ArrayList<>());
                         final List<ILsaMolecule> otherMatches =
-                                calculateMatches(partialInstance, dups, n.getLsaSpace(), alreadyRemoved);
+                            calculateMatches(partialInstance, dups, n.getLsaSpace(), alreadyRemoved);
                         if (otherMatches.isEmpty()) {
                             /*
                              * This match should be removed, but there might be
@@ -138,13 +156,13 @@ public boolean filter(
                             matchesList.remove(i);
                         } else {
                             incorporateNewMatches(
-                                    n,
-                                    otherMatches,
-                                    matches,
-                                    getMolecule(),
-                                    matchesList,
-                                    alreadyRemovedMap,
-                                    retrieved
+                                n,
+                                otherMatches,
+                                matches,
+                                getMolecule(),
+                                matchesList,
+                                alreadyRemovedMap,
+                                retrieved
                             );
                             matchesfound = true;
                             newValidNodes.add(n);
@@ -162,7 +180,7 @@ public boolean filter(
                     final List<ILsaMolecule> alreadyRemoved =
                         alreadyRemovedMap.computeIfAbsent(n, k -> new ArrayList<>());
                     final List<ILsaMolecule> otherMatches =
-                            calculateMatches(partialInstance, dups, n.getLsaSpace(), alreadyRemoved);
+                        calculateMatches(partialInstance, dups, n.getLsaSpace(), alreadyRemoved);
                     if (!otherMatches.isEmpty()) {
                         matchesPerNode.put(n, otherMatches);
                         newValidNodes.add(n);
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaStandardCondition.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaStandardCondition.java
index 9e08c919c7..5e12001aa6 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaStandardCondition.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/conditions/LsaStandardCondition.java
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Context;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Node;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Reaction;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaMolecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaNode;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.dsl.IExpression;
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ public class LsaStandardCondition extends AbstractLsaCondition {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
     private final ILsaMolecule molecule;
-    private boolean valid;
+    private final MutableObservable<Boolean> valid = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(false);
 
     /**
      * Builds an LsaStandardCondition.
@@ -47,6 +48,12 @@ public class LsaStandardCondition extends AbstractLsaCondition {
      */
     public LsaStandardCondition(final ILsaMolecule mol, final ILsaNode n) {
         super(n, Sets.newHashSet(new ILsaMolecule[] {mol}));
+
+        // we trigger the update on any change in the LSA space. Is this correct?
+        addObservableDependency(n.observeLsaSpace());
+        setValidity(valid);
+        setPropensity(MutableObservable.Companion.observe(-1d));
+
         molecule = mol;
     }
 
@@ -140,16 +147,6 @@ protected ILsaMolecule getMolecule() {
         return molecule;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public final double getPropensityContribution() {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public final boolean isValid() {
-        return valid;
-    }
-
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      */
@@ -167,8 +164,8 @@ public String toString() {
      * @return the value which is passed.
      */
     protected final boolean makeValid(final boolean isValid) {
-        valid = isValid;
-        return valid;
+        valid.update(it -> isValid);
+        return isValid;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/nodes/LsaNode.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/nodes/LsaNode.java
index 512a31c357..39e8817f96 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/nodes/LsaNode.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/nodes/LsaNode.java
@@ -9,15 +9,22 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.nodes;
 
+import arrow.core.Option;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Molecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.nodes.GenericNode;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableList;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableList;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaMolecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaNode;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.dsl.IExpression;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.dsl.impl.Expression;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.dsl.impl.NumTreeNode;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.molecules.LsaMolecule;
+import kotlin.Unit;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -37,7 +44,7 @@ public final class LsaNode extends GenericNode<List<ILsaMolecule>> implements IL
     private static final long serialVersionUID = -2167025208984968645L;
     private static final ILsaMolecule ZEROMOL = new LsaMolecule("0");
 
-    private final List<ILsaMolecule> instances = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final ObservableMutableList<ILsaMolecule> instances = new ObservableMutableList<>();
 
     /**
      * @param environment
@@ -45,16 +52,18 @@ public final class LsaNode extends GenericNode<List<ILsaMolecule>> implements IL
      */
     public LsaNode(final Environment<List<ILsaMolecule>, ?> environment) {
         super(environment);
+        this.instances.onChange(this, this::updateContents);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean contains(@Nonnull final Molecule molecule) {
+    @NotNull
+    public Observable<Boolean> observeContains(@NotNull final Molecule molecule) {
         if (molecule instanceof final ILsaMolecule toMatch) {
             synchronized (instances) {
-                return instances.stream().anyMatch(mol -> mol.matches(toMatch));
+                return instances.map(molecules -> molecules.stream().anyMatch(mol -> mol.matches(toMatch)));
             }
         }
-        return false;
+        return MutableObservable.Companion.observe(false);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -64,69 +73,48 @@ protected List<ILsaMolecule> createT() { // NOPMD: this must return null, not an
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int getMoleculeCount() {
+    @NotNull
+    public Observable<Integer> getObserveMoleculeCount() {
         synchronized (instances) {
-            return instances.size();
+            return instances.getObservableSize();
         }
     }
 
     @Override
-    public List<ILsaMolecule> getConcentration(@Nonnull final Molecule m) {
-        if (!(m instanceof final ILsaMolecule mol)) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(m + " is not a compatible molecule type");
+    @NotNull
+    public Observable<Option<List<ILsaMolecule>>> observeConcentration(@NotNull final Molecule molecule) {
+        if (!(molecule instanceof final ILsaMolecule mol)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(molecule + " is not a compatible molecule type");
         }
-        final ArrayList<ILsaMolecule> listMol = new ArrayList<>();
         synchronized (instances) {
-            for (final ILsaMolecule instance : instances) {
-                if (mol.matches(instance)) {
-                    listMol.add(instance);
+            return instances.map(current -> {
+                final ArrayList<ILsaMolecule> res = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (final ILsaMolecule instance : current) {
+                    if (mol.matches(instance)) {
+                        res.add(instance);
+                    }
                 }
-            }
+                return Option.fromNullable(res);
+            });
         }
-        return listMol;
     }
 
     @Override
-    @Nonnull
-    public Map<Molecule, List<ILsaMolecule>> getContents() {
-        // Create a defensive copy to avoid ConcurrentModificationException
-        final List<ILsaMolecule> instancesCopy;
-        synchronized (instances) {
-            instancesCopy = new ArrayList<>(instances);
-        }
-        final Map<Molecule, List<ILsaMolecule>> res = new HashMap<>(instancesCopy.size(), 1.0f);
-        for (final ILsaMolecule m : instancesCopy) {
-            final List<ILsaMolecule> l;
-            if (res.containsKey(m)) {
-                /*
-                 * Safe by construction.
-                 */
-                l = res.get(m);
-            } else {
-                l = new ArrayList<>(1);
-                l.add(ZEROMOL);
-                res.put(m, l);
-            }
-            final Double v = (Double) l.get(0).getArg(0).getRootNodeData() + 1;
-            final IExpression e = new Expression(new NumTreeNode(v));
-            l.set(0, new LsaMolecule(Collections.singletonList(e)));
-        }
-        return res;
+    public List<ILsaMolecule> getLsaSpace() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(observeLsaSpace().toList());
     }
 
     @Override
-    public List<ILsaMolecule> getLsaSpace() {
-        synchronized (instances) {
-            return Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(instances));
-        }
+    public ObservableList<ILsaMolecule> observeLsaSpace() {
+        return instances;
     }
 
     @Override
     public boolean removeConcentration(final ILsaMolecule matchedInstance) {
         synchronized (instances) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < instances.size(); i++) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < instances.getObservableSize().getCurrent(); i++) {
                 if (matchedInstance.matches(instances.get(i))) {
-                    instances.remove(i);
+                    instances.removeAt(i);
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -157,7 +145,28 @@ public void setConcentration(@Nonnull final Molecule molecule, final List<ILsaMo
     @Override
     @Nonnull
     public String toString() {
-        return getId() + " contains: " + instances.toString();
+        return getId() + " contains: " + instances.getCurrent();
     }
 
+    private Unit updateContents(final List<? extends ILsaMolecule> currentInstances) {
+        final Map<Molecule, List<ILsaMolecule>> res = new HashMap<>(currentInstances.size(), 1.0f);
+        for (final ILsaMolecule m : currentInstances) {
+            final List<ILsaMolecule> l;
+            if (res.containsKey(m)) {
+                /*
+                 * Safe by construction.
+                 */
+                l = res.get(m);
+            } else {
+                l = new ArrayList<>(1);
+                l.add(ZEROMOL);
+                res.put(m, l);
+            }
+            final Double v = (Double) l.get(0).getArg(0).getRootNodeData() + 1;
+            final IExpression e = new Expression(new NumTreeNode(v));
+            l.set(0, new LsaMolecule(Collections.singletonList(e)));
+        }
+        getObservableContents().clearAndPutAll(res);
+        return null;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREGradient.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREGradient.java
index 9a04235d57..ce103a5c14 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREGradient.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREGradient.java
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.maps.MapEnvironment;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet;
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableSet;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.reactions.AbstractReaction;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaMolecule;
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.sapere.ILsaNode;
@@ -538,6 +542,8 @@ private static class SGFakeConditionAction implements Action<List<ILsaMolecule>>
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
         private static final ListSet<Dependency> DEPENDENCY = ImmutableListSet.of(Dependency.EVERYTHING);
         private final Molecule mol;
+        private final Observable<Boolean> validity = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(false);
+        private final Observable<Double> propensity = MutableObservable.Companion.observe(0.0);
 
         SGFakeConditionAction(final Molecule m) {
             super();
@@ -574,6 +580,11 @@ public ListSet<? extends Dependency> getInboundDependencies() {
             return DEPENDENCY;
         }
 
+        @Override
+        public ObservableSet<? extends Observable<?>> observeInboundDependencies() {
+            return new ObservableMutableSet<>();
+        }
+
         @Nonnull
         @Override
         public ListSet<? extends Dependency> getOutboundDependencies() {
@@ -587,12 +598,28 @@ public Node<List<ILsaMolecule>> getNode() {
 
         @Override
         public double getPropensityContribution() {
-            return 0;
+            return observePropensityContribution().getCurrent();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Observable<Double> observePropensityContribution() {
+            return propensity;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean isValid() {
-            return false;
+            return observeValidity().getCurrent();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Observable<Boolean> observeValidity() {
+            return validity;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void dispose() {
+            observeValidity().dispose();
+            observePropensityContribution().dispose();
         }
 
         @Override
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREReaction.java b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREReaction.java
index e58b03c098..958ea19215 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREReaction.java
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/sapere/reactions/SAPEREReaction.java
@@ -184,8 +184,14 @@ public void execute() {
          */
         for (final Entry<ILsaNode, List<ILsaMolecule>> entry : toRemove.entrySet()) {
             final ILsaNode n = entry.getKey();
+            final List<ILsaMolecule> currentSpace = n.getLsaSpace();
             for (final ILsaMolecule m : entry.getValue()) {
-                n.removeConcentration(m);
+                for (final ILsaMolecule molecule : currentSpace) {
+                    if (m.matches(molecule)) {
+                        n.removeConcentration(m);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
         /*
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/actions/RunScafiProgram.scala b/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/actions/RunScafiProgram.scala
index 6ac37e7897..a081855ca6 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/actions/RunScafiProgram.scala
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/actions/RunScafiProgram.scala
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.implementations.actions
 
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.actions.AbstractLocalAction
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.{MutableObservable, Observable}
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.{Node, Position, Reaction}
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.implementations.nodes.SimpleNodeManager
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.molecules.SimpleMolecule
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ sealed class RunScafiProgram[T, P <: Position[P]](
   lazy val nodeManager = new SimpleNodeManager(node)
   private var neighborhoodManager: Map[ID, NeighborData[P]] = Map()
   private val commonNames = new ScafiIncarnationForAlchemist.StandardSensorNames {}
-  private var completed = false
+  private val _completed = MutableObservable.Companion.observe[Boolean](false)
   declareDependencyTo(Dependency.EVERY_MOLECULE)
 
   def asMolecule = programNameMolecule
@@ -186,16 +187,18 @@ sealed class RunScafiProgram[T, P <: Position[P]](
     node.setConcentration(programName, computed.root[T]())
     val toSend = NeighborData(computed, position, alchemistCurrentTime)
     neighborhoodManager = neighborhoodManager + (node.getId -> toSend)
-    completed = true
+    _completed.update(_ => true)
   }
 
   def sendExport(id: ID, exportData: NeighborData[P]): Unit = neighborhoodManager += id -> exportData
 
   def getExport(id: ID): Option[NeighborData[P]] = neighborhoodManager.get(id)
 
-  def isComputationalCycleComplete: Boolean = completed
+  def isComputationalCycleComplete: Boolean = _completed.getCurrent
 
-  def prepareForComputationalCycle: Unit = completed = false
+  def observeComputationalCycleComplete: Observable[Boolean] = _completed
+
+  def prepareForComputationalCycle: Unit = _completed.update(_ => false)
 
 }
 
diff --git a/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/conditions/ScafiComputationalRoundComplete.scala b/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/conditions/ScafiComputationalRoundComplete.scala
index 06caf18dce..1d91b14472 100644
--- a/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/conditions/ScafiComputationalRoundComplete.scala
+++ b/alchemist-incarnation-scafi/src/main/scala/it/unibo/alchemist/model/implementations/conditions/ScafiComputationalRoundComplete.scala
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.{Condition, Context, Node, Reaction}
 final class ScafiComputationalRoundComplete[T](val device: ScafiDevice[T], val program: RunScafiProgram[_, _])
     extends AbstractCondition(device.getNode) {
   declareDependencyOn(this.program.asMolecule)
+  addObservableDependency(program.observeComputationalCycleComplete)
 
   override def cloneCondition(node: Node[T], reaction: Reaction[T]): Condition[T] = {
     ScafiIncarnationUtils.runInScafiDeviceContext[T, Condition[T]](
diff --git a/alchemist-loading/build.gradle.kts b/alchemist-loading/build.gradle.kts
index f7d25a6b9c..4958d38e19 100644
--- a/alchemist-loading/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/alchemist-loading/build.gradle.kts
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(alchemist("engine"))
     implementation(alchemist("euclidean-geometry"))
     implementation(libs.apache.commons.lang3)
-    implementation(libs.arrow.core)
     implementation(libs.dsiutils)
     implementation(libs.graphstream.core)
     implementation(libs.graphstream.algo)
diff --git a/alchemist-loading/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/boundary/loader/LoadingSystem.kt b/alchemist-loading/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/boundary/loader/LoadingSystem.kt
index cb079c2bcc..d9f41a91cd 100644
--- a/alchemist-loading/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/boundary/loader/LoadingSystem.kt
+++ b/alchemist-loading/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/boundary/loader/LoadingSystem.kt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.exporters.GlobalExporter
 import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.loader.LoadingSystemLogger.logger
 import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.loader.syntax.DocumentRoot
 import it.unibo.alchemist.core.Engine
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.ReactiveEngine
 import it.unibo.alchemist.core.Simulation
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Deployment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
@@ -149,7 +150,12 @@ internal abstract class LoadingSystem(private val originalContext: Context, priv
                 SimulationModel
                     .visitBuilding<Simulation<T, P>>(context, engineDescriptor)
                     ?.getOrThrow()
-                    ?: Engine(environment)
+                    ?: if (System.getProperty("alchemist.engine", "default") == "reactive") {
+                        logger.warn("Using experimental reactive APIs")
+                        ReactiveEngine(environment)
+                    } else {
+                        Engine(environment)
+                    }
             // Attach monitors
             monitors.forEach(engine::addOutputMonitor)
             // Attach data exporters
diff --git a/alchemist-loading/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/TestReactiveEngineLoading.kt b/alchemist-loading/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/TestReactiveEngineLoading.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e405d4672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alchemist-loading/src/test/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/TestReactiveEngineLoading.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2023, Danilo Pianini and contributors
+ * listed, for each module, in the respective subproject's build.gradle.kts file.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Alchemist, and is distributed under the terms of the
+ * GNU General Public License, with a linking exception,
+ * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
+ */
+
+package it.unibo.alchemist.test
+
+import io.kotest.core.spec.style.StringSpec
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import io.kotest.matchers.types.shouldBeInstanceOf
+import it.unibo.alchemist.boundary.LoadAlchemist
+import it.unibo.alchemist.core.ReactiveEngine
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.positions.Euclidean2DPosition
+import org.kaikikm.threadresloader.ResourceLoader
+
+class TestReactiveEngineLoading : StringSpec({
+
+    "It should be possible to load a simulation with the ReactiveEngine via YAML overrides" {
+        val yaml = "synthetic/scalavar.yml"
+        val overrides = listOf(
+            """
+            engine:
+                type: it.unibo.alchemist.core.ReactiveEngine
+            """.trimIndent(),
+        )
+
+        val resource = ResourceLoader.getResource(yaml)
+        val loader = LoadAlchemist.from(resource, overrides)
+        val simulation = loader.getDefault<Any, Euclidean2DPosition>()
+
+        simulation.shouldBeInstanceOf<ReactiveEngine<Any, Euclidean2DPosition>>()
+
+        simulation.play()
+        simulation.run()
+        simulation.error.isPresent shouldBe false
+    }
+})
diff --git a/alchemist-maps/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/maps/linkingrules/LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange.java b/alchemist-maps/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/maps/linkingrules/LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange.java
index 88df83bb59..75c5618e77 100644
--- a/alchemist-maps/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/maps/linkingrules/LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange.java
+++ b/alchemist-maps/src/main/java/it/unibo/alchemist/model/maps/linkingrules/LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange.java
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ public LinkNodesWithinRoutingRange(final double r) {
     @Override
     public Neighborhood<T> computeNeighborhood(final Node<T> center, final Environment<T, GeoPosition> environment) {
         if (environment instanceof final MapEnvironment<T, ?, ?> menv) {
-            final Stream<Node<T>> stream = menv.getNodesWithinRange(center, range).parallelStream();
+            final Stream<? extends Node<T>> stream =
+                menv.getNodesWithinRange(center, range).parallelStream();
             final List<Node<T>> filtered = stream
                     .filter(node -> menv.computeRoute(center, node).length() < range)
                     .collect(Collectors.toList());
diff --git a/alchemist-physics/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/physics/reactions/PhysicsUpdate.kt b/alchemist-physics/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/physics/reactions/PhysicsUpdate.kt
index d778ba8e08..e36af69146 100644
--- a/alchemist-physics/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/physics/reactions/PhysicsUpdate.kt
+++ b/alchemist-physics/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/model/physics/reactions/PhysicsUpdate.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 package it.unibo.alchemist.model.physics.reactions
 
+import arrow.core.getOrElse
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Action
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Actionable
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Condition
@@ -17,9 +18,16 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.GlobalReaction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Disposable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.EventObservable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.MutableObservable.Companion.observe
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.merge
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.combineLatest
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.physics.PhysicsDependency
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.physics.environments.Dynamics2DEnvironment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.timedistributions.DiracComb
+import java.util.ArrayList
 import org.danilopianini.util.ImmutableListSet
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet
 
@@ -33,6 +41,7 @@ class PhysicsUpdate<T>(
     val environment: Dynamics2DEnvironment<T>,
     override val timeDistribution: TimeDistribution<T>,
 ) : GlobalReaction<T> {
+
     constructor(
         environment: Dynamics2DEnvironment<T>,
         updateRate: Double = 30.0,
@@ -48,13 +57,50 @@ class PhysicsUpdate<T>(
 
     override val tau: Time get() = timeDistribution.nextOccurence
 
+    override val rescheduleRequest: EventObservable = EventObservable()
+
     override var actions: List<Action<T>> = listOf()
 
+    private var validity: Observable<Boolean> = observe(true)
+
+    private var canExecute: Boolean = true
+
+    private val subscriptions: MutableList<Observable<*>> = ArrayList()
+
     override var conditions: List<Condition<T>> = listOf()
+        set(value) {
+            field = value
+            field.forEach(Disposable::dispose)
+
+            subscriptions.forEach { it.stopWatching(this) }
+            subscriptions.clear()
+
+            validity.dispose()
+
+            value.forEach { condition ->
+                condition.observeInboundDependencies().merge().apply {
+                    onChange(this@PhysicsUpdate) { rescheduleRequest.emit() }
+                    subscriptions.add(this)
+                }
+            }
+
+            validity = value.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                ?.map { it.observeValidity() }
+                ?.combineLatest { validities -> validities.all { it } }
+                ?.map { it.getOrElse { true } } // none means empty set of conditions i.e. always true.
+                ?.apply {
+                    onChange(this@PhysicsUpdate) { canExecute = it }
+                    subscriptions.add(this)
+                } ?: observe(true)
+
+            rescheduleRequest.emit()
+        }
 
     override fun compareTo(other: Actionable<T>): Int = tau.compareTo(other.tau)
 
-    override fun canExecute(): Boolean = conditions.all { it.isValid }
+    override fun canExecute(): Boolean = canExecute
+
+    override fun observeCanExecute(): Observable<Boolean> = validity
 
     override fun execute() {
         environment.updatePhysics(1 / rate)
diff --git a/alchemist-test/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/GlobalTestReaction.kt b/alchemist-test/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/GlobalTestReaction.kt
index daca33f6a1..1008afd22c 100644
--- a/alchemist-test/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/GlobalTestReaction.kt
+++ b/alchemist-test/src/main/kotlin/it/unibo/alchemist/test/GlobalTestReaction.kt
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Environment
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.GlobalReaction
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.Time
 import it.unibo.alchemist.model.TimeDistribution
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.EventObservable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.Observable
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableExtensions.ObservableSetExtensions.combineLatest
+import it.unibo.alchemist.model.observation.ObservableMutableSet
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSet
 import org.danilopianini.util.ListSets
 
@@ -26,16 +30,30 @@ class GlobalTestReaction<T>(override val timeDistribution: TimeDistribution<T>,
 
     override fun canExecute(): Boolean = conditions.all { it.isValid }
 
+    override fun observeCanExecute(): Observable<Boolean> = validity
+
     override fun execute() = timeDistribution.update(timeDistribution.nextOccurence, true, 1.0, environment)
 
     override var actions: List<Action<T>> = emptyList()
 
     override var conditions: List<Condition<T>> = emptyList()
+        set(value) {
+            field = value
+            observableConditions.clearAndAddAll(value.toSet())
+        }
+
+    private val observableConditions: ObservableMutableSet<Condition<T>> = ObservableMutableSet()
+
+    private val validity = observableConditions.combineLatest({
+        it.observeValidity()
+    }) { validities -> validities.all { it } }
 
     override val outboundDependencies: ListSet<out Dependency> = ListSets.emptyListSet()
 
     override val inboundDependencies: ListSet<out Dependency> = ListSets.emptyListSet()
 
+    override val rescheduleRequest: Observable<Unit> = EventObservable()
+
     override fun update(currentTime: Time, hasBeenExecuted: Boolean, environment: Environment<T, *>) = Unit
 
     override fun initializationComplete(atTime: Time, environment: Environment<T, *>) = Unit
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index d0f8814d0e..fdba52b800 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ allprojects {
         }
         useJUnitPlatform()
         maxHeapSize = "1g"
+        "alchemist.engine".let { property ->
+            System.getProperty(property)?.let { systemProperty(property, it) }
+        }
     }
 
     tasks.withType<SpotBugsTask>().configureEach {
diff --git a/dokka-cache/ch.qos.logback/logback-classic/1.5.21.list b/dokka-cache/ch.qos.logback/logback-classic/1.5.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/ch.qos.logback/logback-classic/1.5.21.list
rename to dokka-cache/ch.qos.logback/logback-classic/1.5.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/com.github.ben-manes.caffeine/caffeine/3.2.3.list b/dokka-cache/com.github.ben-manes.caffeine/caffeine/3.2.3.list
deleted file mode 100644
index ae20519915..0000000000
--- a/dokka-cache/com.github.ben-manes.caffeine/caffeine/3.2.3.list
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-module:com.github.benmanes.caffeine
-com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache
-com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.stats
diff --git a/dokka-cache/de.flapdoodle.embed/de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo/4.21.0.list b/dokka-cache/de.flapdoodle.embed/de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo/4.22.0.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/de.flapdoodle.embed/de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo/4.21.0.list
rename to dokka-cache/de.flapdoodle.embed/de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo/4.22.0.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-api/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-api/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-api/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-api/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-cognitive-agents/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-cognitive-agents/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-cognitive-agents/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-cognitive-agents/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-composeui/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-composeui/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-composeui/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-composeui/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-engine/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-engine/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-engine/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-engine/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-euclidean-geometry/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-euclidean-geometry/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-euclidean-geometry/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-euclidean-geometry/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-full/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-full/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-full/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-full/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql-surrogates/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql-surrogates/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql-surrogates/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql-surrogates/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-graphql/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-implementationbase/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-implementationbase/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-implementationbase/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-implementationbase/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-biochemistry/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-protelis/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-incarnation-sapere/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-loading/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-loading/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-loading/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-loading/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maintenance-tooling/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maintenance-tooling/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maintenance-tooling/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maintenance-tooling/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maps/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maps/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maps/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-maps/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-physics/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-physics/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-physics/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-physics/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-sapere-mathexp/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-sapere-mathexp/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-sapere-mathexp/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-sapere-mathexp/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-smartcam/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-smartcam/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-smartcam/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-smartcam/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-swingui/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-swingui/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-swingui/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-swingui/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-test/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-test/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-test/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-test/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-ui-tooling/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-ui-tooling/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-ui-tooling/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-ui-tooling/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-web-renderer/42.3.18.list b/dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-web-renderer/42.3.22.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-web-renderer/42.3.18.list
rename to dokka-cache/it.unibo.alchemist/alchemist-web-renderer/42.3.22.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json b/dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json
deleted file mode 100644
index b56f37a32e..0000000000
--- a/dokka-cache/no-javadoc.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,772 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "group": "com.apollographql.apollo3",
-    "name": "apollo-runtime-js",
-    "version": "4.0.0-beta.7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.apollographql.apollo3",
-    "name": "apollo-runtime-jvm",
-    "version": "4.0.0-beta.7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.apollographql.apollo3",
-    "name": "apollo-runtime",
-    "version": "4.0.0-beta.7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-client-js",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-client-jvm",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-client",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-hooks-provider-js",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-hooks-provider-jvm",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-hooks-provider",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-ktor-server-js",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-ktor-server-jvm",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-ktor-server",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-server-js",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-server-jvm",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.expediagroup",
-    "name": "graphql-kotlin-server",
-    "version": "9.0.0-alpha.8"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-core_2.13-js",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-core_2.13-jvm",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-core_2.13",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-guava_2.13-js",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-guava_2.13-jvm",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.github.cb372",
-    "name": "scalacache-guava_2.13",
-    "version": "0.28.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.3.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.3.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "2.3.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.google.devtools.ksp",
-    "name": "com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "2.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.soywiz.korlibs.korim",
-    "name": "korim-js",
-    "version": "4.0.10"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.soywiz.korlibs.korim",
-    "name": "korim-jvm",
-    "version": "4.0.10"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.soywiz.korlibs.korim",
-    "name": "korim",
-    "version": "4.0.10"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.uchuhimo",
-    "name": "konf-js",
-    "version": "1.1.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.uchuhimo",
-    "name": "konf-jvm",
-    "version": "1.1.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "com.uchuhimo",
-    "name": "konf",
-    "version": "1.1.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "io.kotest.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "io.kotest.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "io.kotest.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-core-js",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-core-jvm",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-core",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-table-js",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-table-jvm",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-assertions-table",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-framework-engine-js",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-framework-engine-jvm",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-framework-engine",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-runner-junit5-js",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.kotest",
-    "name": "kotest-runner-junit5-jvm",
-    "version": "6.0.4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-client-core-js",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-client-core-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-client-core",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-client-js",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-client-js",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-core-js",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-core-js",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-core-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-core-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-cors-js",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-cors-js",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-cors-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-cors-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-websockets-js",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-websockets-js",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-websockets-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.ktor",
-    "name": "ktor-server-websockets-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.mockk",
-    "name": "mockk-js",
-    "version": "1.14.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.mockk",
-    "name": "mockk-jvm",
-    "version": "1.14.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "io.mockk",
-    "name": "mockk",
-    "version": "1.14.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-js",
-    "version": "42.3.16-dev1a+03355e603"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-js",
-    "version": "42.3.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-js",
-    "version": "42.3.17-dev0v+2b12e99d7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-jvm",
-    "version": "42.3.16-dev1a+03355e603"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-jvm",
-    "version": "42.3.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi-jvm",
-    "version": "42.3.17-dev0v+2b12e99d7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi",
-    "version": "42.3.16-dev1a+03355e603"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi",
-    "version": "42.3.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.alchemist",
-    "name": "alchemist-incarnation-scafi",
-    "version": "42.3.17-dev0v+2b12e99d7"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.scafi",
-    "name": "scafi-core_2.13-js",
-    "version": "1.6.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.scafi",
-    "name": "scafi-core_2.13-jvm",
-    "version": "1.6.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "it.unibo.scafi",
-    "name": "scafi-core_2.13",
-    "version": "1.6.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "net.pearx.kasechange",
-    "name": "kasechange-js",
-    "version": "1.4.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "net.pearx.kasechange",
-    "name": "kasechange-jvm",
-    "version": "1.4.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "net.pearx.kasechange",
-    "name": "kasechange",
-    "version": "1.4.1"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "1.152.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "1.155.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "1.152.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "1.155.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "1.152.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "1.155.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "0.96.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "0.96.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa",
-    "name": "org.danilopianini.gradle-kotlin-qa.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "0.96.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini",
-    "name": "boilerplate-js",
-    "version": "0.2.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini",
-    "name": "boilerplate-jvm",
-    "version": "0.2.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.danilopianini",
-    "name": "boilerplate",
-    "version": "0.2.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose-js",
-    "version": "2.9.5"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose-js",
-    "version": "2.9.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose-jvm",
-    "version": "2.9.5"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose-jvm",
-    "version": "2.9.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose",
-    "version": "2.9.5"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.androidx.lifecycle",
-    "name": "lifecycle-runtime-compose",
-    "version": "2.9.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.dokka",
-    "name": "dokka-gradle-plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.1.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.dokka",
-    "name": "dokka-gradle-plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.1.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.dokka",
-    "name": "dokka-gradle-plugin",
-    "version": "2.1.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom-js",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom-js",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom-jvm",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom-jvm",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-dom",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-js",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-js",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-jvm",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react-jvm",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react",
-    "version": "2025.11.1-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin-wrappers",
-    "name": "kotlin-react",
-    "version": "2025.11.6-19.2.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert.gradle.plugin-js",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert.gradle.plugin-jvm",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert",
-    "name": "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.power-assert.gradle.plugin",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlin-test-annotations-common-js",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlin-test-annotations-common-jvm",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlin-test-annotations-common",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlinx-atomicfu-runtime-js",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlinx-atomicfu-runtime-jvm",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlin",
-    "name": "kotlinx-atomicfu-runtime",
-    "version": "2.2.21"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-cli-js",
-    "version": "0.3.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-cli-jvm",
-    "version": "0.3.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-cli",
-    "version": "0.3.6"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-core-js",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-core-jvm",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-core",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-test-js",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-test-jvm",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-coroutines-test",
-    "version": "1.10.2"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-serialization-json-js",
-    "version": "1.9.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-serialization-json-jvm",
-    "version": "1.9.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.jetbrains.kotlinx",
-    "name": "kotlinx-serialization-json",
-    "version": "1.9.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-compiler-js",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-compiler-jvm",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-compiler",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-library-js",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-library-jvm",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scala-lang",
-    "name": "scala-library",
-    "version": "2.13.17"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatest",
-    "name": "scalatest_2.13-js",
-    "version": "3.3.0-SNAP4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatest",
-    "name": "scalatest_2.13-jvm",
-    "version": "3.3.0-SNAP4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatest",
-    "name": "scalatest_2.13",
-    "version": "3.3.0-SNAP4"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatestplus",
-    "name": "junit-5-11_2.13-js",
-    "version": "3.2.19.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatestplus",
-    "name": "junit-5-11_2.13-jvm",
-    "version": "3.2.19.0"
-  },
-  {
-    "group": "org.scalatestplus",
-    "name": "junit-5-11_2.13",
-    "version": "3.2.19.0"
-  }
-]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.eclipse.jgit/org.eclipse.jgit/7.4.0.202509020913-r.list b/dokka-cache/org.eclipse.jgit/org.eclipse.jgit/7.5.0.202512021534-r.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/org.eclipse.jgit/org.eclipse.jgit/7.4.0.202509020913-r.list
rename to dokka-cache/org.eclipse.jgit/org.eclipse.jgit/7.5.0.202512021534-r.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.jooq/jool/0.9.15.list b/dokka-cache/org.jooq/jool/0.9.15.list
deleted file mode 100644
index c072111699..0000000000
--- a/dokka-cache/org.jooq/jool/0.9.15.list
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-module:org.jooq.jool
-org.jooq.lambda
-org.jooq.lambda.exception
-org.jooq.lambda.fi.lang
-org.jooq.lambda.fi.util
-org.jooq.lambda.fi.util.concurrent
-org.jooq.lambda.fi.util.function
-org.jooq.lambda.function
-org.jooq.lambda.tuple
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.mockito/mockito-core/5.20.0.list b/dokka-cache/org.mockito/mockito-core/5.21.0.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/org.mockito/mockito-core/5.20.0.list
rename to dokka-cache/org.mockito/mockito-core/5.21.0.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.mongodb/mongodb-driver-sync/5.6.1.list b/dokka-cache/org.mongodb/mongodb-driver-sync/5.6.2.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/org.mongodb/mongodb-driver-sync/5.6.1.list
rename to dokka-cache/org.mongodb/mongodb-driver-sync/5.6.2.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-interpreter/18.5.0.list b/dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-interpreter/18.5.2.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-interpreter/18.5.0.list
rename to dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-interpreter/18.5.2.list
diff --git a/dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-lang/18.5.0.list b/dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-lang/18.5.2.list
similarity index 100%
rename from dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-lang/18.5.0.list
rename to dokka-cache/org.protelis/protelis-lang/18.5.2.list
diff --git a/gradle/libs.versions.toml b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
index 3b80a3ffe9..60d15e0492 100644
--- a/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ kotest = "6.0.7"
 kotlin = "2.2.21"
 kotlinx-coroutines = "1.10.2"
 ktor = "3.3.3"
-mockito = "5.20.0"
-protelis = "18.5.0"
-react = "2025.12.0-19.2.0"
+mockito = "5.21.0"
+protelis = "18.5.2"
+react = "2025.12.6-19.2.3"
 scafi = "1.6.0"
 scala = "2.13.18"
 scalacache = "0.28.0"
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ conrec = "org.danilopianini:conrec:0.1.1"
 dokka-gradle-plugin = { module = "org.jetbrains.dokka:dokka-gradle-plugin", version.ref = "dokka" }
 dyn4j = "org.dyn4j:dyn4j:5.0.2"
 dsiutils = "it.unimi.dsi:dsiutils:2.7.4"
-embedmongo = "de.flapdoodle.embed:de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo:4.21.0"
+embedmongo = "de.flapdoodle.embed:de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo:4.22.0"
 graphhopper-core = { module = "com.graphhopper:graphhopper-core", version.ref = "graphhopper" }
 graphql-client = { module = "com.expediagroup:graphql-kotlin-client", version.ref = "graphql" }
 graphql-hooks-provider = { module = "com.expediagroup:graphql-kotlin-hooks-provider", version.ref = "graphql" }
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ gson = "com.google.code.gson:gson:2.13.2"
 gson-extras = "org.danilopianini:gson-extras:3.3.0"
 guava = "com.google.guava:guava:33.5.0-jre"
 javalib-java7 = "org.danilopianini:javalib-java7:0.6.1"
-java-quality-assurance-plugin = "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin:1.159.0"
-jgit = "org.eclipse.jgit:org.eclipse.jgit:7.4.0.202509020913-r"
+java-quality-assurance-plugin = "org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa:org.danilopianini.gradle-java-qa.gradle.plugin:1.161.0"
+jgit = "org.eclipse.jgit:org.eclipse.jgit:7.5.0.202512021534-r"
 jgrapht-core = "org.jgrapht:jgrapht-core:1.5.2"
 jirf = "org.danilopianini:jirf:0.4.37"
 jool = "org.jooq:jool:0.9.15"
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ kotlinx-atomicfu-runtime = { module = "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlinx-atomicfu-run
 kotlinx-serialization-json = "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-json:1.9.0"
 kotlin-stdlib = { module = "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib", version.ref = "kotlin" }
 ktor-client-core = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-client-core", version.ref = "ktor" }
-ksp-plugin = { module = "com.google.devtools.ksp:com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin", version = "2.3.3" }
+ksp-plugin = { module = "com.google.devtools.ksp:com.google.devtools.ksp.gradle.plugin", version = "2.3.4" }
 ktor-client-js = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-client-js", version.ref = "ktor" }
 ktor-client-content-negotiation = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-client-content-negotiation", version.ref = "ktor" }
 ktor-serialization = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-serialization", version.ref = "ktor" }
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ ktor-server-netty = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-server-netty", version.ref = "ktor"
 ktor-server-test-host = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-server-test-host", version.ref = "ktor" }
 ktor-server-websockets = { module = "io.ktor:ktor-server-websockets-jvm", version.ref = "ktor" }
 listset = "org.danilopianini:listset:0.3.9"
-logback = "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.5.21"
+logback = "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.5.22"
 mapsforge = "org.mapsforge:mapsforge-map-awt:0.25.0"
 miglayout-swing = "com.miglayout:miglayout-swing:11.4.2"
 mockito-core = { module = "org.mockito:mockito-core", version.ref = "mockito" }
-mockk = "io.mockk:mockk:1.14.6"
-mongodb = "org.mongodb:mongodb-driver-sync:5.6.1"
+mockk = "io.mockk:mockk:1.14.7"
+mongodb = "org.mongodb:mongodb-driver-sync:5.6.2"
 oxygen-icons = "net.anwiba.commons.swing.icons:org.oxygen.oxygen-icons:4.13.0-1.2.50"
 protelis-interpreter = { module = "org.protelis:protelis-interpreter", version.ref = "protelis" }
 protelis-lang = { module = "org.protelis:protelis-lang", version.ref = "protelis" }
@@ -166,15 +166,15 @@ testing-runtimeOnly = [ "junit-engine" ]
 [plugins]
 compose-compiler = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.compose", version.ref = "kotlin" }
 compose-multiplatform = { id = "org.jetbrains.compose", version.ref = "compose-multiplatform" }
-gitSemVer = "org.danilopianini.git-sensitive-semantic-versioning-gradle-plugin:7.0.7"
+gitSemVer = "org.danilopianini.git-sensitive-semantic-versioning-gradle-plugin:7.0.8"
 graphql-client = { id = "com.apollographql.apollo3", version.ref = "apollo" }
 graphql-server = { id = "com.expediagroup.graphql", version.ref = "graphql" }
-hugo = "io.github.fstaudt.hugo:0.11.0"
+hugo = "io.github.fstaudt.hugo:0.12.0"
 kotlin-serialization = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.serialization", version.ref = "kotlin" }
 ktor = { id = "io.ktor.plugin", version.ref = "ktor" }
 multiJvmTesting = "org.danilopianini.multi-jvm-test-plugin:4.3.2"
-publishOnCentral = "org.danilopianini.publish-on-central:9.1.8"
+publishOnCentral = "org.danilopianini.publish-on-central:9.1.9"
 scalafmt = "cz.augi.gradle.scalafmt:1.21.5"
-shadowJar = "com.gradleup.shadow:9.2.2"
+shadowJar = "com.gradleup.shadow:9.3.0"
 taskTree = "com.dorongold.task-tree:4.0.1"
 jpackage = "org.panteleyev.jpackageplugin:1.7.6"
diff --git a/kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock b/kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock
index 466604ee9a..4e38f4b014 100644
--- a/kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock
+++ b/kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock
@@ -2391,10 +2391,10 @@ react-bootstrap@2.5.0:
     uncontrollable "^7.2.1"
     warning "^4.0.3"
 
-react-dom@^19.2.0:
-  version "19.2.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-dom/-/react-dom-19.2.0.tgz#00ed1e959c365e9a9d48f8918377465466ec3af8"
-  integrity sha512-UlbRu4cAiGaIewkPyiRGJk0imDN2T3JjieT6spoL2UeSf5od4n5LB/mQ4ejmxhCFT1tYe8IvaFulzynWovsEFQ==
+react-dom@^19.2.3:
+  version "19.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react-dom/-/react-dom-19.2.3.tgz#f0b61d7e5c4a86773889fcc1853af3ed5f215b17"
+  integrity sha512-yELu4WmLPw5Mr/lmeEpox5rw3RETacE++JgHqQzd2dg+YbJuat3jH4ingc+WPZhxaoFzdv9y33G+F7Nl5O0GBg==
   dependencies:
     scheduler "^0.27.0"
 
@@ -2418,10 +2418,10 @@ react-transition-group@^4.4.2:
     loose-envify "^1.4.0"
     prop-types "^15.6.2"
 
-react@^19.2.0:
-  version "19.2.0"
-  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react/-/react-19.2.0.tgz#d33dd1721698f4376ae57a54098cb47fc75d93a5"
-  integrity sha512-tmbWg6W31tQLeB5cdIBOicJDJRR2KzXsV7uSK9iNfLWQ5bIZfxuPEHp7M8wiHyHnn0DD1i7w3Zmin0FtkrwoCQ==
+react@^19.2.3:
+  version "19.2.3"
+  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/react/-/react-19.2.3.tgz#d83e5e8e7a258cf6b4fe28640515f99b87cd19b8"
+  integrity sha512-Ku/hhYbVjOQnXDZFv2+RibmLFGwFdeeKHFcOTlrt7xplBnya5OGn/hIRDsqDiSUcfORsDC7MPxwork8jBwsIWA==
 
 readable-stream@^2.0.1:
   version "2.3.8"
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 0072a7b71d..872a3e212a 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
         "semantic-release-preconfigured-conventional-commits": "1.1.157"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "24.11",
+        "node": "24.12",
         "npm": ">=3.0.0"
       }
     },
@@ -2884,15 +2884,16 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm": {
-      "version": "11.6.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/npm-11.6.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7iKzNfy8lWYs3zq4oFPa8EXZz5xt9gQNKJZau3B1ErLBb6bF7sBJ00x09485DOvRT2l5Gerbl3VlZNT57MxJVA==",
+      "version": "11.6.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/npm-11.6.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ERjKtGoFpQrua/9bG0+h3xiv/4nVdGViCjUYA1AmlV24fFvfnSB7B7dIfZnySQ1FDLd0ZVrWPsLLp78dCtJdRQ==",
       "bundleDependencies": [
         "@isaacs/string-locale-compare",
         "@npmcli/arborist",
         "@npmcli/config",
         "@npmcli/fs",
         "@npmcli/map-workspaces",
+        "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator",
         "@npmcli/package-json",
         "@npmcli/promise-spawn",
         "@npmcli/redact",
@@ -2965,70 +2966,71 @@
       ],
       "dependencies": {
         "@isaacs/string-locale-compare": "^1.1.0",
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
-        "@npmcli/config": "^10.4.2",
-        "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.1",
-        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.3",
-        "@npmcli/redact": "^3.2.2",
-        "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
+        "@npmcli/config": "^10.4.4",
+        "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.3",
+        "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": "^9.0.3",
+        "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.4",
+        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.1",
+        "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.3",
         "@sigstore/tuf": "^4.0.0",
-        "abbrev": "^3.0.1",
+        "abbrev": "^4.0.0",
         "archy": "~1.0.0",
-        "cacache": "^20.0.1",
+        "cacache": "^20.0.3",
         "chalk": "^5.6.2",
         "ci-info": "^4.3.1",
         "cli-columns": "^4.0.0",
         "fastest-levenshtein": "^1.0.16",
         "fs-minipass": "^3.0.3",
-        "glob": "^11.0.3",
+        "glob": "^13.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.11",
         "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.2",
-        "ini": "^5.0.0",
-        "init-package-json": "^8.2.2",
+        "ini": "^6.0.0",
+        "init-package-json": "^8.2.4",
         "is-cidr": "^6.0.1",
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
         "libnpmaccess": "^10.0.3",
-        "libnpmdiff": "^8.0.9",
-        "libnpmexec": "^10.1.8",
-        "libnpmfund": "^7.0.9",
+        "libnpmdiff": "^8.0.11",
+        "libnpmexec": "^10.1.10",
+        "libnpmfund": "^7.0.11",
         "libnpmorg": "^8.0.1",
-        "libnpmpack": "^9.0.9",
-        "libnpmpublish": "^11.1.2",
+        "libnpmpack": "^9.0.11",
+        "libnpmpublish": "^11.1.3",
         "libnpmsearch": "^9.0.1",
         "libnpmteam": "^8.0.2",
-        "libnpmversion": "^8.0.2",
-        "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.2",
-        "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
+        "libnpmversion": "^8.0.3",
+        "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.3",
+        "minimatch": "^10.1.1",
         "minipass": "^7.1.1",
         "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
         "ms": "^2.1.2",
-        "node-gyp": "^11.4.2",
-        "nopt": "^8.1.0",
-        "npm-audit-report": "^6.0.0",
-        "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.2",
-        "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.1",
-        "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
-        "npm-profile": "^12.0.0",
-        "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-        "npm-user-validate": "^3.0.0",
-        "p-map": "^7.0.3",
-        "pacote": "^21.0.3",
-        "parse-conflict-json": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "node-gyp": "^12.1.0",
+        "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+        "npm-audit-report": "^7.0.0",
+        "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
+        "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.2",
+        "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.3",
+        "npm-profile": "^12.0.1",
+        "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.1.1",
+        "npm-user-validate": "^4.0.0",
+        "p-map": "^7.0.4",
+        "pacote": "^21.0.4",
+        "parse-conflict-json": "^5.0.1",
+        "proc-log": "^6.1.0",
         "qrcode-terminal": "^0.12.0",
-        "read": "^4.1.0",
+        "read": "^5.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.7.3",
         "spdx-expression-parse": "^4.0.0",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0",
         "supports-color": "^10.2.2",
-        "tar": "^7.5.1",
+        "tar": "^7.5.2",
         "text-table": "~0.2.0",
         "tiny-relative-date": "^2.0.2",
         "treeverse": "^3.0.0",
-        "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.2",
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0",
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "bin": {
         "npm": "bin/npm-cli.js",
@@ -3071,73 +3073,6 @@
         "node": "20 || >=22"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/cliui": {
-      "version": "8.0.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "string-width": "^5.1.2",
-        "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1",
-        "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1",
-        "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0",
-        "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
-      "version": "6.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-regex?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
-      "version": "9.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/string-width": {
-      "version": "5.1.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
-        "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
-        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/cliui/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
-      "version": "7.1.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/strip-ansi?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@isaacs/fs-minipass": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3173,42 +3108,42 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/arborist": {
-      "version": "9.1.6",
+      "version": "9.1.8",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "@isaacs/string-locale-compare": "^1.1.0",
-        "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
         "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
         "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": "^9.0.2",
-        "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^3.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^5.0.0",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/query": "^4.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/redact": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/query": "^5.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
         "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
-        "bin-links": "^5.0.0",
+        "bin-links": "^6.0.0",
         "cacache": "^20.0.1",
         "common-ancestor-path": "^1.0.1",
         "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
         "json-stringify-nice": "^1.1.4",
         "lru-cache": "^11.2.1",
         "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
-        "nopt": "^8.0.0",
-        "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.0",
+        "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+        "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
         "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
         "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
         "pacote": "^21.0.2",
-        "parse-conflict-json": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-        "proggy": "^3.0.0",
+        "parse-conflict-json": "^5.0.1",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+        "proggy": "^4.0.0",
         "promise-all-reject-late": "^1.0.0",
         "promise-call-limit": "^3.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.3.7",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0",
         "treeverse": "^3.0.0",
         "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
       },
@@ -3220,7 +3155,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/config": {
-      "version": "10.4.2",
+      "version": "10.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -3228,9 +3163,9 @@
         "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
         "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
-        "ini": "^5.0.0",
-        "nopt": "^8.1.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "ini": "^6.0.0",
+        "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.5",
         "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
       },
@@ -3239,7 +3174,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/fs": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -3247,53 +3182,53 @@
         "semver": "^7.3.5"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/git": {
-      "version": "7.0.0",
+      "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
-        "ini": "^5.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
+        "ini": "^6.0.0",
         "lru-cache": "^11.2.1",
         "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.3.5",
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/installed-package-contents": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "npm-bundled": "^4.0.0",
-        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0"
+        "npm-bundled": "^5.0.0",
+        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0"
       },
       "bin": {
         "installed-package-contents": "bin/index.js"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/map-workspaces": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^4.0.0",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-        "glob": "^11.0.3",
+        "glob": "^13.0.0",
         "minimatch": "^10.0.3"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -3301,15 +3236,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": {
-      "version": "9.0.2",
+      "version": "9.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "cacache": "^20.0.0",
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
         "pacote": "^21.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.5"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -3317,34 +3252,34 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/name-from-folder": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/node-gyp": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/package-json": {
-      "version": "7.0.1",
+      "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
-        "glob": "^11.0.3",
+        "glob": "^13.0.0",
         "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.5.3",
         "validate-npm-package-license": "^3.0.4"
       },
@@ -3353,19 +3288,19 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/promise-spawn": {
-      "version": "8.0.3",
+      "version": "9.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/query": {
-      "version": "4.0.1",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -3373,45 +3308,35 @@
         "postcss-selector-parser": "^7.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/redact": {
-      "version": "3.2.2",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@npmcli/run-script": {
-      "version": "10.0.0",
+      "version": "10.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^5.0.0",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
-        "node-gyp": "^11.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
+        "node-gyp": "^12.1.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@pkgjs/parseargs": {
-      "version": "0.11.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@sigstore/bundle": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3459,6 +3384,15 @@
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@sigstore/sign/node_modules/proc-log": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "inBundle": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/@sigstore/tuf": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3524,12 +3458,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/abbrev": {
-      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/agent-base": {
@@ -3550,18 +3484,6 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
-      "version": "6.2.3",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/aproba": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3581,19 +3503,19 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/bin-links": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "cmd-shim": "^7.0.0",
-        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-        "read-cmd-shim": "^5.0.0",
-        "write-file-atomic": "^6.0.0"
+        "cmd-shim": "^8.0.0",
+        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+        "read-cmd-shim": "^6.0.0",
+        "write-file-atomic": "^7.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/binary-extensions": {
@@ -3618,22 +3540,22 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cacache": {
-      "version": "20.0.1",
+      "version": "20.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
         "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
-        "glob": "^11.0.3",
+        "glob": "^13.0.0",
         "lru-cache": "^11.1.0",
         "minipass": "^7.0.3",
         "minipass-collect": "^2.0.1",
         "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
         "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
         "p-map": "^7.0.2",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
-        "unique-filename": "^4.0.0"
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0",
+        "unique-filename": "^5.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
@@ -3701,73 +3623,20 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cmd-shim": {
-      "version": "7.0.0",
+      "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/color-convert": {
-      "version": "2.0.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "color-name": "~1.1.4"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=7.0.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/color-name": {
-      "version": "1.1.4",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/common-ancestor-path": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC"
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cross-spawn": {
-      "version": "7.0.6",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "path-key": "^3.1.0",
-        "shebang-command": "^2.0.0",
-        "which": "^2.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 8"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cross-spawn/node_modules/isexe": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cross-spawn/node_modules/which": {
-      "version": "2.0.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "isexe": "^2.0.0"
-      },
-      "bin": {
-        "node-which": "bin/node-which"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/cssesc": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3806,12 +3675,6 @@
         "node": ">=0.3.1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/eastasianwidth": {
-      "version": "0.2.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3844,7 +3707,7 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/exponential-backoff": {
-      "version": "3.1.2",
+      "version": "3.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0"
@@ -3858,22 +3721,6 @@
         "node": ">= 4.9.1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/foreground-child": {
-      "version": "3.3.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6",
-        "signal-exit": "^4.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/fs-minipass": {
       "version": "3.0.3",
       "dev": true,
@@ -3887,21 +3734,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/glob": {
-      "version": "11.0.3",
+      "version": "13.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
+      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
       "dependencies": {
-        "foreground-child": "^3.3.1",
-        "jackspeak": "^4.1.1",
-        "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
+        "minimatch": "^10.1.1",
         "minipass": "^7.1.2",
-        "package-json-from-dist": "^1.0.0",
         "path-scurry": "^2.0.0"
       },
-      "bin": {
-        "glob": "dist/esm/bin.mjs"
-      },
       "engines": {
         "node": "20 || >=22"
       },
@@ -3994,27 +3835,27 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/ini": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/init-package-json": {
-      "version": "8.2.2",
+      "version": "8.2.4",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
-        "promzard": "^2.0.0",
-        "read": "^4.0.0",
+        "promzard": "^3.0.1",
+        "read": "^5.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.7.2",
         "validate-npm-package-license": "^3.0.4",
-        "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.2"
+        "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
@@ -4071,28 +3912,13 @@
         "node": ">=16"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/jackspeak": {
-      "version": "4.1.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "20 || >=22"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/json-parse-even-better-errors": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/json-stringify-nice": {
@@ -4139,13 +3965,13 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmdiff": {
-      "version": "8.0.9",
+      "version": "8.0.11",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
-        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
+        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
         "binary-extensions": "^3.0.0",
         "diff": "^8.0.2",
         "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
@@ -4158,20 +3984,20 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmexec": {
-      "version": "10.1.8",
+      "version": "10.1.10",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
         "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
         "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
         "pacote": "^21.0.2",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-        "read": "^4.0.0",
+        "read": "^5.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.3.7",
         "signal-exit": "^4.1.0",
         "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
@@ -4181,12 +4007,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmfund": {
-      "version": "7.0.9",
+      "version": "7.0.11",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6"
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
@@ -4206,12 +4032,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmpack": {
-      "version": "9.0.9",
+      "version": "9.0.11",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
         "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
         "pacote": "^21.0.2"
@@ -4221,7 +4047,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmpublish": {
-      "version": "11.1.2",
+      "version": "11.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -4230,10 +4056,10 @@
         "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
         "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.7",
         "sigstore": "^4.0.0",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0"
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
@@ -4265,15 +4091,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/libnpmversion": {
-      "version": "8.0.2",
+      "version": "8.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
         "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.7"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -4290,7 +4116,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/make-fetch-happen": {
-      "version": "15.0.2",
+      "version": "15.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -4299,23 +4125,23 @@
         "cacache": "^20.0.1",
         "http-cache-semantics": "^4.1.1",
         "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-        "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
+        "minipass-fetch": "^5.0.0",
         "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
         "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
         "negotiator": "^1.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0"
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/minimatch": {
-      "version": "10.0.3",
+      "version": "10.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
+      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "@isaacs/brace-expansion": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -4348,7 +4174,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/minipass-fetch": {
-      "version": "4.0.1",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "MIT",
@@ -4358,7 +4184,7 @@
         "minizlib": "^3.0.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
         "encoding": "^0.1.13"
@@ -4455,12 +4281,12 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/mute-stream": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/negotiator": {
@@ -4473,7 +4299,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "12.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "MIT",
@@ -4481,192 +4307,59 @@
         "env-paths": "^2.2.0",
         "exponential-backoff": "^3.1.1",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.6",
-        "make-fetch-happen": "^14.0.3",
-        "nopt": "^8.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.0",
+        "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.5",
-        "tar": "^7.4.3",
+        "tar": "^7.5.2",
         "tinyglobby": "^0.2.12",
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "bin": {
         "node-gyp": "bin/node-gyp.js"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/@npmcli/agent": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
-        "http-proxy-agent": "^7.0.0",
-        "https-proxy-agent": "^7.0.1",
-        "lru-cache": "^10.0.1",
-        "socks-proxy-agent": "^8.0.3"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/cacache": {
-      "version": "19.0.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-        "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
-        "glob": "^10.2.2",
-        "lru-cache": "^10.0.1",
-        "minipass": "^7.0.3",
-        "minipass-collect": "^2.0.1",
-        "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
-        "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
-        "p-map": "^7.0.2",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
-        "tar": "^7.4.3",
-        "unique-filename": "^4.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/glob": {
-      "version": "10.4.5",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "foreground-child": "^3.1.0",
-        "jackspeak": "^3.1.2",
-        "minimatch": "^9.0.4",
-        "minipass": "^7.1.2",
-        "package-json-from-dist": "^1.0.0",
-        "path-scurry": "^1.11.1"
-      },
-      "bin": {
-        "glob": "dist/esm/bin.mjs"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/jackspeak": {
-      "version": "3.4.3",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
-      },
-      "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@pkgjs/parseargs": "^0.11.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/lru-cache": {
-      "version": "10.4.3",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/make-fetch-happen": {
-      "version": "14.0.3",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/agent": "^3.0.0",
-        "cacache": "^19.0.1",
-        "http-cache-semantics": "^4.1.1",
-        "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-        "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
-        "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
-        "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
-        "negotiator": "^1.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-        "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/minimatch": {
-      "version": "9.0.5",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=16 || 14 >=14.17"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/node_modules/path-scurry": {
-      "version": "1.11.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "lru-cache": "^10.2.0",
-        "minipass": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.2 || ^7.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=16 || 14 >=14.18"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/nopt": {
-      "version": "8.1.0",
+      "version": "9.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "abbrev": "^3.0.0"
+        "abbrev": "^4.0.0"
       },
       "bin": {
         "nopt": "bin/nopt.js"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-audit-report": {
-      "version": "6.0.0",
+      "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-bundled": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0"
+        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-install-checks": {
-      "version": "7.1.2",
+      "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
@@ -4674,54 +4367,54 @@
         "semver": "^7.1.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-normalize-package-bin": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-package-arg": {
-      "version": "13.0.1",
+      "version": "13.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.5",
-        "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.0"
+        "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-packlist": {
-      "version": "10.0.2",
+      "version": "10.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "ignore-walk": "^8.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-pick-manifest": {
-      "version": "11.0.1",
+      "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.0",
-        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0",
+        "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
+        "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
         "semver": "^7.3.5"
       },
@@ -4730,48 +4423,48 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-profile": {
-      "version": "12.0.0",
+      "version": "12.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-registry-fetch": {
-      "version": "19.0.0",
+      "version": "19.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@npmcli/redact": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
         "jsonparse": "^1.3.1",
         "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.0",
         "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-        "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
+        "minipass-fetch": "^5.0.0",
         "minizlib": "^3.0.1",
         "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-user-validate": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/p-map": {
-      "version": "7.0.3",
+      "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "MIT",
@@ -4782,22 +4475,16 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/package-json-from-dist": {
-      "version": "1.0.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0"
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/pacote": {
-      "version": "21.0.3",
+      "version": "21.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
         "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
         "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
         "cacache": "^20.0.0",
         "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
@@ -4806,10 +4493,10 @@
         "npm-packlist": "^10.0.1",
         "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
         "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
         "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
         "sigstore": "^4.0.0",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0",
         "tar": "^7.4.3"
       },
       "bin": {
@@ -4820,26 +4507,17 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/parse-conflict-json": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
         "just-diff": "^6.0.0",
         "just-diff-apply": "^5.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/path-key": {
-      "version": "3.1.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/path-scurry": {
@@ -4872,21 +4550,21 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/proc-log": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/proggy": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/promise-all-reject-late": {
@@ -4921,15 +4599,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/promzard": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "read": "^4.0.0"
+        "read": "^5.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/qrcode-terminal": {
@@ -4941,24 +4619,24 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/read": {
-      "version": "4.1.0",
+      "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "mute-stream": "^2.0.0"
+        "mute-stream": "^3.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/read-cmd-shim": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/retry": {
@@ -4989,27 +4667,6 @@
         "node": ">=10"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/shebang-command": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "shebang-regex": "^3.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/shebang-regex": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/signal-exit": {
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
@@ -5120,7 +4777,7 @@
       "license": "CC0-1.0"
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/ssri": {
-      "version": "12.0.0",
+      "version": "13.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -5128,7 +4785,7 @@
         "minipass": "^7.0.3"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/string-width": {
@@ -5145,21 +4802,6 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/string-width-cjs": {
-      "name": "string-width",
-      "version": "4.2.3",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
-        "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
@@ -5172,19 +4814,6 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/strip-ansi-cjs": {
-      "name": "strip-ansi",
-      "version": "6.0.1",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/supports-color": {
       "version": "10.2.2",
       "dev": true,
@@ -5198,10 +4827,10 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/tar": {
-      "version": "7.5.1",
+      "version": "7.5.2",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "ISC",
+      "license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "@isaacs/fs-minipass": "^4.0.0",
         "chownr": "^3.0.0",
@@ -5304,19 +4933,19 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/unique-filename": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
-        "unique-slug": "^5.0.0"
+        "unique-slug": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/unique-slug": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -5324,7 +4953,7 @@
         "imurmurhash": "^0.1.4"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/util-deprecate": {
@@ -5354,12 +4983,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/validate-npm-package-name": {
-      "version": "6.0.2",
+      "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/walk-up-path": {
@@ -5372,7 +5001,7 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/which": {
-      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -5383,111 +5012,11 @@
         "node-which": "bin/which.js"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi": {
-      "version": "8.1.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0",
-        "string-width": "^5.0.1",
-        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/wrap-ansi?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi-cjs": {
-      "name": "wrap-ansi",
-      "version": "7.0.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0",
-        "string-width": "^4.1.0",
-        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/wrap-ansi?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi-cjs/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
-      "version": "4.3.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
-      "version": "6.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-regex?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/emoji-regex": {
-      "version": "9.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/string-width": {
-      "version": "5.1.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
-        "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
-        "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/npm/node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
-      "version": "7.1.2",
-      "dev": true,
-      "inBundle": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/strip-ansi?sponsor=1"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/write-file-atomic": {
-      "version": "6.0.0",
+      "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "inBundle": true,
       "license": "ISC",
@@ -5496,7 +5025,7 @@
         "signal-exit": "^4.0.1"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^18.17.0 || >=20.5.0"
+        "node": "^20.17.0 || >=22.9.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/npm/node_modules/yallist": {
@@ -9100,76 +8629,77 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "npm": {
-      "version": "11.6.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/npm-11.6.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7iKzNfy8lWYs3zq4oFPa8EXZz5xt9gQNKJZau3B1ErLBb6bF7sBJ00x09485DOvRT2l5Gerbl3VlZNT57MxJVA==",
+      "version": "11.6.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/npm-11.6.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ERjKtGoFpQrua/9bG0+h3xiv/4nVdGViCjUYA1AmlV24fFvfnSB7B7dIfZnySQ1FDLd0ZVrWPsLLp78dCtJdRQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
         "@isaacs/string-locale-compare": "^1.1.0",
-        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
-        "@npmcli/config": "^10.4.2",
-        "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
-        "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.1",
-        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.3",
-        "@npmcli/redact": "^3.2.2",
-        "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
+        "@npmcli/config": "^10.4.4",
+        "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.3",
+        "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": "^9.0.3",
+        "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.4",
+        "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.1",
+        "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
+        "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.3",
         "@sigstore/tuf": "^4.0.0",
-        "abbrev": "^3.0.1",
+        "abbrev": "^4.0.0",
         "archy": "~1.0.0",
-        "cacache": "^20.0.1",
+        "cacache": "^20.0.3",
         "chalk": "^5.6.2",
         "ci-info": "^4.3.1",
         "cli-columns": "^4.0.0",
         "fastest-levenshtein": "^1.0.16",
         "fs-minipass": "^3.0.3",
-        "glob": "^11.0.3",
+        "glob": "^13.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.11",
         "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.2",
-        "ini": "^5.0.0",
-        "init-package-json": "^8.2.2",
+        "ini": "^6.0.0",
+        "init-package-json": "^8.2.4",
         "is-cidr": "^6.0.1",
-        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+        "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
         "libnpmaccess": "^10.0.3",
-        "libnpmdiff": "^8.0.9",
-        "libnpmexec": "^10.1.8",
-        "libnpmfund": "^7.0.9",
+        "libnpmdiff": "^8.0.11",
+        "libnpmexec": "^10.1.10",
+        "libnpmfund": "^7.0.11",
         "libnpmorg": "^8.0.1",
-        "libnpmpack": "^9.0.9",
-        "libnpmpublish": "^11.1.2",
+        "libnpmpack": "^9.0.11",
+        "libnpmpublish": "^11.1.3",
         "libnpmsearch": "^9.0.1",
         "libnpmteam": "^8.0.2",
-        "libnpmversion": "^8.0.2",
-        "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.2",
-        "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
+        "libnpmversion": "^8.0.3",
+        "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.3",
+        "minimatch": "^10.1.1",
         "minipass": "^7.1.1",
         "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
         "ms": "^2.1.2",
-        "node-gyp": "^11.4.2",
-        "nopt": "^8.1.0",
-        "npm-audit-report": "^6.0.0",
-        "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.2",
-        "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.1",
-        "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
-        "npm-profile": "^12.0.0",
-        "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-        "npm-user-validate": "^3.0.0",
-        "p-map": "^7.0.3",
-        "pacote": "^21.0.3",
-        "parse-conflict-json": "^4.0.0",
-        "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+        "node-gyp": "^12.1.0",
+        "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+        "npm-audit-report": "^7.0.0",
+        "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
+        "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.2",
+        "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.3",
+        "npm-profile": "^12.0.1",
+        "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.1.1",
+        "npm-user-validate": "^4.0.0",
+        "p-map": "^7.0.4",
+        "pacote": "^21.0.4",
+        "parse-conflict-json": "^5.0.1",
+        "proc-log": "^6.1.0",
         "qrcode-terminal": "^0.12.0",
-        "read": "^4.1.0",
+        "read": "^5.0.1",
         "semver": "^7.7.3",
         "spdx-expression-parse": "^4.0.0",
-        "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+        "ssri": "^13.0.0",
         "supports-color": "^10.2.2",
-        "tar": "^7.5.1",
+        "tar": "^7.5.2",
         "text-table": "~0.2.0",
         "tiny-relative-date": "^2.0.2",
         "treeverse": "^3.0.0",
-        "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.2",
-        "which": "^5.0.0"
+        "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0",
+        "which": "^6.0.0"
       },
       "dependencies": {
         "@isaacs/balanced-match": {
@@ -9185,49 +8715,6 @@
             "@isaacs/balanced-match": "^4.0.1"
           }
         },
-        "@isaacs/cliui": {
-          "version": "8.0.2",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "string-width": "^5.1.2",
-            "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0",
-            "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1",
-            "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1",
-            "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0",
-            "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0"
-          },
-          "dependencies": {
-            "ansi-regex": {
-              "version": "6.2.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "emoji-regex": {
-              "version": "9.2.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "string-width": {
-              "version": "5.1.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
-                "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
-                "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-              }
-            },
-            "strip-ansi": {
-              "version": "7.1.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
         "@isaacs/fs-minipass": {
           "version": "4.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9254,62 +8741,62 @@
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/arborist": {
-          "version": "9.1.6",
+          "version": "9.1.8",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@isaacs/string-locale-compare": "^1.1.0",
-            "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
             "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
             "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": "^9.0.2",
-            "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^3.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^4.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^4.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^5.0.0",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/query": "^4.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/redact": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/query": "^5.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
             "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
-            "bin-links": "^5.0.0",
+            "bin-links": "^6.0.0",
             "cacache": "^20.0.1",
             "common-ancestor-path": "^1.0.1",
             "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
             "json-stringify-nice": "^1.1.4",
             "lru-cache": "^11.2.1",
             "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
-            "nopt": "^8.0.0",
-            "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.0",
+            "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+            "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
             "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
             "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
             "pacote": "^21.0.2",
-            "parse-conflict-json": "^4.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-            "proggy": "^3.0.0",
+            "parse-conflict-json": "^5.0.1",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+            "proggy": "^4.0.0",
             "promise-all-reject-late": "^1.0.0",
             "promise-call-limit": "^3.0.1",
             "semver": "^7.3.7",
-            "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+            "ssri": "^13.0.0",
             "treeverse": "^3.0.0",
             "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/config": {
-          "version": "10.4.2",
+          "version": "10.4.4",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^5.0.0",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
             "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
-            "ini": "^5.0.0",
-            "nopt": "^8.1.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "ini": "^6.0.0",
+            "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.5",
             "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/fs": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -9317,86 +8804,86 @@
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/git": {
-          "version": "7.0.0",
+          "version": "7.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
-            "ini": "^5.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
+            "ini": "^6.0.0",
             "lru-cache": "^11.2.1",
             "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
             "semver": "^7.3.5",
-            "which": "^5.0.0"
+            "which": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": {
-          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "npm-bundled": "^4.0.0",
-            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0"
+            "npm-bundled": "^5.0.0",
+            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/map-workspaces": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/name-from-folder": "^4.0.0",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-            "glob": "^11.0.3",
+            "glob": "^13.0.0",
             "minimatch": "^10.0.3"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/metavuln-calculator": {
-          "version": "9.0.2",
+          "version": "9.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "cacache": "^20.0.0",
-            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
             "pacote": "^21.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.5"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/name-from-folder": {
-          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "@npmcli/node-gyp": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "@npmcli/package-json": {
-          "version": "7.0.1",
+          "version": "7.0.4",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
-            "glob": "^11.0.3",
+            "glob": "^13.0.0",
             "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
-            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.5.3",
             "validate-npm-package-license": "^3.0.4"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/promise-spawn": {
-          "version": "8.0.3",
+          "version": "9.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "which": "^5.0.0"
+            "which": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/query": {
-          "version": "4.0.1",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -9404,29 +8891,23 @@
           }
         },
         "@npmcli/redact": {
-          "version": "3.2.2",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "@npmcli/run-script": {
-          "version": "10.0.0",
+          "version": "10.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^4.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/node-gyp": "^5.0.0",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
-            "node-gyp": "^11.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-            "which": "^5.0.0"
+            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
+            "node-gyp": "^12.1.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+            "which": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
-        "@pkgjs/parseargs": {
-          "version": "0.11.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "optional": true
-        },
         "@sigstore/bundle": {
           "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9456,6 +8937,13 @@
             "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.2",
             "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
             "promise-retry": "^2.0.1"
+          },
+          "dependencies": {
+            "proc-log": {
+              "version": "5.0.0",
+              "bundled": true,
+              "dev": true
+            }
           }
         },
         "@sigstore/tuf": {
@@ -9502,7 +8990,7 @@
           }
         },
         "abbrev": {
-          "version": "3.0.1",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -9516,11 +9004,6 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "ansi-styles": {
-          "version": "6.2.3",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
         "aproba": {
           "version": "2.1.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9537,15 +9020,15 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "bin-links": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "cmd-shim": "^7.0.0",
-            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-            "read-cmd-shim": "^5.0.0",
-            "write-file-atomic": "^6.0.0"
+            "cmd-shim": "^8.0.0",
+            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
+            "read-cmd-shim": "^6.0.0",
+            "write-file-atomic": "^7.0.0"
           }
         },
         "binary-extensions": {
@@ -9562,21 +9045,21 @@
           }
         },
         "cacache": {
-          "version": "20.0.1",
+          "version": "20.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/fs": "^5.0.0",
             "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
-            "glob": "^11.0.3",
+            "glob": "^13.0.0",
             "lru-cache": "^11.1.0",
             "minipass": "^7.0.3",
             "minipass-collect": "^2.0.1",
             "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
             "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
             "p-map": "^7.0.2",
-            "ssri": "^12.0.0",
-            "unique-filename": "^4.0.0"
+            "ssri": "^13.0.0",
+            "unique-filename": "^5.0.0"
           }
         },
         "chalk": {
@@ -9612,20 +9095,7 @@
           }
         },
         "cmd-shim": {
-          "version": "7.0.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
-        "color-convert": {
-          "version": "2.0.1",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "color-name": "~1.1.4"
-          }
-        },
-        "color-name": {
-          "version": "1.1.4",
+          "version": "8.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -9634,31 +9104,6 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "cross-spawn": {
-          "version": "7.0.6",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "path-key": "^3.1.0",
-            "shebang-command": "^2.0.0",
-            "which": "^2.0.1"
-          },
-          "dependencies": {
-            "isexe": {
-              "version": "2.0.0",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "which": {
-              "version": "2.0.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "isexe": "^2.0.0"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
         "cssesc": {
           "version": "3.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9677,11 +9122,6 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "eastasianwidth": {
-          "version": "0.2.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
         "emoji-regex": {
           "version": "8.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9707,7 +9147,7 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "exponential-backoff": {
-          "version": "3.1.2",
+          "version": "3.1.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -9716,15 +9156,6 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "foreground-child": {
-          "version": "3.3.1",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6",
-            "signal-exit": "^4.0.1"
-          }
-        },
         "fs-minipass": {
           "version": "3.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -9734,15 +9165,12 @@
           }
         },
         "glob": {
-          "version": "11.0.3",
+          "version": "13.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "foreground-child": "^3.3.1",
-            "jackspeak": "^4.1.1",
-            "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
+            "minimatch": "^10.1.1",
             "minipass": "^7.1.2",
-            "package-json-from-dist": "^1.0.0",
             "path-scurry": "^2.0.0"
           }
         },
@@ -9805,22 +9233,22 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "ini": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "init-package-json": {
-          "version": "8.2.2",
+          "version": "8.2.4",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
-            "promzard": "^2.0.0",
-            "read": "^4.0.0",
+            "promzard": "^3.0.1",
+            "read": "^5.0.1",
             "semver": "^7.7.2",
             "validate-npm-package-license": "^3.0.4",
-            "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.2"
+            "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0"
           }
         },
         "ip-address": {
@@ -9851,16 +9279,8 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "jackspeak": {
-          "version": "4.1.1",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2"
-          }
-        },
         "json-parse-even-better-errors": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -9894,12 +9314,12 @@
           }
         },
         "libnpmdiff": {
-          "version": "8.0.9",
+          "version": "8.0.11",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
-            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
+            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
             "binary-extensions": "^3.0.0",
             "diff": "^8.0.2",
             "minimatch": "^10.0.3",
@@ -9909,30 +9329,30 @@
           }
         },
         "libnpmexec": {
-          "version": "10.1.8",
+          "version": "10.1.10",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
+            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
             "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
             "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
             "pacote": "^21.0.2",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-            "read": "^4.0.0",
+            "read": "^5.0.1",
             "semver": "^7.3.7",
             "signal-exit": "^4.1.0",
             "walk-up-path": "^4.0.0"
           }
         },
         "libnpmfund": {
-          "version": "7.0.9",
+          "version": "7.0.11",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6"
+            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8"
           }
         },
         "libnpmorg": {
@@ -9945,18 +9365,18 @@
           }
         },
         "libnpmpack": {
-          "version": "9.0.9",
+          "version": "9.0.11",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.6",
+            "@npmcli/arborist": "^9.1.8",
             "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
             "pacote": "^21.0.2"
           }
         },
         "libnpmpublish": {
-          "version": "11.1.2",
+          "version": "11.1.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -9964,10 +9384,10 @@
             "ci-info": "^4.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
             "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.7",
             "sigstore": "^4.0.0",
-            "ssri": "^12.0.0"
+            "ssri": "^13.0.0"
           }
         },
         "libnpmsearch": {
@@ -9988,14 +9408,14 @@
           }
         },
         "libnpmversion": {
-          "version": "8.0.2",
+          "version": "8.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
             "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
-            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.7"
           }
         },
@@ -10005,7 +9425,7 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "make-fetch-happen": {
-          "version": "15.0.2",
+          "version": "15.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10013,17 +9433,17 @@
             "cacache": "^20.0.1",
             "http-cache-semantics": "^4.1.1",
             "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-            "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
+            "minipass-fetch": "^5.0.0",
             "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
             "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
             "negotiator": "^1.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-            "ssri": "^12.0.0"
+            "ssri": "^13.0.0"
           }
         },
         "minimatch": {
-          "version": "10.0.3",
+          "version": "10.1.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10044,7 +9464,7 @@
           }
         },
         "minipass-fetch": {
-          "version": "4.0.1",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10122,7 +9542,7 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "mute-stream": {
-          "version": "2.0.0",
+          "version": "3.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -10132,140 +9552,45 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "node-gyp": {
-          "version": "11.4.2",
+          "version": "12.1.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "env-paths": "^2.2.0",
             "exponential-backoff": "^3.1.1",
             "graceful-fs": "^4.2.6",
-            "make-fetch-happen": "^14.0.3",
-            "nopt": "^8.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.0",
+            "nopt": "^9.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.5",
-            "tar": "^7.4.3",
+            "tar": "^7.5.2",
             "tinyglobby": "^0.2.12",
-            "which": "^5.0.0"
-          },
-          "dependencies": {
-            "@npmcli/agent": {
-              "version": "3.0.0",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
-                "http-proxy-agent": "^7.0.0",
-                "https-proxy-agent": "^7.0.1",
-                "lru-cache": "^10.0.1",
-                "socks-proxy-agent": "^8.0.3"
-              }
-            },
-            "cacache": {
-              "version": "19.0.1",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "@npmcli/fs": "^4.0.0",
-                "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
-                "glob": "^10.2.2",
-                "lru-cache": "^10.0.1",
-                "minipass": "^7.0.3",
-                "minipass-collect": "^2.0.1",
-                "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
-                "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
-                "p-map": "^7.0.2",
-                "ssri": "^12.0.0",
-                "tar": "^7.4.3",
-                "unique-filename": "^4.0.0"
-              }
-            },
-            "glob": {
-              "version": "10.4.5",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "foreground-child": "^3.1.0",
-                "jackspeak": "^3.1.2",
-                "minimatch": "^9.0.4",
-                "minipass": "^7.1.2",
-                "package-json-from-dist": "^1.0.0",
-                "path-scurry": "^1.11.1"
-              }
-            },
-            "jackspeak": {
-              "version": "3.4.3",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2",
-                "@pkgjs/parseargs": "^0.11.0"
-              }
-            },
-            "lru-cache": {
-              "version": "10.4.3",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "make-fetch-happen": {
-              "version": "14.0.3",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "@npmcli/agent": "^3.0.0",
-                "cacache": "^19.0.1",
-                "http-cache-semantics": "^4.1.1",
-                "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-                "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
-                "minipass-flush": "^1.0.5",
-                "minipass-pipeline": "^1.2.4",
-                "negotiator": "^1.0.0",
-                "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
-                "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
-                "ssri": "^12.0.0"
-              }
-            },
-            "minimatch": {
-              "version": "9.0.5",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
-              }
-            },
-            "path-scurry": {
-              "version": "1.11.1",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "lru-cache": "^10.2.0",
-                "minipass": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.2 || ^7.0.0"
-              }
-            }
+            "which": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "nopt": {
-          "version": "8.1.0",
+          "version": "9.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "abbrev": "^3.0.0"
+            "abbrev": "^4.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-audit-report": {
-          "version": "6.0.0",
+          "version": "7.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "npm-bundled": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0"
+            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-install-checks": {
-          "version": "7.1.2",
+          "version": "8.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10273,89 +9598,84 @@
           }
         },
         "npm-normalize-package-bin": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "npm-package-arg": {
-          "version": "13.0.1",
+          "version": "13.0.2",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "hosted-git-info": "^9.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.5",
-            "validate-npm-package-name": "^6.0.0"
+            "validate-npm-package-name": "^7.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-packlist": {
-          "version": "10.0.2",
+          "version": "10.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "ignore-walk": "^8.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-pick-manifest": {
-          "version": "11.0.1",
+          "version": "11.0.3",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "npm-install-checks": "^7.1.0",
-            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^4.0.0",
+            "npm-install-checks": "^8.0.0",
+            "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^5.0.0",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
             "semver": "^7.3.5"
           }
         },
         "npm-profile": {
-          "version": "12.0.0",
+          "version": "12.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-registry-fetch": {
-          "version": "19.0.0",
+          "version": "19.1.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "@npmcli/redact": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/redact": "^4.0.0",
             "jsonparse": "^1.3.1",
             "make-fetch-happen": "^15.0.0",
             "minipass": "^7.0.2",
-            "minipass-fetch": "^4.0.0",
+            "minipass-fetch": "^5.0.0",
             "minizlib": "^3.0.1",
             "npm-package-arg": "^13.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0"
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "npm-user-validate": {
-          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "p-map": {
-          "version": "7.0.3",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
-        "package-json-from-dist": {
-          "version": "1.0.1",
+          "version": "7.0.4",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "pacote": {
-          "version": "21.0.3",
+          "version": "21.0.4",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "@npmcli/git": "^7.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^3.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/installed-package-contents": "^4.0.0",
             "@npmcli/package-json": "^7.0.0",
-            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^8.0.0",
+            "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^9.0.0",
             "@npmcli/run-script": "^10.0.0",
             "cacache": "^20.0.0",
             "fs-minipass": "^3.0.0",
@@ -10364,28 +9684,23 @@
             "npm-packlist": "^10.0.1",
             "npm-pick-manifest": "^11.0.1",
             "npm-registry-fetch": "^19.0.0",
-            "proc-log": "^5.0.0",
+            "proc-log": "^6.0.0",
             "promise-retry": "^2.0.1",
             "sigstore": "^4.0.0",
-            "ssri": "^12.0.0",
+            "ssri": "^13.0.0",
             "tar": "^7.4.3"
           }
         },
         "parse-conflict-json": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^4.0.0",
+            "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^5.0.0",
             "just-diff": "^6.0.0",
             "just-diff-apply": "^5.2.0"
           }
         },
-        "path-key": {
-          "version": "3.1.1",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
         "path-scurry": {
           "version": "2.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -10405,12 +9720,12 @@
           }
         },
         "proc-log": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.1.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "proggy": {
-          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "version": "4.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -10434,11 +9749,11 @@
           }
         },
         "promzard": {
-          "version": "2.0.0",
+          "version": "3.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "read": "^4.0.0"
+            "read": "^5.0.0"
           }
         },
         "qrcode-terminal": {
@@ -10447,15 +9762,15 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "read": {
-          "version": "4.1.0",
+          "version": "5.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "mute-stream": "^2.0.0"
+            "mute-stream": "^3.0.0"
           }
         },
         "read-cmd-shim": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -10475,19 +9790,6 @@
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
-        "shebang-command": {
-          "version": "2.0.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "shebang-regex": "^3.0.0"
-          }
-        },
-        "shebang-regex": {
-          "version": "3.0.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true
-        },
         "signal-exit": {
           "version": "4.1.0",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -10570,7 +9872,7 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "ssri": {
-          "version": "12.0.0",
+          "version": "13.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10587,16 +9889,6 @@
             "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
           }
         },
-        "string-width-cjs": {
-          "version": "npm:string-width@4.2.3",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
-            "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
-            "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
-          }
-        },
         "strip-ansi": {
           "version": "6.0.1",
           "bundled": true,
@@ -10605,21 +9897,13 @@
             "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
           }
         },
-        "strip-ansi-cjs": {
-          "version": "npm:strip-ansi@6.0.1",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1"
-          }
-        },
         "supports-color": {
           "version": "10.2.2",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
         "tar": {
-          "version": "7.5.1",
+          "version": "7.5.2",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10686,15 +9970,15 @@
           }
         },
         "unique-filename": {
-          "version": "4.0.0",
+          "version": "5.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "unique-slug": "^5.0.0"
+            "unique-slug": "^6.0.0"
           }
         },
         "unique-slug": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
@@ -10727,7 +10011,7 @@
           }
         },
         "validate-npm-package-name": {
-          "version": "6.0.2",
+          "version": "7.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true
         },
@@ -10737,75 +10021,15 @@
           "dev": true
         },
         "which": {
-          "version": "5.0.0",
+          "version": "6.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
             "isexe": "^3.1.1"
           }
         },
-        "wrap-ansi": {
-          "version": "8.1.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0",
-            "string-width": "^5.0.1",
-            "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-          },
-          "dependencies": {
-            "ansi-regex": {
-              "version": "6.2.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "emoji-regex": {
-              "version": "9.2.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true
-            },
-            "string-width": {
-              "version": "5.1.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0",
-                "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2",
-                "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1"
-              }
-            },
-            "strip-ansi": {
-              "version": "7.1.2",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        "wrap-ansi-cjs": {
-          "version": "npm:wrap-ansi@7.0.0",
-          "bundled": true,
-          "dev": true,
-          "requires": {
-            "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0",
-            "string-width": "^4.1.0",
-            "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
-          },
-          "dependencies": {
-            "ansi-styles": {
-              "version": "4.3.0",
-              "bundled": true,
-              "dev": true,
-              "requires": {
-                "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
         "write-file-atomic": {
-          "version": "6.0.0",
+          "version": "7.0.0",
           "bundled": true,
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 092288bef2..54c70c3e96 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     "semantic-release-preconfigured-conventional-commits": "1.1.157"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": "24.11",
+    "node": "24.12",
     "npm": ">=3.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/run_all_tests_reactive.sh b/run_all_tests_reactive.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..86b2207a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/run_all_tests_reactive.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+./gradlew -Dalchemist.engine=reactive test
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index 7cc4887300..eb455c22d2 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
  * as described in the file LICENSE in the Alchemist distribution's top directory.
  */
 plugins {
-    id("com.gradle.develocity") version "4.2.2"
-    id("org.danilopianini.gradle-pre-commit-git-hooks") version "2.1.5"
+    id("com.gradle.develocity") version "4.3"
+    id("org.danilopianini.gradle-pre-commit-git-hooks") version "2.1.6"
     id("org.gradle.toolchains.foojay-resolver-convention") version "1.0.0"
 }